Motor control Flashcards
Tapping a tendon with a reflex hammer causes a _____ in the quadricep muscles
stretch
Which of the following, when stimulated, stimulates extensors and inhibits flexors?
Rubrospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Tectospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Which nuclei of the basal ganglia communicates w/ thalamus and cerebral cortex? How does it communicate?
Striatum
2 opposing pathways (indirect/inhibitory and direct/excitatory)
(Voluntary / Involuntary aka reflexes) are dependent on brainstem and spinal cord reflexes
Involuntary aka reflexes
What are the two antagonist pathways for reticulospinal tract?
- Pontine
2. Medullary
(Voluntary / Involuntary aka reflexes) occur at an unconscious level
Involuntary aka reflexes
When stimulated, where does the rubrospinal tract project to?
Lateral spinal cord; stimulates flexor and inhibits extensor
What tract controls the posture by controlling activities of the extensor muscles in the lower limb?
Reticulospinal tract
The vestibulospinal tract controls…?
the function to maintain posture
Where would the lesion be if there was contralateral + ipsilateral muscle weakness?
Above the medullary pyramids
Which of the following direct head and eye movment toward a selected object in the visual field?
Rubrospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Tectospinal tract
Tectospinal tract
Which tract functions to maintain posture?
Vestibulospinal tract
Where does the reticulospinal tract originate from?
Pons (reticular formation)
What molecule is required to communicate between the striatum and substantia nigra?
Dopamine
____ fiber sends signals from golgi tendon organ to spinal cord
1b
Which of the following just maintains posture?
Rubrospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Tectospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Where does the vestibulospinal tract originate from?
Vestibular nuclei
Which of the following, when stimulated, stimulates flexors and inhibits extensors?
Rubrospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Tectospinal tract
Rubrospinal tract
Basal ganglia (which is part of the motor loop) begins in _____ and ends in the ______
cortex and cortex
What kind of area do the basal ganglia + cerebellum make?
Cortical association area
(Voluntary / Involuntary aka reflexes) occurs in the cortical centers
Voluntary
When stimulated, where does the vestibulospinal tract project to?
Ipsilateral motor neurons and interneurons; stimulates extensors and inhibits flexors
The tectospinal tract controls..?
head and eye movement
____ fiber sends signal from muscle spindle to spinal cord
1a
Dopamine is inhibitory in the indirect pathway (D1/D2) receptor and excitatory ont the direct pathway (D1/D2) receptor
D2
D1
To maintain postural support, interneurons cross the midline and (excite/inhibit) contralateral extensors and (excite/inhibit) contralateral flexors
excite
inhibit
What are the muscle’s sensory receptors?
- Muscle spindle
2. Golgi tendon
Which of the following has two antagonist pathways?
Rubrospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Tectospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
(Voluntary / Involuntary aka reflexes) require conscious planning
Voluntary
Which of the following originates in the vestibular nuclei + projects to ipsilateral motor neurons/interneurons?
Rubrospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Tectospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Flexor withdrawal reflex:
_______ of flexors removes the limb from noxious stimuli
contraction
Which tract has two antagonist pathways (pontine + medullary)?
Reticulospinal tract
Voluntary movement exist in the (conscious / unconscious) level
Conscious
The (muscle spindle / golgi tendon) sends information to the spinal cord and brain about the tension or rate of change of the tension in the muscle
golgi tendon
What info does the muscle spindle send to the spinal cord / brain?
Length of muscle or rate of change of the length of muscle
What info does the golgi tendon send to the spinal cord / brain?
Tension or rate of change of the tension of muscle
The knee jerk reflex is a (monosynaptic / polysynaptic) reflex
monosynaptic
When stimulated, where does the reticulospinal tract project to?
Ventromedial spinal cord
If there was a lesion above the medullary pyramids, what would happen?
Contralateral and ipsilateral muscle weakness
Vestibulocerebellum is best defined as:
A. Controls posture, and direction of movement (synergy), and modulates spinal reflex activity.
B. Planning and initiation of muscle contraction to affect coordinated movement. Receives input from the motor cortex and sends information back to the motor cortex and premotor cortex.
C. Controls balance and eye movement. Receives input from vestibular and visual systems
Controls balance and eye movement. Receives input from vestibular and visual systems
What are the 4 nuclei involved in the basal ganglia?
