Module 6.2 and 6.3 Fluid and Acid-Base Balance Flashcards
The fluids in the body are located in the __________ and ________ compartments
The fluids in the body are located in the intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF) compartments
The ECF includes
- _______,
- _______
- _______
- _______
The ECF includes
- plasma,
- interstitial fluid,
- lymph, and
- transcellular fluids.
Fill in the values on the table
Because of the presence of different barriers between the fluid compartments of the body, the ionic composition of each differs.
For example, the _________walls serve as the barrier between the plasma and ISF, and the _____ ____\_ of the cells forms the barrier between the ECF and ICF.
Because of the presence of different barriers between the fluid compartments of the body, the ionic composition of each differs.
For example, the blood vessel walls serve as the barrier between the plasma and ISF, and the plasma membrane of the cells forms the barrier between the ECF and ICF.
The following diagram outlines the major ionic differences between the plasma, ISF, and ICF.
Based on the ionic differences, decide which is plasma, which is ISF and which is ICF
Fluid balance in the body is dependent upon ___\_and ____\_ balance.
Fluid balance in the body is dependent upon salt and water balance.
Regulation of fluid balance occurs through regulation of _____\_and ______\_
Regulation of fluid balance occurs through regulation of ECF volume and osmolarity
Maintenance of ECF volume is important for maintenance of _______ _______ and is dependent upon ____ balance
Maintenance of ECF volume is important for maintenance of blood pressure and is dependent upon salt balance
Maintenance of ECF osmolarity is important for the maintenance of _______ and is dependent upon _______
Maintenance of ECF osmolarity is important for the maintenance of an isotonic cellular environment and is dependent upon water balance
Salt input occurs only through _______, and salt output occurs through _______ and _______loss
Salt input occurs only through ingestion, and salt output occurs through perspiration and urinary and fecal loss
Complete the table for the daily balance of salt input/output
Salt balance is regulated only by the kidneys through urinary loss
Salt balance is regulated only by the kidneys through urinary loss
Conservation or excretion of salt is achieved through regulation of both the _______ and the _______ of _______
Conservation or excretion of salt is achieved through regulation of both the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and the tubular reabsorption of sodium (Na+)
Explain the image:
The effects of decreased blood pressure on renal handling of sodium (Na+):
- Decreases in arterial blood pressure influence both the _______ and the secretion of _______.
- As a result, sodium excretion is _______ and sodium conservation is _______, thus arterial blood pressure can be restored.
Explain the image:
The effects of decreased blood pressure on renal handling of sodium (Na+):
- Decreases in arterial blood pressure influence both the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and the secretion of aldosterone.
- As a result, sodium excretion is decreased and sodium conservation is increased, thus arterial blood pressure can be restored.
Osmolarity is a measure of what?
Osmolarity is a measure of the concentration of individual solute particles dissolved in a fluid
A change in water balance that is not accompanied by a corresponding change in salt balance leads to changes in _______
A change in water balance that is not accompanied by a corresponding change in salt balance leads to changes in osmolarity
- A deficit of water in the ECF, such as that associated with dehydration, results in a _______ cellular environment.
- An excess of water in the ECF, such as that associated with overhydration, results in a _______ cellular environment.
- A deficit of water in the ECF, such as that associated with dehydration, results in a hypertonic cellular environment.
- An excess of water in the ECF, such as that associated with overhydration, results in a hypotonic cellular environment.
Explain the image:
Red blood cells in solutions of different tonicity:
- The effects of isotonic (__\_), hypotonic (__\_) and hypertonic (__\_) solutions on a red blood cell.
- In an _____\_ solution, the intracellular and extracellular water concentrations are the same and there is an equal and opposite movement of water across the membrane.
- In a _____\_ solution, the extracellular water concentration is higher than the intracellular water concentration and there is a net movement of water into the cell causing the cell to swell.
