Module 9.5 Endocrine Control of Fuel Metabolism

Question 1

The metabolic reactions of the absorptive and postabsorptive states are regulated by the endocrine system through what two primary hormones?

Answer 1

insulin and glucagon

Question 2

Aside from insulin and glucagon, what three other hormones play a significant role in regulating metabolic reactions?

Answer 2

1. epinephrine
2. cortisol
3. growth hormone

Question 3

Insulin, an ____\_hormone, is secreted by the _______cells of the endocrine ____\_

Answer 3

Insulin, an anabolic hormone, is secreted by the beta β cells of the endocrine pancreas

Question 4

What is the primary function of insulin?

Answer 4

The primary function of insulin is to decrease plasma concentrations of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids

Question 5

Insulin secretion is _____\_ in the absorptive state in response to

• increased _____\_ nervous system activity,
• increased _____________\_ secretion, and
• increased plasma concentrations of ____\_and ______\_

Answer 5

Insulin secretion is increased in the absorptive state in response to

• increased parasympathetic nervous system activity,
• increased glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) secretion, and
• increased plasma concentrations of glucose and amino acids

Question 6

Insulin secretion is ______\_ in the postabsorptive state by

• increased _____\_ nervous system activity,
• increased _____\_ secretion, and
• _____\_ plasma concentrations of glucose

Answer 6

Insulin secretion is decreased in the postabsorptive state by

• increased sympathetic nervous system activity,
• increased epinephrine secretion, and
• decreased plasma concentrations of glucose

Question 7

Regulation of insulin secretion and the actions of insulin on target tissues.

Answer 7

Question 8

____\_ is the only hormone in the body that is responsible for decreasing plasma concentrations of glucose

Answer 8

Insulin is the only hormone in the body that is responsible for decreasing plasma concentrations of glucose

Question 9

in the absence of insulin, as may occur in diabetes mellitus, plasma concentrations of glucose remain elevated (______\_) and numerous physiological problems arise

Answer 9

in the absence of insulin, as may occur in diabetes mellitus, plasma concentrations of glucose remain elevated (hyperglycemia) and numerous physiological problems arise

Question 10

Type I diabetes mellitus is due to a lack of insulin secretion by the _____\_of the ____\_

Answer 10

Type I diabetes mellitus is due to a lack of insulin secretion by the β cells of the pancreas

Question 11

Type II diabetes mellitus is due to a _______\_of the ___\_ cells to the actions of ___\_, despite normal levels of insulin

Answer 11

Type II diabetes mellitus is due to a reduced sensitivity of the target cells to the actions of insulin, despite normal levels of insulin

Question 12

Acute effects of diabetes mellitus: Insulin deficiency effects carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism.

Answer 12

Question 13

Glucagon, a _____\_ hormone, is secreted by the _____cells of the endocrine _____

Answer 13

Glucagon, a catabolic hormone, is secreted by the alpha α cells of the endocrine pancreas

Question 14

What is the primary function of glucagon?

Answer 14

The primary function of glucagon is to increase plasma concentrations of glucose and fatty acids

Question 15

Glucagon secretion is ______\_ in the postabsorptive state in response to

• decreased plasma concentrations of ____\_,
• increased plasma concentrations of _____\_and _______\_, and
• increased _____\_ nervous system activity

Answer 15

Glucagon secretion is increased in the postabsorptive state in response to

• decreased plasma concentrations of glucose,
• increased plasma concentrations of amino acids and epinephrine, and
• increased sympathetic nervous system activity

Question 16

Glucagon secretion is ______\_in the absorptive state by increased concentrations of plasma ____\_

Answer 16

Glucagon secretion is decreased in the absorptive state by increased concentrations of plasma glucose

Question 17

Regulation of glucagon secretion and the actions of glucagon on target tissues.

Answer 17

Question 18

____ and ____ work together to keep the concentration of glucose in the plasma within the normal range.

Answer 18

Insulin and glucagon work together to keep the concentration of glucose in the plasma within the normal range.

Question 19

Regulation of blood glucose levels by insulin and glucagon.

Answer 19

Question 20

Regulation of blood glucose levels during absorption of a high-protein meal:

• An increase in blood amino acid concentrations results in ___\_ of ______and _____.
• The actions of insulin result in _____\_while the actions of glucagon result in ______\_ and ultimately these effects counteract each other and blood glucose remains normal.

Answer 20

Regulation of blood glucose levels during absorption of a high-protein meal:

• An increase in blood amino acid concentrations results in secretion of insulin and glucagon.
• The actions of insulin result in hypoglycemia while the actions of glucagon result in hyperglycemia and ultimately these effects counteract each other and blood glucose remains normal.

Question 21

________ and ____ are important hormones involved in the general adaptation syndrome and the mobilization of energy stores

Answer 21

Epinephrine and cortisol are important hormones involved in the general adaptation syndrome and the mobilization of energy stores

Question 22

Epinephrine and cortisol are important hormones involved in the __________\_and the _________\_

Answer 22

Epinephrine and cortisol are important hormones involved in the general adaptation syndrome and the mobilization of energy stores

Question 23

Both epinephrine and cortisol ______\_ the plasma concentrations of glucose and fatty acid

Answer 23

Both epinephrine and cortisol increase the plasma concentrations of glucose and fatty acid

Question 24

In addition to increasing plasma [glucose] cortisol increases plasma concentrations of ______\_

Answer 24

In addition to increasing plasma [glucose] cortisol increases plasma concentrations of amino acids

Question 25

Growth hormone exerts _____\_in ____\_ and also increases plasma concentrations of ____\_ and ______.

Answer 25

Growth hormone exerts protein anabolic effects in muscle and also increases plasma concentrations of glucose and fatty acids.