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MSK Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Passive Insufficiency

A

Inability of a 2-joint muscle to
passively extend across full ROM
of both joints (while stretching).

Typically will use the hamstrings

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2
Q

Active insufficiency

A

Inability of a 2-joint muscle to
actively contract across full
ROM of both joints (Active = movement)

Can’t make a fist as well when in wrist flexion

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3
Q

Convex on concave rule

A

Convex surface on fixed concave surface = opposite directions roll and slide

Concave surface on fixed convex surface = same direction roll and slide

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4
Q

All fingers and metacarpal phalangeal arthrokinematics

A

Concave on convex (same as the toes)
so they move in the same direction

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5
Q

Wrist arthrokinematics

A

Convex on concave

with exception of trapezoid which is concave on convex

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6
Q

Arthrokinematics of pronation/supination of radioulnar joint proximal

A

convex on concave

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7
Q

Arthrokinematics of pronation/supination of radioulnar joint distal

A

concave on convex

(so roll and glide in the same direction)

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8
Q

Arthrokinematics of flexion and extension of humeroradial joint

A

concave on convex

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9
Q

Arthrokinematics of flexion and extension of humeroulnar joint

A

Concave on convex

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10
Q

Glenohumeral joint arthrokinematics

A

All are convex on cave (if in OKC this reverses in CKC kinda)

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11
Q

Sternoclavicular arthrokinematics with elevation/depression and protraction/retraction

A

Elevation/depression = Convex on concave (chicken wing motion)
Protraction/retraction = Concave on convex

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12
Q

A/C joint arthrokinematics

A

All movement on concave on convex

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13
Q

Toes flexion/extension and abduction/adduction arthrokinematics

A

concave on convex (same as the fingers)

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14
Q

Ankle arthrokinematics

A
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15
Q

Tibiofibular arthrokinematics

A

All motions are concave on convex

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16
Q

Knee arthrokinematics

A

Concave on Convex

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17
Q

Hip arthrokinematics

A

Convex on concave

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18
Q

TMJ arthrokinematics

A

Convex on concave

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19
Q

Open packed position; closed pack position; capsular pattern of restriction of vertebrae

A

OPP: Midway between flexion and ext
CPP: Maximal extension
Cap pattern:
Upper c-spine: OA - forward flexion limited > ext; AA - limited rotation
Lower c-spine and thoracic spine: limitations in ALL MOTIONS EXCEPT FLEXION (SB and rotation equally limited > extension)

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20
Q

Open packed position; closed pack position; capsular pattern of restriction of TMJ

A

OPP: Jaw slightly open
CPP: Maximal retrusion or anterior position mouth open fully
Cap pattern: limited opening

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21
Q

Open packed position; closed pack position; capsular pattern of restriction of Sternoclavicular

A

OPP: arm resting by side
CPP: Arm maximally elevated
Cap pattern: full elevated limited; pain at extreme motions

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22
Q

Open packed position; closed pack position; capsular pattern of restriction of Acromioclavicular

A

OPP: Arm resting by side
CPP: arm abduction to 90 deg
Cap pattern: full elevated limited; pain at extreme motions

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23
Q

Open packed position; closed pack position; capsular pattern of restriction of Glenohumeral

A

OPP: 40-50 deg of abduction, 30 deg of horiz. adduction (scapular plane)
CPP: Max abduction and ER
Cap pattern: ER>abduction>IR (most to least)

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24
Q

Open packed position; closed pack position; capsular pattern of restriction of Humeroulnar

A

OPP: 70 deg of flexion and 10 deg of supination
CPP: full extension and supination
Cap pattern: Flexion > extension (limited)

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25
Q

Open packed position; closed pack position; capsular pattern of restriction of Humeroradial

A

OPP; full extension and supination
CPP: 90 deg flexion and 5 deg of supination
Cap pattern: flexion> extension (limited)

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26
Q

Open packed position; closed pack position; capsular pattern of restriction of Proximal radioulnar

A

OPP: 70 deg of flexion and 35 deg of supination
CPP: 5 deg of supination
Cap pattern: pronation=supination (equal limitation)

