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ESA 2 > MOD 3.1 - Chronic Inflammation > Flashcards

MOD 3.1 - Chronic Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Give three ways in which chronic inflammation can arise

A
  • Permanent tissue damage/ damage not resolved within a few days
  • Can arise out of nowhere e.g. Autoimmune conditions or chronic infections
  • Can happen alongside acute inflammation i.e. It’s severely persistent/repeated
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2
Q

What does chronic inflammation look like?

A
  • Very diverse so need to look at microscopic appearance

- Type of cell present is most important

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3
Q

Which cells are most associated with chronic inflammation? Give two details about them

A
  • Macrophages
  • Lots of granular cytoplasm
  • Big, digest foreign material
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4
Q

What do macrophages derive from?

A

Blood monocytes - have varying levels of activation

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5
Q

Give three functions of macrophages

A
  • Good at phagocytosis
  • Picking up and presenting of antigens
  • Synthesis of molecules
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6
Q

Give four molecules that are synthesised by macrophages

A
  • Cytokines
  • Complements
  • Proteases
  • Clotting factors
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7
Q

What do lymphocytes look like under the microscope?

A
  • Lots of blue dots

- Large, round nucleus

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8
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes?

A

Differentiate into:

  • B-lymphocytes (plasma cells) - antibody production
  • T-Lymphocytes - control and cytotoxic functions
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9
Q

What do Eosinophils look like under the microscope?

A

Bright pink circles with a bilobed nucleus

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10
Q

What are the functions of Eosinophils? (3)

A

Mediation in response to:

  • Allergic reactions
  • Parasite infections
  • Some tumours
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11
Q

What is the function of a fibroblast?

A

Production of collagen after being recruited by macrophages

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12
Q

What is a giant cell?

A

Multinucleate cell made by the fusion of macrophages due to frustrated phagocytosis

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13
Q

When are giant cells formed?

A

When one macrophage cannot easily phagocytose the foreign material

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14
Q

What are the three types of giant cell and where can they be found?

A
  • Langhans (tuberculosis)
  • Foreign body type
  • Touton (Fat necrosis)
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15
Q

Describe the appearance of a Langhans giant cell

A

Horseshoe of nuclei

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16
Q

Describe the appearance of a foreign body type giant cell

A
  • Disorganised

- Many little groups of nuclei

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17
Q

Describe the appearance of Touton giant cells

A
  • Horseshoe/circle of nuclei

- Foamy outside of cell

18
Q

Describe the morphology of chronic inflammation

A

Mostly non specific

19
Q

Which condition causes tissue to become rich in plasma cells?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

20
Q

Which condition causes tissue to become rich in mainly lymphocytes

A

Chronic gastritis

21
Q

Which condition causes tissue to become rich in mainly macrophages?

A

Leishmaniasis

22
Q

Give the effects of chronic inflammation (4)

A
  • Fibrosis
  • Impaired function
  • Atrophy
  • Stimulation of immune response
23
Q

How is scar tissue (fibrosis) formed due to chronic inflammation?

A

Happens due to multiple episodes of acute inflammation

24
Q

Describe the occurrence of cirrhosis

A
  • Fibrosis and impaired function

- Disorganisation of architecture and attempted regeneration

25
Q

Give two conditions of chronic inflammation where fibrosis results

A
  • Cholecystitis (swelling of gallbladder due to blockage of cystic duct)
  • Peptic ulcers
26
Q

Why do peptic ulcers form?

A

Form due to an imbalance of acid production and mucosal defence

27
Q

Give an example of a condition where chronic inflammation has caused impaired function

A

Inflammatory bowel disease e.g. Ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease

28
Q

What is the difference between ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease?

A

UC = superficial, crypt abscesses and distorted crypt architecture common

C = Transmural, Fistulae and strictures

29
Q

What is a fistula?

A

An abnormal connection between two epithelium-lined organs

30
Q

What is a stricture?

A

The narrowing of a tubular structure

31
Q

What is atrophy? Give an example of atrophy that has arisen due to chronic inflammation

A
  • Loss of functional tissue

- Atrophic gastritis = loss of gastric mucosa

32
Q

Give an example of a condition that arises due to the stimulation of the immune system as a result of chronic inflammation

A
  • Rheumatoid arthritis (can be localised or systemic)
33
Q

How do localised and systemic rheumatoid arthritis differ?

A
  • Localised = destruction of joints

- Systemic = Other organs are affected and can cause amyloidoses

34
Q

What is granulomatous inflammation?

A

Chronic inflammation with granulomas

35
Q

What is a granuloma?

A

A cohesive group of macrophages and other immune cells

36
Q

When does granulomatous inflammation arise?

A
  • Hypersensitivity reactions

- Persistent low grade antigenic stimulation

37
Q

What are the causes of granulomatous inflammation? (3)

A
  • Mildly irritant foreign material
  • Infections e.g. Mycobacteria and some fungi
  • Unknown e.g. Crohn’s disease, Sarcoidosis
38
Q

What are the effects of an infection with mycobacterium tuberculosis? (4)

A
  • Fibrosis
  • Erosion in bronchioles
  • Empyema
  • Erosion in blood
39
Q

What is the definition of chronic inflammation?

A

The chronic response to injury with associated fibrosis

40
Q

What is a foreign body granuloma?

A
  • Granuloma that contains:
  • Macrophages
  • Giant cells
  • Foreign body
  • Epithelioid cells
  • Some peripheral fibroblasts
  • Very few lymphocytes
41
Q

What are the cell types in a hypersensitivity/immune granuloma?

A
  • Macrophages
  • Giant cells (usually langhans)
  • Epithelioid cells (more prominent)
  • Fibroblasts
  • Lymphocytes
42
Q

Give a property of hypersenstivity granulatomas. Where can they normally be found?

A
  • Can undergo central necrosis

- Granulatomas associated with tuberculosis

ESA 2 (63 decks)

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