Brain Activity, Sleep, + Mood Disorders Flashcards
Nerve signals from the ______ brain (brain stem) are needed for the cerebrum to function properly
lower
Reticular formation lesions results in what?
Loss of consciousness or coma
Bulboreticular facilitory area are (excitatory/inhibitory)
excitatory
Loss of excitatory stimuli result in _____
coma
Axons carrying the signals from reticular formation go thru the ______ then onto the cerebral cortex
thalamus
Nerve fibers from locus ceruleus secrete what?
Norepinephrine
Locus ceruleus is important in ….?
Dreaming (REM sleep)
Decrease in norepinephrine results in..
A. Excitability
B. Depression
C. Paralysis
Depression
Adrenergic neurons carry signals from reticular formation to the ____ then on to the cerebrum
thalamus
Adrenergic neurons are responsible for controlling…?
mood
Acetylcholine is usually (excitatory/inhibitory)
excitatory
Serotonin is usually (excitatory/inhibitory)
inhibitory
What nuclei releases serotonin?
Raphe nuclei
Serotoniergic neurons carry signals from reticular formation to the _____ then to cerebrum to control _____
thalamus + mood
Serotoniergic neurons carry signals from reticular formation to the _____ then to spinal cord to control _____
pain
When stimulated, raphe nuclei releases what?
Serotonin
Dopamine is (excitatory/inhibitory)
Both
Substantia nigra sends axons to caudate nucleus and putamen (straitum) to secrete what?
Dopamine
What area releases dopamine?
Substantia nigra ->caudate nucleus + putamen (straitum)
Loss of dopamine is also known as ______ disease
Parkinson’s
Dopamine regulates _______
movement
Parkinson’s disease is a result of loss of ______
dopamine
Hypothalamus is a major controller of the endocrine + ______
ANS
What is a key site that controls homeostatic functions, motivated behaviors (eating), circadian rhythms, and sex drive?
Hypothalamus
______ is a major controller of the endocrine + ANS
hypothalamus
______ directly monitors changes in plasma composition thru circumventricular organs, where BBB is permeable
Hypothalamus
What links the hypothalamus w/ higher centers for control of mood and emotion?
Frontal lobe + parts of limbic system
The frontal lobe and parts of the limbic system link the hypothalamus to do what?
Ascends w/ higher centers for control of mood + emotion
The hypothalamus receives many afferent inputs via what?
Visceral + somatic pathways
Hypothalamus sends efferents to the thalamus and then…
to the prefrontal + association cortex for processing
Hypothalamus sends efferents to the reticular areas of the brain stem to….?
Regulate parasympathetic (ANS) flow
Hypothalamus sends efferents to the spinal cord to regulate….?
sympathetic flow
Hypothalamus sends efferents to the endocrine system via connections with the pituitary gland.
ok
Where does the hypothalamus send its efferents to regulate sympathetic flow?
Spinal cord
Where does the hypothalamus send its efferents to regulate parasympathetic flow?
Brain stem
Where does the hypothalamus send its efferents to regulate processing?
Thalamus, then to prefrontal and association area
Arterial pressure, HR, respiratory rate, and urination is controlled by…?
Brain stem
Transection of brain stem above midpontine level allows basal control of…?
Arterial pressure to continue as before, but prevents its modulation by hypothalamus
Transection below the medulla causes…?
arterial pressure to fall to less than one-half normal
Aerterial pressure to fall to less than one-half normal is a result of transection…..>
Below the medulla
____ is converted to melatonin in the pineal gland
Serotonin
Serotonin is converted to melatonin in the ____ gland
pineal
Serotonin is converted to ______ in the pineal gland
melatonin
Where is melatonin secreted?
Bloodstream
Melatonin synthesis + secretion are increased during the (light/dark) and vice versa for the other chioice
dark
Circadian rhythm is created by the ______ nuclei of the hypothalamus
suprachiasmatic
Insomnia is often co-morbid w/ ______
depression
_______ can be used to treat jet lag, and insomnia in elderly individuals
Melatonin
______ therapy has been shown to be effective to treat individuals who experience disturbances in their circadian cycle
Light
______ is a melatonin receptor agonist that is more effective than melatonin in treating insomnia
Ramelteon
What two neurotransmitters enhance a sense of well-being in humans?
Norepinephrine + serotonin
What do monoamine oxidase inhibitors do?
Reduce rate of serotonergic + norepinephrine breakdown
_____ inhibitors are used in early stages of Alzheimer’s
Cholinesterase
Cholinesterase inhibitors are used in early stages of ___________
Alzheimer’s