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27
Q

Open packed position; closed pack position; capsular pattern of restriction of distal radioulnar

A

OPP: 10 deg of supination
CPP: 5 deg of supination
Cap pattern: pronation=supination (equal limitation)

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28
Q

Open packed position; closed pack position; capsular pattern of restriction of Radio/ulnar carpal

A

OPP: netural with slight ulnar deviation
CPP: full extension with radial deviation
Cap pattern: flexion=extension (limitation)

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29
Q

Open packed position; closed pack position; capsular pattern of restriction of midcarpals

A

OPP: Neutral or slight flexion with slight ulnar deviation
CPP: extension with ulnar deviation
Cap pattern: equal all directions

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30
Q

Open packed position; closed pack position; capsular pattern of restriction of carpometacarpal (2-5)

A

OPP: midway between abduction/adduction and flexion extension (for thumb); midway b/n flexion and extension (fingers)
CPP: full opposition (thumb); full flexion (fingers)
Cap pattern: thumb restricted equal in all directions; fingers flexion > extension

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31
Q

Open packed position; closed pack position; capsular pattern of restriction of Metacarpophalangeal (MCP)

A

OPP: slight flexion
CPP: full opposition (thumb); full flexion (fingers)
Cap pattern: ?

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32
Q

Open packed position; closed pack position; capsular pattern of restriction of Interphalangeal (IP)

A

OPP: slight flexion
CPP: full extension
Cap pattern: tend toward extension restrictions

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33
Q

Open packed position; closed pack position; capsular pattern of restriction of Hip

A

OPP: 30 deg flexion, 30 deg abduction, and slight lateral rotation
CPP: full extension, abduction, IR
Cap pattern: limited flexion/IR; some limitation of abduction; no or little limitation of adduction and ER

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34
Q

Open packed position; closed pack position; capsular pattern of restriction of Knee

A

OPP: 25 deg flexion
CPP: full extension and ER
Cap pattern: flexion grossly limited; slight limitation of extension

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35
Q

Open packed position; closed pack position; capsular pattern of restriction of Ankle/Foot (Talocrural)

A

OPP: Mid inversion/eversion and 10 deg PF
CPP: full DF
Cap pattern: Loss of PF>DF

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36
Q

Open packed position; closed pack position; capsular pattern of restriction of Ankle/Foot (Subtalar)

A

OPP: midway between ROM
CPP: full inversion
Cap pattern: Increasing limitations of varus; joint fixed in valgus (inversion>eversion)

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37
Q

Open packed position; closed pack position; capsular pattern of restriction of Ankle/Foot (Midtarsal)

A

OPP: midway between ROM
CPP: Full supination
Cap pattern: supination>pronation (limited DF, PF, add, and medial rotation)

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38
Q

Open packed position; closed pack position; capsular pattern of restriction of Ankle/Foot (Tarsometatarsal)

A

OPP: midway between supination and pronation
CPP: Full supination
Cap pattern: ?

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39
Q

Open packed position; closed pack position; capsular pattern of restriction of Toes (metatarsophalangeal)

A

OPP: neutral - extension 10 deg
CPP: full extension
Cap pattern: variable; tend toward flexion restrictions

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40
Q

Open packed position; closed pack position; capsular pattern of restriction of Toes
(interphalangeal)

A

OPP: Slight flexion
CPP: Full extension
Cap pattern: Tend towards extension restrictions.

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41
Q

What is the SCM innervated by?

A

C1-4 cord segment
C3-4 posterior rami; spinal accessory (CN XI)

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42
Q

What muscles does medial/lateral pectoral nerve innervate and what is the muscle action?

A

Pec major/minor
shld horizontal adduction

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43
Q

What muscles does the long thoracic nerve innervate, muscle action of the muscle, and the nerve root?

A

Serratus Anterior
Shoulder protraction, scapular upward rotation
C5-7

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44
Q

What muscles does the Dorsal scapular nerve innervate, muscle action of the muscles, and the nerve roots?

A

Levator scapula (scapular elevation, downward rotation) - C5
Rhomboids (scapular adduction, elevation, downward rotation) - C4-5

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45
Q

What muscles does the Suprascapular nerve innervate, muscle action of the muscle, and the nerve root?