- In a _____\_ solution, the extracellular water concentration is lower than the intracellular water concentration and there is a net movement of water out of the cell causing the cell to shrink.
Explain the image:
Red blood cells in solutions of different tonicity:
- The effects of isotonic (left), hypotonic (centre) and hypertonic (right) solutions on a red blood cell.
- In an isotonic solution, the intracellular and extracellular water concentrations are the same and there is an equal and opposite movement of water across the membrane.
- In a hypotonic solution, the extracellular water concentration is higher than the intracellular water concentration and there is a net movement of water into the cell causing the cell to swell.
- In a hypertonic solution, the extracellular water concentration is lower than the intracellular water concentration and there is a net movement of water out of the cell causing the cell to shrink.
Hypertonicity (net water out) can result from
- _______\_
- _______\_
- ________.
Hypertonicity (net water out) can result from
- insufficient water intake,
- excessive water loss, or
- diabetes mellitus.
Someone with the following symptoms might be experiencing the effects of ________
- neuronal changes resulting in altered mental functioning,
- circulatory disturbances resulting in hypotension,
- and anatomic changes, including dry skin, sunken eyeballs, and dry tongue
hypertonicity
Hypotonicity can result from
- ________
- ________ ___\_,
- ________________
Hypotonicity can result from
- renal failure,
- inappropriate levels of vasopressin secretion,
- or rapid ingestion of excessive quantities of water
Someone with the following symptoms might be experiencing the effects of ________:
- neuronal changes resulting in altered mental functioning,
- circulatory disturbances resulting in hypertension,
- and muscle weakness.
Someone with the following symptoms might be experiencing the effects of hypotonicity:
- neuronal changes resulting in altered mental functioning,
- circulatory disturbances resulting in hypertension,
- and muscle weakness.
Water input occurs through ________ and ________.
Water output occurs through ________, ________loss, and ________
Water input occurs through ingestion and metabolic production.
Water output occurs through perspiration, urinary and fecal loss, and insensible loss.
Insensible loss includes water output from the ________ (through ________) and from ________ (through ________)
Insensible loss includes water output from the lungs (through respiration) and from non-sweating skin (through evaporation)
Fill in the table
Unlike salt balance, water balance is maintained by regulation of both ________ and ________
Unlike salt balance, water balance is maintained by regulation of both input and output
- Input is regulated by ________, and is coordinated by the ________ of the _______\_.
- Output is regulated by ________ of water in the ________, which is mediated by the actions of the hormone ________.
- Regulation of water input and output occurs simultaneously
- Input is regulated by thirst, and is coordinated by the thirst centre of the hypothalamus.
- Output is regulated by tubular reabsorption of water in the kidneys, which is mediated by the actions of the hormone vasopressin.
- Regulation of water input and output occurs simultaneously
Role of the hypothalamic neurons during a water (H2O) deficit flow chart:
In addition to the coordinated actions of ________ and _____, various other regulatory factors influence water balance
In addition to the coordinated actions of vasopressin and thirst, various other regulatory factors influence water balance
Stressors such as _____, _____, or _____ increase vasopressin secretion, but do not influence thirst
Stressors such as pain, fear, or trauma increase vasopressin secretion, but do not influence thirst
____of the____ stimulates thirst but does not influence vasopressin secretion
Dryness of the oral cavity stimulates thirst but does not influence vasopressin secretion
Psychosocial factors, such as _____ and ________, also influence water input or output, irrespective of thirst or vasopressin secretion
Psychosocial factors, such as habits and social engagements, also influence water input or output, irrespective of thirst or vasopressin secretion
Acid-base balance is achieved through the regulation of ____________ concentration in body fluids
Acid-base balance is achieved through the regulation of hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in body fluids
The unit used to describe H+ concentration is _____, which is based on a logarithmic scale
The unit used to describe H+ concentration is pH, which is based on a logarithmic scale
A solution with a pH value less than 7 is _____, whereas a solution with a pH value greater than 7 is _____ or _____
A solution with a pH value less than 7 is acidic, whereas a solution with a pH value greater than 7 is basic or alkaline
The H+ concentration of arterial blood is __________ regulated and is maintained within the pH range of ____ to ____
The H+ concentration of arterial blood is homeostatically regulated and is maintained within the pH range of 7.35 to 7.45
Outside of the range of 7.35 to 7.45, there are changes in
- the excitability of _____ and _____ cells,
- in _____ conformation, and
- in _____ balance,
all of which interfere with normal cell functioning
Outside of the range of 7.35 to 7.45, there are changes in
- the excitability of neurons and muscle cells,
- in protein conformation, and
- in potassium (K+) balance,
all of which interfere with normal cell functioning
The pH range compatible with life is pH __\_to ____\_.
