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Physiology > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the PNS system break down to?

A

SNS + ANS

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2
Q

What does the SNS system break down to?

A

It doesn’t

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3
Q

What does the ANS system break down to?

A

Sympathetic + Parasympathetic + ENS

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4
Q

What does the ANS innervate and regulate?

A

Smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands

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5
Q

The somatic NS has #__ neuron(s)

A

1

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6
Q

The autonomic NS has #__ neuron(s)

A

2

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7
Q

Somatic vs Autonomic

Which projects directly to effector organ?

A

Somatic

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8
Q

Somatic vs Autonomic

Which links CNS to skeletal muscles?

A

Somatic

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9
Q

Somatic vs Autonomic

Which has a large diameter and conducts rapidly?

A

Somatic

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10
Q

Somatic vs Autonomic

Which has motor neurons?

A

Autonomic

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11
Q

Somatic vs Autonomic

Which has alpha motor neurons?

A

Somatic

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12
Q

Somatic vs Autonomic

Which projects from CNS to visceral organs?

A

Autonomic

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13
Q

Somatic vs Autonomic

Which contains preganglionic and postganglionic fibers?

A

Autonomic

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14
Q

Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems usually have _____ effects on visceral targets

A

opposite

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15
Q

Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems usually have opposite effects on ______ targets

A

visceral

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16
Q

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons originate in the _________________

A

lateral horn of the spinal cord

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17
Q

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons originate from segments ____ - ____

A

T1 + L3

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18
Q

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons exit the spinal cord via the ____ ___

A

ventral root

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19
Q

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse between neurons made in the autonomic ganglia located where?

A

Paravertebral chain

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20
Q

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons located in the paravertebral chain are made where?

A

autonomic ganglia

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21
Q

Where do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons originate from?

A

Nuclei of cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X + spinal cord segments S2-S4

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22
Q

Where do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse?

A

Between neurons that are made in autonomic ganglia

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23
Q

Where is the parasympathetic ganglia located?

A

In or near effector organ

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24
Q

Where do both sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia synapse?

A

Autonomic ganglia

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25
Q

Where do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse?

A

Autonomic ganglia

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26
Q

Where do both sympathetic/parasympathetic postganglionic neurons have their cell bodies?

A

Autonomic ganglia

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27
Q

The adrenal medulla is regarded as a modified ______ _____ neurons

A

postganglionic sympathetic

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28
Q

Preganglionic fibers synapse directly on _____ cells in the adrenal medulla

A

chromaffin

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29
Q

_____ is/are the receptor(s) in the ganglia at eh parasympathetic postganglionic neuron, sympathetic postganglionic neuron, at the adrenal medulla, and at eh neuromuscular junction

A

Nicotinic receptor, Nm, and Nn

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30
Q

Preganglionic fibers synapse directly on chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla and secrete _____

A

ACh

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31
Q

The chromaffin cells secrete _____ and _____

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine (4:1)

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32
Q

Norepinephrine and epinephrine is released by adrenergic neurons that are _____ ______ neurons

A

sympathetic postganglionic

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33
Q

Acetylcholine is released by cholinergic neurons that are:

A. Sympathetic preganglionic
B. Parasympathetic postganglionic
C. Sympathetic postganglionic
D. Parasympathetic preganglionic

A

A, B, + D

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34
Q

What are the main neurotransmitters of the ANS?

A
  1. Substance p
  2. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
  3. Nitric Oxidie (NO)
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35
Q

What are the subtypes of adrenergic receptors?

A

A1 + A2 + B1 + B2

36
Q

Epinephrine is more likely to bind to ___ receptors

A

beta

37
Q

Norepinephrine is more likely to bind to _____ receptors

A

alpha + beta

38
Q

What do sympathetic postganglionic neurons release?

A

Norepinephrine

39
Q

What do parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release?

A

Acetylcholine

40
Q

What do sympathetic preganglionic neurons release?

A

Acetylcholine

41
Q

What do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons release?

A

Acetylcholine

42
Q

Cholinergic receptors are nicotinic receptors that are located where?