A

Supraspinatus (shld abduction) - C4-6
Infraspinatus (shld lateral rotation) - C4-6

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46
Q

What muscles does the Thoracodorsal, upper/lower subscapular, and medial/lateral pectoral nerves innervate, muscle action of the muscles, and the nerve root?

A

C5-T1
Shoulder medial rotation, adduction
Latissimus dorsi, teres major, subscapularis, and pectoralis major.

Lats (Thoracodorsal C6-8) - IR, adduction, ext
Teres Major (Lower subscapular n C5-7) - IR, adduction, and extension
Subscapularis (subscapular C5-6) - IR
Pectoralis Major (medial and lateral pectoral n C5-T1) - adduction and IR

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47
Q

What muscles does the axillary nerve innervate, muscle action of the muscle, and the nerve root?

A

Deltoid ( shld abduction, flexion, extension)
Teres minor (shld lateral rotation)
C5
C5-6

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48
Q

What muscles does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate, muscle action of the muscle, and the nerve root?

A

Biceps Brachii (elbow flexion, forearm supination) - C5-6
Coracobrachialis (shld flexion, adduction) - C6-7
Brachialis, biceps brachii (elbow flexion) - C5-6

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49
Q

What muscles does the Ulnar nerve innervate and nerve roots?

A

The Ulnar Nerve is the MAFIA (C8-T1)
M = medial lumbricals (3rd&4th lumbrical of the 4th and 5th fingers)
A = Adductor pollicis (tested with froment sign)
F = flexor group
I = dorsal interossei (help with finger abduction)
A = abductor digit minimi

Flexor digitorum profundus - C7-T1
Flexor carpi ulnaris - C7-T1
Abductor digiti minimi (deep ulnar) - C8-T1
Opponens digiti minimi (deep ulnar) - C8-T1
Flexor digit minimi brevis (deep ulnar) - C8-T1
Interossei of the hand (deep ulnar) - C8-T1

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50
Q

What muscles doe the Median nerve innervate and nerve roots?

A

The Median Nerve is a 1/2 LOAF
1st and 2nd lumbricals, opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis, flexor group (also the pronators)

Pronator teres, pronator quadratus (anterior interosseous) - C6-7
flexor carpi radialis - C6-7
palmaris longus - C7-T1
flexor digitorum superficialis - C7-T1
flexor pollicis longus (anterior interosseous) - C7-T1
Flexor digitorum profundus (radial part)(anterior interosseous) - C7-T1
abductor pollicis brevis - C8-T1
opponens pollicis - C8-T1

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51
Q

Which muscles are innervated by both ulnar and median nerves?

A

Flexor pollicis brevis - C8-T1
Lumbricals - C8-T1

Also flexor digitorum profundus

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52
Q

What is the difference between the flexor digitorum profundus and the flexor digitorum superficialis

A

profundus - means “top of”….so this is the top part of the finger….so the DIP

superficialis - the PIP joint

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53
Q

Which muscles are innervated by radial nerve?

A

BEAST (brachioradialis, extensors, anconeus/abductor pollicis longus, supinator, triceps) - C6-T1
Brachioradialis - (elbow flexion in neutral) - C5-6
Triceps brachii - C6-8
extensor carpi radialis longus - C6-C7
extensor digitorum - (2-5th MCP, IP extension) - C7-C8
Extensor carpi ulnaris - C7 -C8
Supinator - C7-8
Abductor pollicis longus (thumb MCP abduction) - C7-8
Extensor pollicis longus/brevis (thumb extension) - C7-8
Extensor indicis - C7-8

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54
Q

Sensory region of the median nerve?

A

lateral hand and thumb, index and middle finger

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55
Q

What is innervated by the Anterior Interosseous Nerve (AIN)?

A

A branch of the median nerve

Flexor digitorum profundus of first finger
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus

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56
Q

How to test the anterior interosseous nerve?

