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GI Overview + Motility Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the GI System?

A
  1. Digestion
  2. Absorption
  3. Host Defense
  4. Excretion
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2
Q

What gets excreted, hydrophilic or hydrophobic molecules?

A

Hydrophobic (cholesterol, steroids, and drug metabolites)

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3
Q

The ENS breaks down to what?

A
  1. Submucosal plexus

2. Myenteric plexus

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4
Q

The _____ nerve innervates the lower large intestines, rectum, and anus

A

pelvic

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5
Q

The _____ nerve innervates the esophagus, stomach, small intestines, pancreas, and upper large intestines

A

vagus

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6
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system is usually (excitatory/inhibitory) in the GI system

A

excitatory

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7
Q

The vagus nerve preganglionic parasympathetic cholinergic fibers synapse where?

A

Myenteric and submucosal plexus

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8
Q

After the synapse at the plexus(es), the cell bodies send information where?

A
  1. Smooth muscles
  2. Secretory cell
  3. Endocrine cells
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9
Q

In the ENS, the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are (cholinergic/adrenergic/both)

A

cholinergic

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10
Q

In the ENS, the postganglionic sympathetic fibers are (cholinergic/adrenergic/both)

A

adrenergic

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11
Q

The postganglionic sympathetic adrenergic fibers leave where to synapse at myenteric and submucosal plexuses?

A

Leaves prevertebral ganglia

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12
Q

ENS controls mostly GI ______ and ______

A

motility and secretion

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13
Q

Submucosal plexus is also known as ______ plexus

A

Meissner’

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14
Q

Meissner’ plexus is also known as ______ plexus

A

submucosal

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15
Q

True/False

The vagus nerve preganglionic parasympathetic cholinergic fibers synapse in the myenteric and submucosal plexus.

A

True

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16
Q 
Which of the following is NOT innervated by the pelvic nerve?
A. Anus
B. Rectum
C. lower large intestine
D. upper large intestine
A

Upper large intestines

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17
Q

True/False

The first pass mechanism is important in therapeutic interventions, as it may reduce the amount of drugs available for the body.

A

True

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18
Q

Which of the following statements is/are false?

A. Blood flow from the intestine, pancreas, stomach, and spleen flows first to the liver via the portal vein.
B. Liver receives most blood supply from hepatic artery
C. Drugs that are absorbed in the intestines are transported to the liver via the portal veins.

A

B. Liver receives most blood supply from hepatic artery

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19
Q

Which statement (s) is/are true?
A. Slow waves originate the interstitial cells of Cajal
B. The slow waves are action potential
C. Spike potentials are stimulated by stretch
D. The mechanism of slow wave production involves the opening of calcium channels
E. Answers A, C and D are true
F. Answers A, B, C and D are true

A

A + C + D are true

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20
Q

Submucosal plexus mostly controls _______

A

secretion and blood flow

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21
Q

______ plexus mostly controls secretion and blood flow

A

Submucosal or meissner’

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22
Q

Which plexus receives sensory info from chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors in GI tract?

A

Submucosal or Meissner’

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23
Q

Blood is transported to the liver via….

