MOD 7.1 - Cell Adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of regeneration?

A

Cell losses are replaced by identical cells that originate from stem cells

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2
Q

Describe the regenerative ability of smooth muscle and striated muscle

A
  • Smooth = good

- Striated = limited

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3
Q

Describe the regenerative ability of:
- Epithelia

  • Adipocytes
  • Mesothelia
  • Melanocytes
A
  • Epithelia = good
  • Adipocytes = unable
  • Mesothelia = good
  • Melanocytes = usually too much/too little
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4
Q

Describe the regenerative ability of articular cartilage and tendons

A

Poor

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5
Q

What stimulates regeneration?

A
  • Cell to cell communication

- Growth factors

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6
Q

What is reconstitution?

A

Replacement of a lost part of the body

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7
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

The increase in tissue or organ size due to an increase in cell number (not permanent cells)

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8
Q

Give 2 pathological examples of hyperplasia

A
  • Eczema

- Thyroid goitres

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9
Q

Give 2 physiological examples of hyperplasia

A
  • Endometrium under the influence of oestrogen

- Bone marrow when hypoxic

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10
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

The increase in tissue or organ size due to an increase in cell size (permanent cell populations)

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11
Q

How are hyperplasia and hypertrophy similar?

A
  • Reversible

- Physiologically controlled

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12
Q

What causes hypertrophy?

A
  • Increased functional demand
  • Hormonal stimulation
  • Leads to more structural components
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13
Q

What is compensatory hypertrophy?

A

One organ in a pair takes on the workload of the other due to loss of function/removal

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14
Q

Give 2 physiological examples of hypertrophy

A
  • Skeletal muscle

- Smooth muscle of the pregnant uterus

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15
Q

Give 2 pathological examples of hypertrophy

A
  • Cardiac muscle

- Prostate gland (causes hypertrophy of bladder smooth muscle)

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16
Q

Give 3 examples of causes of cardiac muscle hypertrophy

A
  • Valvular disease
  • Hypertension
  • Athletes (have chance to recover so no bad side effects)
17
Q

What is atrophy?

A

The shrinkage of an organ or tissue due to an acquired decrease in size/ decrease in number of cells

18
Q

Give three pathological examples of causes of atrophy

A
  • Disuse
  • Denervation (muscle)
  • Inadequate blood supply (inadequate o2 and nutrition)
19
Q

Give a physiological example of a cause of atrophy

A
  • Ovarian atrophy in post menopausal women
20
Q

What is the cause of organ/tissue atrophy?

A

A combination of atrophy and apoptosis

21
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

The reversible change of one differentiated cell for another (non permanent cells). Most clear in epithelia

22
Q

What is the cause of metaplasia?

A

Adaptation under stress

23
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

The abnormal maturation of cells within a tissue

24
Q

What is atresia?

A

The absence of abnormal narrowing of an opening or passage in the body

25
Q

What is involution?

A

The normal programmed shrinkage of an organ

26
Q

What is aplasia?

A

The lack of development of a specific organ/tissue in the embryo

27
Q

What is hypoplasia?

A

The under/incomplete development of a tissue/organ in the embryo

28
Q

Under what conditions do scars form? (3)

A
  • Cell population is permanent
  • High amount of damage
  • Persistent harm
29
Q

Under what condition does resolution occur? (3)

A
  • Removal of harm
  • Labile cell population
  • Limited damage