A

Test tip to tip pinch (median nerve, AIN). If they can’t do it they will resort to pad to pad pinch grip (innervated by ulnar nerve)

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57
Q

Which muscle(s) are innervated by the anterior rami and what is their function and nerve roots?

A

Iliopsoas (hip flexion) - L1-3

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58
Q

Which muscle(s) are innervated by the femoral nerve and what is their function and nerve roots?

A

Sartorius (hip flexion, abduction, lateral rotation) - L2-3
Quadriceps femoris (knee extension)- L2-4

Also includes the iliopsoas and pectineus (what the atlas says)

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59
Q

Which muscle(s) are innervated by the obturator nerve and what is their function and nerve roots?

A

Pectineus, adductor longus (hip adduction) - L2-3
Adductor brevis (hip adduction) - L2-4
Adductor magnus (hip adduction)
Gracilis (hip adduction (with slight hip flexion), also knee flexion/IR) - L2-4

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60
Q

Which muscle(s) are innervated by the superior gluteal nerve and what is their function and nerve roots?

A

Gluteus medius, minimus (hip abduction, flexion, medial rotation…FADIR) - L4-S1
Tensor fascia lata (hip flexion, abduction, medial rotation) - L4-L5

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61
Q

Which nerves are innervated by the sacral plexus nerve and what is their function and nerve roots?

A

Superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1) - Glut med, min, TFL
Inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2) - Glut max
Sciatic n (branches to common fibular and tibial n)
Pudenal n. (S2-S4)

Direct branches too - piriformis, obturator internus (and gemelli), quadriceps femoris

From atlas book

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62
Q

Which muscle(s) are innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve and what is their function and nerve roots?

A

Gluteus maximus (hip extension, lateral rotation) - L4-S2

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63
Q

Which muscle(s) are innervated by the tibial nerve and what is their function and nerve roots?

A

Semiteninosus (hip ext, knee flexion) - L5-S2
Semimembranosus (leg medial rotation) - L5-S2
Popliteus (leg medial rotation) - L4-S1
Tibialis posterior (Foot inversion) - L5-S2
Gastroc/soleus (ankle PF) - L5-S2
Flexor digitorum longus (2nd-5th digit DIP flexion) - L5-S2
Flexor hallucis longus (great toe MTP flexion) - L5-S2

64
Q

Which muscle(s) are innervated by the deep fibular nerve and what is their function and nerve roots?

A

tibialis anterior (ankle DF) - L4-5
extensor digitorum longus (2nd-5th digit MTP extension) - L4-S1
extensor hallucis longus (great toe MTP extension) - L4-S1

65
Q

Which muscle(s) are innervated by the medial plantar nerve and what is their function and nerve roots?

A

Flexor digitorum brevis (2nd-5th PIP flexion) - L5-S1
Flexor hallucis brevis (great toe flexion) - L5-S2

66
Q

Which muscle(s) are innervated by the lateral plantar nerve and what is their function and nerve roots?

A

Dorsal/plantar interossei (toe adduction/abduction) - S1-S2

67
Q

Which muscle(s) are innervated by the tibial and common fibular nerves and what is their function and nerve roots?

A

Biceps femoris (hip extension, knee flexion, leg lateral rotation) - L5-S2

68
Q

Which of the following muscles works in opposition to the deltoid to prevent scapular winging?
rhomboid major; rhomboid minor; trapezius; serratus anterior

A

Serratus Anterior

The serratus anterior originates on the 1st through 8th ribs on the lateral chest wall and inserts along the medial border of the scapula. This muscle acts to stabilize the scapula against the chest wall.

69
Q

What is the primary action of the dorsal interossei on the metacarpophalangeal joints of the index, middle, and ring fingers?

A

Abduction

There are four dorsal interossei whose primary action is abduction of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints of the index, middle, and ring fingers. The secondary action is flexion of the MCP joints for the index, middle, and ring fingers and extension of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints for the index, middle, and ring fingers.

70
Q

Which bone is most susceptible to necrosis following a fracture?

A

Scaphoid

The scaphoid, identified by line C, is supplied by the palmar branch of the radial artery and the dorsal carpal branch of the radial artery. If the scaphoid is fractured, the disrupted blood supply can significantly inhibit the ability of the bone to heal which can result in necrosis.