A

Celiac artery (hepatic artery) + Portal vein

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24
Q

The liver receives more blood from…

A

Portal vein

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25
The spleen and stomach receive blood from what?
Celiac artery
26
The pancreas, small intestine, and colon receive their blood from...
Superior mesenteric artery
27
The colon alone receives blood from...
Superior and inferior mesenteric artery
28
The celiac artery can supply what organ(s)?
1. Liver via hepatic artery 2. Spleen 3. Stomach
29
The superior mesenteric artery can supply what organ(s)?
1. Pancreas 2. Small Intestine 3. Colon
30
The inferior mesenteric artery can supply what organ(s)?
1. Colon
31
The portal vein can supply what organ(s)?
1. Liver
32
The portal vein can supply what organ(s)?
1. Liver
33
Blood flow from what organs flows first to the liver via portal vein?
1. Stomach 2. Intestine 3. Pancreas
34
Blood flow from what organs flows first to the liver via portal vein?
1. Stomach 2. Intestine 3. Pancreas
35
Why does the liver have multiple blood supplies?
1. Serves as a defense mechanism | 2. Substances absorbed flow to hepatocytes where they can be detoxified
36
The type of food that a person preferentially seeks is determined by _____
appetite
37
The amount of food that a person ingests is determined principally by intrinsic desire for food called ______
hunger
38
What is the outermost layer of GI tract?
Serosa
39
What is the outermost muscles of the GI tract called? **under serosa**
Longitudinal muscle
40
What is the innermost muscle layer of the GI tract?
Circular muscle
41
The contractile tissue in the GI tract is most often the ____ muscles
smooth
42
The exceptions of smooth muscles being the contractile tissue is where? What kind of muscles are they?
1. Pharynx 2. Upper esophagus 3. External anal sphincter Striated muscles
43
Depolarization of _____ muscles results in contraction of smooth muscles
circular
44
Depolarization of circular muscles results in _______ of smooth muscles
contraction
45
Depolarization of circular muscles results in contraction of smooth muscles and a decrease in ______
diameter
46
Depolarization of _____ muscles leads to contraction in the longitudinal direction and a decrease in length of that segment
longitudinal
47
Depolarization of longitudinal muscles leads to contraction in the _____ direction and a _____ in length of that segment
longitudinal + decrease
48
Phasic vs Tonic contractions Contraction and relaxation occurs rhythmically
Phasic
49
Phasic vs Tonic contractions Occurs in lower esophageal sphincter
Tonic
50
Phasic vs Tonic contractions Also known as rapid intense contraction
Phasic
51
Phasic vs Tonic contractions Also known as sustained contraction
Tonic
52
Phasic vs Tonic contractions Occurs in espohagus
Phasic
53
Phasic vs Tonic contractions Occurs in gastric antrum and small intestine
Phasic
54
Phasic vs Tonic contractions Occurs at ileocecal and internal anal sphincters
Tonic
55
In nerve fibers, the AP are caused by _______
rapid entry of sodium ions
56
In GI smooth muscles fibers, what ions enter?
Large number of Calcium + small amounts of sodium
57
When is chewing (mastication) especially important for?
Fruits and raw vegetables because they have indigestible cellulose
58
How does contraction of smooth muscles occur?
Via Interstitial Cells of Cajal
59
Peristalsis begins in the _____
pharynx
60
Stimulation of what area could cause chewing
Hypothalamus amygdala, maybe cerebral cortex
61
What is receptive relaxation?
Lower esophageal sphincter + proximal stomach relax
62
Gravity accelerates the movement of bolus and is the determinant of transit rate for _____
liquids
63
Peristaltic waves take about ____ seconds
10
64
Upper esophageal sphinchter is controlled by the ________
vagus nerve
65
Lower esophageal sphincter is controlled by the ________
ENS
66
Peristalsis relaxation wave is mediated by ______
Nitric Oxide
67
Peristalsis contraction wave is mediated by _____
ACh
68
How does GERD occur?
No relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter when there is no swallow
69
What is the main determinant of gastric emptying of liquids?
Intragastric pressure
70
What contraction determines intragastric pressure?
Toniic
71
After ingestion of a meal, the fundus/body (relaxes/contracts)
relaxes
72
When the stomach begins its receptive relaxation, food is pressed to the antrum via....
tonic contraction
73
A wave of contractions in the antrum is known as....
retropulsion
74
When is food called chyme?
After retropulsion
75
Mixing and digestion in the stomach is increased by _____________ stimulation and decreased by _______ stimulation
vagal parasympathetic + sympathetic
76
Mixing and digestion in the stomach is _____ by vagal parasympathetic and ______ by sympathetic stimulation
increase + decrease
77
The presence of food in the stomach causes increased peristalsis in the ileum and relaxes ileocecal valve. This allows the ileum to empty into the colon in preparation for incoming meals; this is the ______ reflex
gastroileal
78
The _______ reflex induces the need to defecate shortly after ingesting a meal
gastrocolic
79
What is the rapid mediator in the gastrocolic reflex?
ACh
80
What are the slower mediators in the gastrocolic reflex?
Gastrin + CCK
81
When the stomach is fasting, it is interrupted by (about) 90 min intervals by a series of peristaltic waves called...?
Migrating motor complex
82
What is the purpose of the migrating motor complex?
Flush out any remaining remnant's of previous meal
83
Gastric emptying is fasted when the stomach contents are (hypertonic/isotonic/hypotonic)
isotonic
84
____ inhibits gastric emptying by stimulating CCK
Fats H+, but they dont stimulate CCK
85
Fats inhibit gastric emptying by stimulating release of _____
CCK
86
``` Which of the following reflexes is activated in preparation for the arrival of a meal in the small intestines? A. Receptive relaxation B. Gastrocolic reflex C. Duodenocolic reflex D. Gastroileal reflex ```
D. Gastroileal reflex
87
``` Which of the following function occurs mostly in the small intestines? A. Digestion B. Absorption C. Host defense D. Excretion ```
B. Absorption
88
``` Which of the following sphincter is not regulated by the autonomic nervous system (ANS)? A. Internal anal sphincter B. External anal sphincter C. Ileocecal valve D. Upper esophageal sphincter E. Lower esophageal sphincter ```
B. External anal sphincter
89
Which of the following conditions is/are most likely to cause constipation A. Too much fluid in the colon B. Excess motility of colonic contents C. Less absorption of water D. Decreased motility of colonic contents
D. Decreased motility of colonic contents A thru C = diarrhea

Physiology (24 decks)

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