A

Sympathetic + parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

43
Q

Which receptors constrict blood vessels in the skin?

A

A1

44
Q

Maintains body heat by constricting blood vesels

A1
A2
B1
B2

A

A1

45
Q

Constricts bladder + GI sphincters

A1
A2
B1
B2

A

A1

46
Q

Contracts radial muscles of iris, which dilates pupils

A1
A2
B1
B2

A

A1

47
Q

Found in the wall of the GI tract

A1
A2
B1
B2

A

A2

48
Q

Inhibits GI secretion + reduced GI motility

A1
A2
B1
B2

A

A2

49
Q

Mechanism involves Gi activation

A1
A2
B1
B2

A

A2

50
Q

Mechanism involves Gq activation

A

A1

51
Q

Found in the SA + AV nodes ventricular muscles of the heart

A1
A2
B1
B2

A

B1

52
Q

Increases HR, AV conduction velocity and increase contraction

A1
A2
B1
B2

A

B1

53
Q

Mechanism involves Gs activation

A1
A2
B1
B2

A

B1

54
Q

Found in the vascular smooth muscle of skeletal muscle

A1
A2
B1
B2

A

B2

55
Q

Found in the vascular smooth muscles of the skin

A1
A2
B1
B2

A

A1

56
Q

Found in the GI tract, bladder and spincters

A1
A2
B1
B2

A

A1

57
Q

Found in the bronchial smooth muscles

A1
A2
B1
B2

A

B2

58
Q

Found in the wall of the GI tract and bladder

A1
A2
B1
B2

A

B2

59
Q

Which dilates vascular smooth muscle?

A1
A2
B1
B2

A

B2

60
Q

Which dilates bronchioles?

A1
A2
B1
B2

A

B2

61
Q

Which decreases GI secretion?

A1
A2
B1
B2

A

B2

62
Q

Which relaxes bladder wall?

A

B2

63
Q

Mechanism involves activation of Gs

A1
A2
B1
B2

A

B2

64
Q

Activating Gq does what?

A

Stimulates PLC, increases IP3 and intracellular calcium

65
Q

Activating Gi does what?

A

Inhibits adenylate cyclase + decreases cAMP

66
Q

Activating Gs does what?

A

Stimulates adenylate cyclase + increases cAMP

67
Q

A1 receptors involve what G protein?

A

Gq

68
Q

A2 receptors involve what G protein?

A

Gi

69
Q

B1 receptors involve what G protein?

A

Gs

70
Q

B2 receptors involve what G protein?

A

Gs

71
Q

Nicotinic receptors are found where?

A

Autonomic ganglia (Nn) of parasympathetic + sympathetic NS, neuromuscular junction (Nm) and the adrenal medulla

72
Q

What is the antagonist to nicotinic receptors?

A

Hexamethonium (at autonomic ganglia)

73
Q

How does hexamethonium work?

A

Binds to alpha subunit of nicotinic ACh receptors

74
Q

What are the agonist to nicotinic receptors?

A

Nicotine or ACh

75
Q

What are the agonist to muscarinic receptors?

A

Muscarine or ACh

76
Q

What is an antagonist to muscarinic receptors?

A

Atropine

77
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors found?

A

Heart (M2), Smooth muscles (M3), and glands (M3)

78
Q

What happens if ACh is bound to a muscarinic receptor?

A

Agonist; inhibitory in the heart + excitatory in smooth muscles/glands

79
Q

What is the mechanism behind muscarinic receptors?

A

In the SA node, agonists bind and activate Gi, which opens K+ channels, slows rate of depolarization and decreased HR

In smooth muscles/glands, activates Gq

80
Q

A1 _____ blood vessels

A

constricts

81
Q

A1 ______ bladder

A

constricts

82
Q

A1 ______ radial muscles

A

contracts

83
Q

A1 _______ pupils

A

dilates

84
Q

A2 _____ GI secretion + motility

A

inhibits/reduces

85
Q

B1 _____ heart rate

A

increases

86
Q

B1 is found on the (atrial/ventricular) muscles of heart

A

ventricular

87
Q

B2 _____ vascular smooth muscles

A

dilate

Physiology (24 decks)

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