71
Q

Which of the following muscles share a common insertion site?
- coracobrachialis and pectoralis minor
- brachioradialis and brachialis
- tibialis anterior and peroneus longus
- sartorius and rectus femoris

A

Tibialis Anterior and Peroneus Longus

The tibialis anterior and peroneus longus both insert at the base of the first metatarsal and medial cuneiform. The coracobrachialis and pectoralis minor have a common origin or insertion, however, the coracobrachialis originates at the coracoid process while the pectoralis minor inserts at the same structure. The remaining muscles do not share common origins or insertions.

72
Q

The elbow ligament that allows the head of the radius to rotate and retain contact with the radial notch of the ulna is known as:

A

Annular Ligament

The annular ligament consists of a band of fibers that surrounds the head of the radius. It allows the head of the radius to rotate and maintain contact with the radial notch of the ulna.

73
Q

The elbow ligament that allows the head of the radius to rotate and retain contact with the radial notch of the ulna is known as:

A

Annular Ligament

The annular ligament consists of a band of fibers that surrounds the head of the radius. It allows the head of the radius to rotate and maintain contact with the radial notch of the ulna

74
Q

Which muscle plays a significant role in depressing the mandible during mouth opening?
- medial pterygoid
- temporalis
- lateral pterygoid
- masseter

A

Lateral pterygoid

The lateral pterygoid is made up of two heads. It is one of the few muscles of mastication that opens the mouth.
The others are the suprahyoid and infrahyoid

75
Q

What is the lateral articular surface of the distal humerus called?

A

Capitulum

76
Q

What creates the anatomical snuffbox?

A

extensor pollicis brevis
extensor pollicis longus
abductor pollicis longus

can feel scaphoid when ulnarly deviated.

77
Q

What creates the femoral triangle?

A

The femoral triangle is comprised of the inguinal ligament, adductor longus, and sartorius.

Within the femoral triangle is the femoral nerve, femoral artery, and femoral vein.

78
Q

What type lever permits large movements at rapid speeds?

A

Class 3

79
Q

Lateral flexion of the cervical spine (Below C2) is coupled with rotation to the _____ side

A

Ipsilateral

80
Q

Rotation of the lumbar spine is coupled with ____________

A

lateral flexion to the contralateral side

81
Q

Which arthrokinematic motion is coupled with cervical rotation?

A

lateral flexion

due to the shape of the articulating facet joints. Lateral flexion is not always couple din the same direction as rotation…depending of the level of the c-spine

82
Q

What is considered normal protrusion?

A

10 mm

83
Q

Arthorokinematics of the carpometacarpal joint?

A

The saddle joint of the first carpometacarpal joint causes a:
convex on concave – abduction/adduction

concave on convex – extension/flexion.

84
Q

What arthrokinematic motion is involved in hip internal rotation?

A

The femoral head rolls anteriorly and slides posteriorly on the acetabulum

The hip is a ball and socket joint with three degrees of freedom. The convex head of the femur glides posteriorly and rolls anteriorly in hip internal rotation.

85
Q

Which joints make up the transverse tarsal joint?

A

talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints

The transverse tarsal joint, also known as the midtarsal joint, consists of the talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints. These joints connect the rearfoot with the midfoot.

86
Q

Which motions occur at the talocrural joint?

A

DF & PF

87
Q

What is the capsular pattern of the cervical spine?

A

lateral flexion = rotation limited > extension.
The close packed position is full extension. The loose packed position is midway between flexion and extension.

88
Q

Which condition would be most likely to contribute to a capsular pattern?

  • ligamentous adhesions
  • fracture
  • internal derangement
  • extra-articular limitations
A

ligamentous adhesions

After an injury, adhesions can form that impact specific ligaments. Motions that require extensibility from the affected ligaments tend to be painful and restricted resulting in limited motion in a capsular pattern.

89
Q

True/False:
IF a joint is swollen, the CPP cannot be achieved

A

True

90
Q

The close packed position should be utilized as much as possible during an assessment.

