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Physiology > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What does leptin do?

A

Inhibits appetite, stimulates thermogenesis

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2
Q

What is the predominant glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal gland?

A

Cortisol

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3
Q

What does Cushing’s Syndrome do?

A
  1. Inhibits inflammation, depress inflammation, depress cartilage and bone formation
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4
Q

In females, where does LH go after it reaches the ovaries?

A

Theca cells + Granulosa cells

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5
Q

What does gastrin do?

A

Stimulates HCl secretion

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6
Q

What is the seventh step into manufacturing thyroid hormones?

A

Lysosomal enzymes cleave T4 and T3 from thyroglobulin colloid and hormones diffuse into bloodstream.

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7
Q

What hormone redistributes lipids and mobilizes FA from adipose tissue?

A

Glucocorticoids

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8
Q

What does Addison’s Disease do?

A

Weight loss, dehydration, low BP

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9
Q

Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids is called…

A

Cushing’s Syndrome

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10
Q

In males, where does LH go after it reaches the testes?

A

Leydig cells in testes

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11
Q

FSH vs LH, which one rises more after 14 days?

A

LH

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12
Q

Estrogen vs Progesterone, which one quickly rises after day 14 has past?

A

Progesterone is much higher, but estrogen still climbs up again

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13
Q

What are the main functions of parathyroid?

A
  1. Stimulates osteoclast to digest bone matrix
  2. Enhances reabsorption of Ca++ and secretion of phosphate via kidney
  3. Activates Vit. D and absorbs Ca++ by intestinal mucosa
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14
Q

How does parathyroid get controlled?

A

Negative feedback via Ca++

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15
Q

The thymus gland produces…

A

Thymosin

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16
Q

What is the adrenal cortex in charge of?

A

Secretes corticosteroids

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17
Q

Which hormones are bound?

A

Steroids and thyroid hormone; they are attached to plasma proteins

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18
Q

How do thyroid levels get controlled?

A

Negative feedback

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19
Q

In females, where does FSH go after it reaches the ovaries?

A

Granulosa cells

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20
Q

What does ghrelin do?

A

Enhances hunger sensation

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21
Q

Hyperthyroidism is also known by…

A

Graves’ Disease

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22
Q

How are blood levels of hormones controlled?

A

Negative feedback

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23
Q

FSH vs LH, which one begins and ends which a higher level?

A

FSH

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24
Q

In the regulation of male/female hormone secretion, what is released via anterior pituitary gland?

A

LH + FSH (both come from GnRH)

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25
Q

What does renin do?

A

Formation of angiotensin I

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26
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Ovaries: Stimulates growth of follicles
Testes: Stimulates sperm maturation

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27
Q

What is the purpose behind progestins in females?

A

Inhibits or activate LH in anterior pituitary and / or reaches target tissue

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28
Q

In males, where does FSH go after it reaches the testes?

A

Sertoli cells in testes

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29
Q

What is the adrenal medulla in charge of?

A

Nervous tissue, part of the sympathetic NS

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30
Q

What maintains glucose homeostasis? How does it maintain it?

A

Glucocorticoids; decrease glucose use by most cells

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31
Q

What does TSH do?

A

Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones

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32
Q

Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids is called…

A

Addison’s Disease

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33
Q

How much iodide do you need?

A

1mg / week

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34
Q

What hormone can overcome the feedback in thyroid levels?

A

Hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

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35
Q

What are the corticosteroids that can be synthesized in the adrenal gland?

A
  1. Aldosterone
  2. Glucocorticoids
  3. Gonadocorticoids
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36
Q

Hypothyroidism in adults is called…

A

Myxedema (lack of iodine)

37
Q

What is the first step into manufacturing thyroid hormones?

A

Thyroglobulin is synthesized and discharged in follicle lumen

38
Q

What is released from GnRH once it reaches its respective targets?

A

LH: Luteinizing Hormone & FSH: Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

39
Q

What does the stomach produce?

A

Gastrin + Ghrelin

40
Q

What are the ways to overcome the feedback in thyroid levels?

A

If you’re pregnant or cold

41
Q

What does 1,25-Dihydroxy-cholecalciferol do?

A

Increases intestinal absorption of calcium and bone mineralization

42
Q

What does secretin do?

A

Stimulates pancreatic acinar cells to release HCO3- & H2O

43
Q

What does the liver produce as a result of the growth factors? What do they do?

A

Insulin-like growth factors. GHRH increase, stimulate GHIH, inhibits GH

44
Q

What else do Sertoli cells need to make sperm?

A

Testosterone from Leydig cells

45
Q

What is the purpose behind androgens in females?

A

Feeds into granulosa cells

46
Q

The pineal gland produces…

A

melatonin

47
Q

What are the types of hormone receptors?

A
  1. Ion Channel
  2. G-Protein coupled
  3. Enzyme-linked
  4. Nuclear
48
Q

What purpose do Leydig cells bring?

