Biomechanics

Question 1

Frontal Plane

Answer 1

divides body into anterior and posterior
motions such as abduction/adduction
anterior-posterior axis

Question 2

Sagittal Plane

Answer 2

divides body into left and right
motions such as flexion/extension
medial-lateral axis

Question 3

Transverse Plane

Answer 3

divides body into upper and lower
motions such as rotation, IR/ER
vertical axis

Question 4

What plane of wrist motion and axis is utilized when positioning the axis of a goniometer over the capitate?

Answer 4

frontal plane around an anterior-posterior axis

Wrist radial and ulnar deviation occur in the frontal plane around an anterior-posterior axis. The capitate is used as the anatomical landmark for the axis of the goniometer when measuring these wrist motions.

Question 5

Scoliosis is a structural defect occurring in what plane?

Answer 5

frontal

Scoliosis refers to a lateral curvature of the spine. The lateral curvature occurs in a frontal plane which divides the body into anterior and posterior halves.

Question 6

In which plane do genu recurvatum, knee flexion contracture, patella baja, and patella alta occur in?

Answer 6

sagittal

Genu recurvatum, knee flexion contracture, patella baja, and patella alta occur in the sagittal plane which divides the body into left and right halves.

Question 7

Class 1 Lever

Answer 7

force – fulcrum – load
few in body
triceps

Question 8

Class 2 Lever

Answer 8

fulcrum – load – force
closed chain activity like a pushup
wheelbarrow

Question 9

Class 3 Lever

Answer 9

fulcrum – force – load
most common in body
elbow flexion, shoulder abduction

Question 10

Muscle Spindle

Answer 10

sensitive to muscle stretch

Question 11

Golgi Tendon Organ

Answer 11

sensitive to muscle tension

Question 12

Type I Muscle Fiber

Answer 12

aerobic
slow twitch
red
extensive blood supply
large amount of mitochondria

Question 13

Type II Muscle Fiber

Answer 13

anaerobic
fast twitch
red/white
larger
less blood supply

Question 14

Which of the following terms describes a muscle that stabilizes the origin of a prime mover at one joint to increase the effectiveness of another muscle at another joint?

Answer 14

fixator

A fixator is a muscle that stabilizes the origin of the agonist and the joint that the origin spans to allow the agonist to function most effectively. A fixator is a stabilizer in one part of the body during movement in another part of the body. In the bicep curl the fixator would be the rotator cuff muscles.

Question 15

What is the correct sequence of joint type from least to most mobile?

Answer 15

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

Synarthrosis joints are nearly immobile, amphiarthrosis are slightly moveable, and diarthrosis joints are freely moveable.

Question 16

Which term describes two muscles on opposite sides of a joint that act synergistically to produce a shared motion?

Answer 16

force couple

A force couple is a term used in mechanics to describe two force vectors on opposite sides of an axis that create a collective moment. An example of this in the human body is the serratus anterior and upper trapezius muscles during shoulder abduction.