A

False (the loose packed position)

91
Q

The CPP should generally be avoided except ______________________

A

to stabilize an adjacent joint

92
Q

The CPP of the hip is especially important for nourishment of the articular cartilage to help prevent?

A

Osteoarthritis

The CPP of the hip forces synovial fluid into the articular cartilage which nourishes the cartilage and helps to prevent the degradation commonly seen in OA. The CPP of the hip is full extension and IR.

93
Q

Proximal radioulnar supination mobilization

A

Convex radius moving on a concave ulna
Radius rolls posterior and glides anterior

So to mobilize to improve supination mobilize anterior

94
Q

Proximal radioulnar pronation mobilization

A

Convex radius moving on a concave ulna
Radius rolls anterior and glides posterior

So to mobilize to improve pronation mobilize posterior

95
Q

Distal radioulnar supination mobilization

A

Concave radius (ulnar notch) on convex ulna

Radius rolls posteriorly and glides posterior

So to mobilize to improve supination mobilize posterior

96
Q

Distal radioulnar pronation mobilization

A

Concave ulnar notch on radius on convex ulna

Radius rolls anteriorly and glides anteriorly

So to mobilize to improve pronation mobilize anteriorly.

97
Q

Radiocarpal flexion mobilization

A

convex carpals on concave radius

Flexion the carpals roll anteriorly and glide posteriorly (dorsal).

So to mobilize to improve wrist flexion mobilize posteriorly.

98
Q

Radiocarpal extension mobilization

A

convex carpals on concave radius

extension of the carpals roll posteriorly and glide anteriorly.

So to mobilize to improve wrist extension mobilize anteriorly.

99
Q

What direction should joint distraction be applied in relation to the glenoid fossa of the scapula when treating the glenohumeral joint?

A

Perpendicular

The glenohumeral joint is formed by the convex head of the humerus and the concave glenoid fossa of the scapula. Distraction (i.e., separation or pulling apart of joint surfaces) requires the force to be applied in a perpendicular direction in relation to the glenoid fossa.

100
Q

What term best describes a mobilization force applied parallel to the treatment plane in the concave joint surface?

A

Glide

Gliding techniques are applied parallel to the treatment plane of the concave joint surface.

101
Q

The articulating facets of the lumbar vertebrae are oriented:

A

90 deg to the transverse plane

The articular facets of the lumbar vertebrae are oriented nearly vertical (i.e., 90 degrees) to the transverse plane. The majority of facets (C3-C7) in the cervical spine are oriented at 45 degrees to the transverse plane and 60 degrees to the transverse plane in the thoracic spine.

102
Q

What grade is a non-thrust oscillatory technique that uses a large amplitude rhythmic oscillation that is performed within the available joint range of motion and does not reach the anatomic limit of the joint?

A

Grade II

A grade II non-thrust oscillatory technique is characterized by using a large amplitude rhythmic oscillation that does not reach the anatomic limit of the joint. Generally, these oscillations are performed at 2-3 times per second for 1-2 minutes. A grade III non-thrust oscillatory technique would be performed up to the anatomical limit of the joint.

103
Q

What mobilization technique would be most beneficial to increase hip flexion?

A

posterior glide

A posterior glide of the femur on the acetabulum would be used to increase hip flexion and internal rotation.

104
Q

What mobilization technique would be most beneficial to increase shoulder flexion?

A

Posterior glide

The convex head of the humerus moves within the concave glenoid fossa. A posterior glide of the humerus on the glenoid fossa would be used to increase shoulder flexion and internal rotation

105
Q

Which of the following joint mobilizations would be required if a patient has a loss of forearm pronation?

A

Both of these options listed below depending on whether mobilizing proximal or distal

Proximal: Dorsal glide of the proximal radius on the ulna
Distal: Volar glide of the distal radius on the ulna would both increase pronation range of motion.

106
Q

Manual muscle testing procedure:

A

Have them do the AROM first (and perform first on uninvolved side)
Use “break testing” - applies resistance after the subject has reached the end range of the test position. Subject is asked to “hold” that position.

Resistance is applied gradually in a direction opposite to the line of pull of the muscle testing.