A

Produces testosterone

49
Q

What is the sixth step into manufacturing thyroid hormones?

A

Thyroglobulin colloid is endocytosed and combined with a lysosome.

50
Q

Growth hormones indirectly affect what organ?

A

Liver

51
Q

What is the relation between potassium and aldosterone?

A

High levels of potassium help release aldosterone

52
Q

Excessive thyroid hormones does what to proteins?

A

Protein loss

53
Q

What do Sertoli cells inhibit?

A

Inhibit FSH in anterior pituitary cells by producing Inhibin

54
Q

What purpose do Sertoli cells bring?

A

Begins sperm production

55
Q

How does the G-Protein coupled receptor work?

A
  1. Binds receptor
  2. Causes conformational change of receptor
  3. Activates G protein
  4. Activates or inactivates an enzyme or an ion channel
  5. Changes level of second messenger
  6. Secondary messenger: Affects cell function(s)
56
Q

What does cholecystokinin do?

A

Stimulates gallbladder contraction & release of pancreatic enzymes

57
Q

Hypothyroidism in infants is called…

A

Cretinism

58
Q

How does the nuclear receptor work?

A
  1. Diffuses into cytoplasm
  2. Binds to receptor
  3. Forms hormone-receptor complex
  4. Enters nucleus
  5. Binds to hormone response element
  6. Increases or decreases synthesis of specific proteins
59
Q

What does LH do?

A

Testes: Stimulates testosterone synthesis
Ovaries: Stimulates ovulation, corpus luteum formation, estrogen, and progesterone synthesis

60
Q

What is the third step into manufacturing thyroid hormones?

A

Iodide -1 is oxidized via peroxidase to Iodine 0

61
Q

Estrogen vs Progesterone, which one quickly rises once day 14 comes around?

A

Estrogen

62
Q

What do Granulosa cells produce?

A

Progestin, estrogen, and inhibin

63
Q

The adipocyte gland produces…

A

Leptin

64
Q

What happens to osmoreceptors if blood solute concentration is high? And the result?

A

Depolarize and send signals to hypothalamic neurons. ADH is synthesized, inhibits urine, and increases blood volume

65
Q

What disease can glucocorticoids cause?

A

Adrenal diabetes; increase insulin + decrease insulin sensitivitiy

66
Q

What purpose do Theca cells bring?

A

Produces Androgens + Progestins

67
Q

What does melatonin do?

A

Controls circadian rhythm

68
Q

What does the kidney produce?

A

Renin + 1,25-Dihydroxy-cholecalciferol + Erythropoietin

69
Q

What purpose does estrogen have on females?

A

Inhibit or activate FSH in anterior pituitary

70
Q

What does testosterone inhibit after it is made via Leydig cells?

A

Inhibits LH from anterior pituitary

71
Q

Thyroid hormones mobilize lipids by ____ TG in plasma, ______ FA in plasma, and ______ cholesterol

A

Decrease
Increase
Decrease

72
Q

In the kidneys, mineralcorticoids stimulate 3 major things. They are…

A
  1. Sodium reabsorption
  2. Potassium secretion
  3. Water retention
73
Q

What hormones are made in the anterior pituitary?

A
  1. ACTH
  2. FSH
  3. Growth hormone
  4. LH
  5. Prolactin
  6. TSH
74
Q

What hormones are made in the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin + ADH (vasopressin)

75
Q

Adrenal gland can be broken up into two glands and they are…

A
  1. Adrenal medulla

2. Adrenal cortex

76
Q

How does T4 turn to T3?

A

Via peripheral tissues

77
Q

What are the effects of growth hormones on glucose/insulin?

A

Increase insulin and decrease glucose uptake

78
Q

Iodide is transported from glandular cells into the follicle via a Cl/I antiporter called _______

A

Pendrin

79
Q

How can you lower BP w/ renin and aldosterone?

A

Blocking renin aldosterone secretion with Atrial natriuretic peptide

80
Q

What does erythropoietin do?

A

Increases erythrocyte production

81
Q

What does the small intestine produce?

A

Secretin + Cholecystokinin

82
Q

What is the second step into manufacturing thyroid hormones?

A

Iodine is actively being transported in from capillaries through Sodium-Iodide Symporter (NIS)

83
Q

What does ACTH do?

A

Stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenocortical hormones

84
Q

Which is more potent, T3 or T4?

A

T3, about 10x

85
Q

What does thymosin do?

A

Promotes immune functions

86
Q

What is the fifth step into manufacturing thyroid hormones?

A

Iodine-tyrosine complex link together to form T3 + T4

87
Q

How does decreased BP affect the kidney?

A

Stimulates renin and then forms angiotension II (which is a stimulator of aldosterone)

88
Q

What is the fourth step into manufacturing thyroid hormones?

A

Iodine attaches to tyrosine forming DIT + MIT

Physiology (24 decks)

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