- Striatum
- Globus pallidus
- Subthalamic nucleus
- Substantia nigra
What two kinds of neurons receive information from the spinal cord to innervate muscle movement?
Alpha + Gamma motor neuron
Reticulospinal tract controls…?
Posture by controlling activities of the extensor muscles in the lower limb
Rubrospinal tract controls…?
walking movement
Cerebrocerebellum is best defined as:
A. Controls posture, and direction of movement (synergy), and modulates spinal reflex activity.
B. Planning and initiation of muscle contraction to affect coordinated movement. Receives input from the motor cortex and sends information back to the motor cortex and premotor cortex.
C. Controls balance and eye movement. Receives input from vestibular and visual systems
Planning and initiation of muscle contraction to affect coordinated movement. Receives input from the motor cortex and sends information back to the motor cortex and premotor cortex.
Which of the following controls posture by controlling activities of the extensor muscles in the lower limb?
Rubrospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Tectospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Where does the tectospinal tract originate from?
Superior colliculus of midbrain
Where do the rubrospinal tracts originate from?
Red nucleus of the midbrain (brain stem)
Which of the following originates in the red nucleus of the midbrain + projects to the interneurons in the lateral spinal cord?
Rubrospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Tectospinal tract
Rubrospinal tract
What is the precursor for dopamine & carbidopa?
Levodopa
What are some symptoms involved in parkinson’s disease?
- Rigidity
- Tremor
- Reduced voluntary movement
What tract controls walking movement?
Rubrospinal tract
The alpha motor neuron synapses where?
Motor end plate
Which of the following controls walking movement?
Rubrospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Tectospinal tract
Rubrospinal tract
Where would the lesion be if there was only ipsilateral muscle weakness?
Below the medullary pyramids
Involuntary (or reflexes) movement is dependent on what?
Brainstem + spinal cord reflexes
Controls balance and eye movement. Receives input from vestibular and visual systems
A. Cerebrocerebellum
B. Vestibulocerebellum
C. Spinocerebellum
B. Vestibulocerebellum
Planning and initiation of muscle contraction to affect coordinated movement. Receives input from the motor cortex and sends information back to the motor cortex and premotor cortex.
A. Vestibulocerebellum
B. Spinocerebellum
C. Cerebrocerebellum
C. Cerebrocerebellum
Flexor withdrawal reflex:
_________ inhibition suppresses contraction of the extensors of the affected limb
reciprocal
Flexor withdrawal reflex:
_______ pain fibers enter the dorsal root and send collaterals to several spinal segments
afferent
Involuntary movement exist in the (conscious / unconscious) level
Unconscious
Which of the following sends projections to the ventromedial spinal cord?
Rubrospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Tectospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
The (muscle spindle / golgi tendon) sends information to the spinal cord and brain about the length of the muscle or rate of change of the length of the muscle
Muscle spindle
Controls posture, and direction of movement (synergy), and modulates spinal reflex activity.
A. Spinocerebellum
B. Cerebrocerebellum
C. Vestibulocerebellum
A. Spinocerebellum
Which tract controls head and eye movement?
Tectospinal tract
Flexor withdrawal reflex:
Excitatory interneurons synapse w/ _____ motor neurons serving flexors are stimulated
alpha
Flexor withdrawal reflex:
____ receptors are activated at the site of stimulation
pain
Which of the following originates in the pons (reticular formation)
Rubrospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Tectospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Damage to the cerebellum leads to _____ and it is….
ataxia
movement is inaccurate + poorly coordinated
Spinocerebellum is best defined as:
A. Planning and initiation of muscle contraction to affect coordinated movement. Receives input from the motor cortex and sends information back to the motor cortex and premotor cortex.
B. Controls balance and eye movement. Receives input from vestibular and visual systems
C. Controls posture, and direction of movement (synergy), and modulates spinal reflex activity.
Controls posture, and direction of movement (synergy), and modulates spinal reflex activity.
If there was a lesion below the medullary pyramids, what would happen?
Only ipsilateral muscle weakness
Dopamine is (excitatory/inhibitory) in the (direct/indirect) pathway aka D2 + (excitatory/inhibitory) in the (direct/indirect) pathway aka D1
inhibitory + indirect
excitatory + direct
Who makes up the cortical association area?
Basal ganglia + cerebellum