2 second build up of testing – 6 second hold of maximum contraction – 2 second diminishing of tension.

Repeat the test 3 times

107
Q

Where should the pressure be applied when testing the flexor pollicis brevis

A

palmar surface of the proximal phalanx

108
Q

How should manual resistance be applied when performing a manual muscle test on the adductor pollicis?

A

against the medial surface of the thumb toward abduction

109
Q

Which muscle is tested as the examiner provides a force in the direction of plantar flexion of the ankle and eversion of the foot?

A

Tibialis anterior

Weakness in this muscle decreases the ability to dorsiflex the ankle, and allows a tendency toward eversion of the foot. This pattern of weakness and foot placement is commonly observed in patients following stroke with foot drop.

110
Q

How should manual resistance be applied when performing a manual muscle test on the tensor fasciae latae?

A

against the leg in the direction of extension and adduction

Manual resistance should be placed against the leg in the direction of extension and adduction when testing the tensor fasciae latae. Application of force against the rotation component is not recommended.

111
Q

What muscle would be strength tested by placing the elbow in maximal flexion and the forearm in maximal supination to minimize activation of the biceps brachii?

A

coracobrachialis

This coracobrachialis is tested with the elbow in flexion and the forearm in supination. This position is necessary since it dramatically reduces the ability of the biceps brachii to flex the shoulder.

112
Q

What muscle would be strength tested in prone with the arm laying on the small of the back?

A

teres major

The teres major acts to adduct, extend, and medially rotate the shoulder. The muscle is innervated by the lower subscapular nerve.

113
Q

Tarsal tunnel

A
  • medial aspect of ankle
  • formed by flexor retinaculum superior aspect of calcaneus, medial wall of talus, and medial distal aspect of the tibia.
  • Tibial nerve, posterior tibial artery, and tendons of flexor hallucis longus, tibialis posterior, and flexor digitorum longus
114
Q

Types of Grips

A
115
Q

What is the power grip? What are the different types?

A
  • hook grasp, cylinder grasp, fist grasp, and spherical grasp.
  • A power grip is characterized by finger flexion with the wrist in ulnar deviation and slight extension.
116
Q

What mechanism of injury is likely to injure the radial nerve

A

Crutch palsy (From axillary crutches)

Or humeral fracture (midshaft)

Results in wrist drop due to weakness of wrist extensors.

117
Q

What does the inferior glenohumeral ligament restrict?

A
  • support the humeral head above 90 degrees of abduction.
  • Most important stabilizing structure of the shoulder for patients that engage in overhead activities.
  • Has an anterior and posterior band.
  • Anterior band tightens on ER
  • Posterior band tightens on IR
118
Q

What does the superior glenohumeral ligament restrict?

A
  • Limit inferior translation when the shoulder is adducted.
  • Limits ER when the shoulder is in 0-45 degrees of abduction.
119
Q

What does the medial glenohumeral ligament restrict?

A
  • Limit ER when the shoulder is in 45-90 degrees of abduction.
120
Q

What physiological changes will be seen after both endurance and strength training?

A
  • Increased tensile strength of tendons, ligaments, and connective tissue

*

121
Q

What is compartment syndrome?
What nerve is most likely to be affected?

A
  • increased tissue pressure in specific muscular compartment. Most specifically the anterior compartment
  • S&S: pain with exertion, swelling, decreased sensation, diminished pulses
  • The deep peroneal nerve is most likely to be affected. It is in the anterior compartment and innervates the tibialis anterior
  • results in steppage gait due to loss of DF
  • may require a fasciotomy.
122
Q

Talocrural Joint

A

-TCJ
- articulation between tibia, fibular, and talus
- main motions: DF and PF
- motion during DF – abducts and everts
- motion during PF – adducts and inverts

  • Normal ROM of TCJ:
    15-20 of DF
    50-56 deg of PF
123
Q

Subtalar Joint

A
  • articular between the calcaneous and talus (rearfoot)
  • Motions: Supination and pronation

Supination in WB – DF and abduction of the talus with inversion of the calcaneus

Pronation in the WB – PF and adduction of the talus and eversion of the calcaneus

124
Q

Midfoot

A
  • Cuboid and Navicular bones
  • Talonavicular and calcaneocuboid are the articulations between the midfoot and rearfoot.
  • Stabilization by: plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament, bifurcate ligament, short and long plantar ligaments
125
Q

Forefoot

A
  • all structures distal to the Navicular and cuboid bones
126
Q

What supports the medial longitudinal Arch (MLA)

A

Plantar aponeurosis
Short and long plantar ligaments
Spring ligament

During WB the height of the arch is reduced as the supporting structures elongate.

