Cardio Test/Numbers Flashcards
Arterial Blood Gases (ABG)
- collected to evaluate acid-base (pH), ventilation (PaCO2), and oxygenation of arterial blood (PaO2)
PaCO2 (norms and what is it)
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood; ventilation
PaCO2 - 40 mmHG (35-45mmHG)
- info on how well the lungs are able to remove the CO2.
- changes directly affect the balance of pH in the body.
PaCO2 <30 mmHG = alveolar hyperventilation
PaCO2 >50 mmHG = hypoventilation (failure)
PaO2 (norms and what is it)
oxygenation of arterial blood; partial pressure of O2 in arterial blood
PaO2 - 97 mmHg (80-100mmHg)
SaO2 (what is it and what is the norm)
percent oxygen saturation of hemoglobin
SaO2 - 95-98%
- provides information about how well the lungs are functioning to oxygenate blood.
SaO2 (what is it and what is the norm)
percent oxygen saturation of hemoglobin
SaO2 - 95-98%
- provides information about how well the lungs are functioning to oxygenate blood.
HCO3-
Bicarbonate. An important component of the chemical buffering system that keeps the blood from becoming too acidic or basic and is often part of the ABG test.
- HCO3-: 24 mEq/L (22-26 mEq/L)
if normal than no primary metabolic problem or metabolic compensation for respiratory problem
Normal pH
7.4 (7.35-7.45)
Acidemia
elevated acidity of the blood (pH<7.35)
Alkalemia
decreased acidity of blood (pH>4.5)
Eucapnia
normal level of CO2 in arterial blood
PaCO2 (35-45 mmHg)
Hypercapnia
elevated level of CO2 in arterial blood
PaCO2 (>45 mmHg)
Hypocapnia
low level of CO2 in arterial blood
PaCO2 (<35 mmHg)
PaCO2 relation to pH
PaCO2 >45 mmHg and pH<7.40 = respiratory acidosis
PaCO2 >45 mmHg and pH>7.40 = retention of CO2 to compensate for metabolic alkalosis
PaCO2 <35 mmHg and pH <7.4 = elimination of CO2 to compensate for metabolic acidosis.
PaCO2 < 35 mmHg and pH >7.4 = respiratory alkalosis.
HCO3- in relation to pH
HCO3- < 22 mEq/L and pH < 7.40 = metabolic acidosis
HCO3- < 22 mEq/L and pH > 7.40 = renal compensation for a respiratory alkalosis
HCO3- > 26 mEq/L and pH > 7.40 =metabolic alkalosis
HCO3- > 26 mEq/L and pH < 7.40 = renal compensation for respiratory acidosis
Pulmonary Function Testing (PFT)
- testing the volume or flow of air during inhalation and exhalation
- Tests: FVC, PEF, FEV1, and mid-expiratory flow (FEF 25-75%)
Procedure
* Exhales in spirometer as hard and as fast as possible for 6 seconds until no more air
*compared to those of same height, sex, height, weight, and race
Obstructive vs Restrictive pulmonary function test results
Obstructive ventilatory impairment:
* decreased expiratory flow, airway narrowing during exhale, FEV1/FEV <70% is the primary indicator of an obstructive impairment.
* (asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis)
Restrictive ventilatory impairment:
* Reduced lung volumes (TLC, FVC, FEV1) and relatively normal expiratory flow rates
* Can be inferred from spirometry when FVC is reduced and FEV1/FVC is normal or >80%
* (interstitial lung disease, pleural disease, chest wall deformities, obesity , pregnancy, neuromuscular disease, and tumor)
Levels of Obstruction (%)
> 100% = possibly normal variant
70-100% = mild obstruction
60-70% = moderate obstruction
50-60% = moderate to sever obstruction
<50% = sever obstruction
Resting respiratory rates for healthy individuals
Newborn: 33-45 breaths/min
1 year: 25-35 breaths/min
10 yr: 15-20 breaths/min
Adult: 12-20 breaths/min
Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE)
- used to quantify the subject’s overall sense of effort during activity.
- 2 scales used: 6-20 or 1-10. aka Borg Scale
Interpretation
* 13-14 = 70% of maximum HR during exercise on a treadmill or cycle ergometer
*11-13 = upper limit of prescribed training HR early in cardiac rehab
* RPE can substitute for HR in prescribing the intensity of exercise when.
Thoracentesis
A procedure that includes removal of fluid from the pleural space with a needle for a micro biologic, and cytologic studies 
Venograhy
A radiopaque die is injected into a vein, while an x-ray procedure creates an image of the vein to detect a clot or blockage 
Oral pharyngeal airway
A plastic tube shaped to fit the curvature of the soft palate and tongue that holds the tongue away from the back of the throat and maintains the patency of the airway.
Nasal pharyngeal airway
A latex or rubber tube inserted through the nose to allow for nasotracheal suctioning.
Endotracheal tube
A plastic tube inserted in the trachea from the mouth or nose to provide an airway and to allow for mechanical ventilation.