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ESA 2 > MSK - Bones of the Foot > Flashcards

MSK - Bones of the Foot Flashcards

1
Q

What are the bones in the proximal section of the foot?

A
  • Talus

- Calcaneus

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2
Q

What is the function of the talus?

A

Transmission of forces from the tibia to the calneus (heel bone)

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3
Q

What are the three articulations of the talus?

A
  • Ankle joint = superiorly (talus, tibia and fibula)
  • Subtalar joint = inferiorly (talus and calcaneus)
  • Talonavicular joint = anteriorly (talus and calcaneus)
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4
Q

What is the function of the calcaneus?

A

Transmission of forces from the talus to the ground

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5
Q

What are the two articulations of the calcaneus?

A
  • Subtalar joint = superiorly (calcaneus and talus)

- Calcaneocuboid joint = anteriorly (calcaneus and cuboid)

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6
Q

What is the bone in the intermediate row of tarsal bones?

A

The navicular

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7
Q

What are the three articulations of the navicular?

A
  • Talus (posteriorly)
  • Cuneiform (anteriorly)
  • Cuboid (laterally)
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8
Q

What is the feature of the plantar surface of the navicular?

A

A tuberosity for the attachment of the tibialis posterior tendon

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9
Q

What are the four bones of the distal group of tarsal bones? (lateral to medial)

A
  • Cuboid

- 3 Cuneiforms

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10
Q

What are the 2 articulations of the cuboid?

A
  • Calcaneous (posteriorly)

- Two metatarsals (4 and 5) (anteriorly)

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11
Q

What is a feature of the inferior surface of the cuboid?

A

A groove for the fibularis longus muscle

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12
Q

What are the articulations of the three cuneiforms?

A
  • Navicular (posteriorly)

- Metatarsals (anteriorly)

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13
Q

What does the shape of the cuneiform bones form?

A

A transverse arch

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14
Q

Which are the most commonly fractured bones of the foot?

A
  • Talus

- Calcaneus

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15
Q

How are fractures to the neck of the talus caused?

A
  • Excessive dorsiflexion of the foot

- Pushes the neck of the talus against the tibia

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16
Q

What can a fracture to the neck of the talus result?

A

Avascular necrosis of the bone as the blood supply may be disturbed

17
Q

How are fractures to the body of the talus caused?

A

Usually from jumping from a height

18
Q

Why is there little displacement of pieces when the talus is fractured?

A

The malleoli of the leg bones holds the fragments together

19
Q

How are fractures to the calcaneus caused?

A
  • Usually in ‘crush’ type injuries e.g. falling from a height onto the heel
  • Drives talus into the calcaneus
  • Comminuted fracture
20
Q

How can calcaneal fractures cause further problems, even after treatment?

A
  • Disruption of the sub-talar joint = becomes arthritic
  • Pain during inversion/eversion
  • Painful to walk on uneven ground
21
Q

Where are the metatarsals located and how are they numbered?

A
  • Midfoot, between the tarsals and phalanges

- Numbered 1-5, medial to lateral

22
Q

Describe the structure of a metatarsal

A
  • Has a distal head and a proximal base

- Joined by a shaft of bone

23
Q

What is the proximal articulation of the metatarsals?

A
  • Tarsometatarsal joint

- Between metatarsal bases and cuneiforms/cuboid

24
Q

What is the lateral articulation of the metatarsals?

A
  • Intermetatarsal joint(s)

- Between metatarsal and adjacent metatarsals

25
Q

What is the distal articulation of the metatarsals?

A
  • Metatarsophalangeal joint

- Between metatarsal head and proximal phalanx

26
Q

What is the most common way of fracturing a metatarsal?

A

Direct blow to the foot e.g. dropping a heavy object

27
Q

How are stress fractures of the metatarsals caused?

A
  • Repeated stress to the bone

- Fracture is incomplete

28
Q

Where is the most common location of stress fractures to the metatarsals? Who are they most likely to affect?

A
  • Metatarsals 2, 3 and 4

- Athletes

29
Q

How can excessive inversion of the foot fracture the metatarsals?

A

Fibularis brevis can avulse/tear off the base of metatarsal 5 if the foot is violently inverted

30
Q

Describe the organisation of the phalanges in the foot

A
  • Big toe only has a proximal and distal phalanges

- Rest of toes have a proximal, intermediate and distal phalanges

ESA 2 (63 decks)

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