127
Q

What does the ATFL prevent (anterior talofibular ligament)

A

Resist anterior translation of the talus

128
Q

What does the calcaneofibular ligament restrict?

A

Resists inversion of the talus

129
Q

What does the deltoid ligament restrict?

A

Resists eversion of the talus

130
Q

What does the posterior talofibular ligament restrict?

A

Resists posterior translation of the talus

131
Q

Pes anserine

A

SGT Pepper
Sartorius
Gracilis
Semitendinosus

132
Q

What muscles assists with TMJ depression

A

Lateral pterygoid
Suprahyoid
Infrahyoid

133
Q

Elevation of TMJ

A

Masseter
Temporalis
Medial Pterygoid

134
Q

Hip external rotation muscles

A

Gluteus Maximus
Obturator externus
Obturator internus
Pirifomis
Gemelli
Sartorius

135
Q

Plantar Flexion muscles

A

Tibialis posterior
Gastrocs
Soleus
Peroneus longus
Peroneus brevis
Plantaris
Flexor hallicus

136
Q

Downward rotation of the scapulae muscles

A

Rhomboids
Levator Scap
Pec minor

137
Q

Hip abduction muscles

A

Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Piriformis
Obturator internus
TFL

138
Q

Finger abduction/adduction muscle

A

Abduction:
- Dorsal interossei
- Abductor digit minimi

Adduction:
- Palmar interossei

139
Q

Hip IR muscles

A

TFL
Glut Med
Glut Min
Pectineus
Adductor longus

140
Q

Shoulder lateral rotation muscles

A

Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Posterior deltoid

141
Q

Scapular depression muscles

A

Lower traps
Pec major
Pec minor
Latissimus dorsi

142
Q

Ankle inversion muscles

A

Tibialis posterior
Tibialis anterior
Flexor digitorum longus

143
Q

Ankle DF muscles

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallicus longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Peroneu tertius

144
Q

Cervical flexion muscles

A

SCM
Scalenes
Longus colli

145
Q

Scapula upward rotation muscles

A

Upper trap
Lower trap
Serratus anterior

146
Q

Horizontal abduction muscles

A

Posterior deltoid
Infraspinatus
Teres minor

147
Q

Anterior interosseous n. muscles

A

flexor policis longus, flexor didgitorum profundus, pronator quadratus,
Tested with OK sign

148
Q

OKC supination of foot what occurs

A

Calcaneus inverts, adducts, and PF

149
Q

OKC pronation of foot what occurs

A

Calcaneus everts, abducts, and DF

150
Q

CKC supination of foot what occurs

A

Tibia = ER
Talus = DF and ABD
Calcaneus = Inversion

151
Q

CKC supination of foot what occurs

A

Tibia = IR
Talus = PF and ADD
Calcaneus = Eversion

152
Q

Where to palpate the

A

Dorsum of the wrist in line with the 3rd metacarpal

153
Q

Where to palpate the extensor carpi radialis brevis

A

Dorsum of the wrist in line with the 3rd metacarpal

154
Q

Where to palpate the extensor carpi radialis longus

A

Dorsum of the wrist in line with the 2nd metacarpal

155
Q

Where to palpate the flexor carpi radialis

A

Palmar aspect of the wrist in line with either 2nd or 3rd metacarpal

156
Q

What restricts horizontal motion at the AC joint

A

superior and inferior AC ligaments act as the primary restraint for a horizontal shear force

urther reinforced through the attachments from the deltoid and trapezius

157
Q

What innervates the flexor digitorum superficialis

A

Median - AIN

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