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Physiology > Brain Activity, Sleep, + Mood Disorders > Flashcards

Brain Activity, Sleep, + Mood Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Nerve signals from the ______ brain (brain stem) are needed for the cerebrum to function properly

A

lower

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2
Q

Reticular formation lesions results in what?

A

Loss of consciousness or coma

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3
Q

Bulboreticular facilitory area are (excitatory/inhibitory)

A

excitatory

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4
Q

Loss of excitatory stimuli result in _____

A

coma

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5
Q

Axons carrying the signals from reticular formation go thru the ______ then onto the cerebral cortex

A

thalamus

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6
Q

Nerve fibers from locus ceruleus secrete what?

A

Norepinephrine

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7
Q

Locus ceruleus is important in ….?

A

Dreaming (REM sleep)

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8
Q

Decrease in norepinephrine results in..

A. Excitability
B. Depression
C. Paralysis

A

Depression

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9
Q

Adrenergic neurons carry signals from reticular formation to the ____ then on to the cerebrum

A

thalamus

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10
Q

Adrenergic neurons are responsible for controlling…?

A

mood

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11
Q

Acetylcholine is usually (excitatory/inhibitory)

A

excitatory

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12
Q

Serotonin is usually (excitatory/inhibitory)

A

inhibitory

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13
Q

What nuclei releases serotonin?

A

Raphe nuclei

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14
Q

Serotoniergic neurons carry signals from reticular formation to the _____ then to cerebrum to control _____

A

thalamus + mood

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15
Q

Serotoniergic neurons carry signals from reticular formation to the _____ then to spinal cord to control _____

A

pain

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16
Q

When stimulated, raphe nuclei releases what?

A

Serotonin

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17
Q

Dopamine is (excitatory/inhibitory)

A

Both

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18
Q

Substantia nigra sends axons to caudate nucleus and putamen (straitum) to secrete what?

A

Dopamine

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19
Q

What area releases dopamine?

A

Substantia nigra ->caudate nucleus + putamen (straitum)

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20
Q

Loss of dopamine is also known as ______ disease

A

Parkinson’s

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21
Q

Dopamine regulates _______

A

movement

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22
Q

Parkinson’s disease is a result of loss of ______

A

dopamine

23
Q

Hypothalamus is a major controller of the endocrine + ______

A

ANS

24
Q

What is a key site that controls homeostatic functions, motivated behaviors (eating), circadian rhythms, and sex drive?

A

Hypothalamus

25
Q

______ is a major controller of the endocrine + ANS

A

hypothalamus

26
Q

______ directly monitors changes in plasma composition thru circumventricular organs, where BBB is permeable

A

Hypothalamus

27
Q

What links the hypothalamus w/ higher centers for control of mood and emotion?

A

Frontal lobe + parts of limbic system

28
Q

The frontal lobe and parts of the limbic system link the hypothalamus to do what?

A

Ascends w/ higher centers for control of mood + emotion

29
Q

The hypothalamus receives many afferent inputs via what?

A

Visceral + somatic pathways

30
Q

Hypothalamus sends efferents to the thalamus and then…

A

to the prefrontal + association cortex for processing

31
Q

Hypothalamus sends efferents to the reticular areas of the brain stem to….?

A

Regulate parasympathetic (ANS) flow

32
Q

Hypothalamus sends efferents to the spinal cord to regulate….?

A

sympathetic flow

33
Q

Hypothalamus sends efferents to the endocrine system via connections with the pituitary gland.

A

ok

34
Q

Where does the hypothalamus send its efferents to regulate sympathetic flow?

A

Spinal cord

35
Q

Where does the hypothalamus send its efferents to regulate parasympathetic flow?

A

Brain stem

36
Q

Where does the hypothalamus send its efferents to regulate processing?

A

Thalamus, then to prefrontal and association area

37
Q

Arterial pressure, HR, respiratory rate, and urination is controlled by…?

A

Brain stem

38
Q

Transection of brain stem above midpontine level allows basal control of…?

A

Arterial pressure to continue as before, but prevents its modulation by hypothalamus

39
Q

Transection below the medulla causes…?

A

arterial pressure to fall to less than one-half normal

40
Q

Aerterial pressure to fall to less than one-half normal is a result of transection…..>

A

Below the medulla

41
Q

____ is converted to melatonin in the pineal gland

A

Serotonin

42
Q

Serotonin is converted to melatonin in the ____ gland

A

pineal

43
Q

Serotonin is converted to ______ in the pineal gland

A

melatonin

44
Q

Where is melatonin secreted?

A

Bloodstream

45
Q

Melatonin synthesis + secretion are increased during the (light/dark) and vice versa for the other chioice

A

dark

46
Q

Circadian rhythm is created by the ______ nuclei of the hypothalamus

A

suprachiasmatic

47
Q

Insomnia is often co-morbid w/ ______

A

depression

48
Q

_______ can be used to treat jet lag, and insomnia in elderly individuals

A

Melatonin

49
Q

______ therapy has been shown to be effective to treat individuals who experience disturbances in their circadian cycle

A

Light

50
Q

______ is a melatonin receptor agonist that is more effective than melatonin in treating insomnia

A

Ramelteon

51
Q

What two neurotransmitters enhance a sense of well-being in humans?

A

Norepinephrine + serotonin

52
Q

What do monoamine oxidase inhibitors do?

A

Reduce rate of serotonergic + norepinephrine breakdown

53
Q

_____ inhibitors are used in early stages of Alzheimer’s

A

Cholinesterase

54
Q

Cholinesterase inhibitors are used in early stages of ___________

A

Alzheimer’s

Physiology (24 decks)

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