The pH range compatible with life is pH 6.8 to 8.0.
Chemical and physiological pH considerations:
(Top) Relationship of pH to the relative concentrations of acid (H+) and base (OH-).
(Bottom) The plasma pH range compatible with life is pH 6.8 – 8.0 and includes normal, acidic, and alkaline conditions within that range.
Chemical and physiological pH considerations:
(Top) Relationship of pH to the relative concentrations of acid (H+) and base (OH-).
(Bottom) The plasma pH range compatible with life is pH 6.8 – 8.0 and includes normal, acidic, and alkaline conditions within that range.
Acid-base balance is regulated through three lines of defence against changes in H+ concentration:
- __________
- __________ and
- __________
Acid-base balance is regulated through three lines of defence against changes in H+ concentration:
- chemical buffering,
- respiratory compensation, and
- renal compensation
_____systems are always present, always available, and always being used, whereas _____ and _____ are feedback loops involving multiple steps and multiple body systems
Chemical buffer systems are always present, always available, and always being used, whereas respiratory compensation and renal compensation are feedback loops involving multiple steps and multiple body systems
CHEMICAL BUFFERING SYSTEM
Chemical buffering minimizes changes in pH by adding or removing a/n _____ or _____ from solution. Chemical buffering is the first line of defence and occurs within seconds.
Chemical buffering minimizes changes in pH by adding or removing an acid or base from solution. Chemical buffering is the first line of defence and occurs within seconds.
CHEMICAL BUFFERING SYSTEM
Upon coming into contact with a __________, acids and bases spontaneously undergo the associated reactions; thus, this is the fastest defence against changes in pH.
Upon coming into contact with a chemical buffer system, acids and bases spontaneously undergo the associated reactions; thus, this is the fastest defence against changes in pH.
The most important chemical buffer system in the extracellular fluid (ECF) is the __________ buffer pair, which can be described by what equation?
The most important chemical buffer system in the extracellular fluid (ECF) is the carbonic acid (H2CO3)-bicarbonate (HCO3–) buffer pair, which can be described by the equation.
H2CO3↔ HCO3– + H+
CHEMICAL BUFFER SYSTEM
Intracellular fluid (ICF) buffer systems include _____\_, ____\_, and _____\_.
CHEMICAL BUFFER SYSTEM
Intracellular fluid (ICF) buffer systems include proteins, hemoglobin, and phosphates.
CHEMICAL BUFFERING SYSTEM
The most important chemical buffer system in the extracellular fluid (ECF) is the __________ buffer pair, which can be described by what equation?
The most important chemical buffer system in the extracellular fluid (ECF) is the carbonic acid (H2CO3)-bicarbonate (HCO3–) buffer pair, which can be described by the equation:
H2CO3↔ HCO3– + H+
RESPIRATORY COMPENSATION
Respiratory compensation regulates pH through changes in ventilation.
Respiratory compensation regulates pH through changes in _____.
_____ _____ is the second line of defence and is activated within minutes.
Respiratory compensation is the second line of defence and is activated within minutes.
RESPIRATORY COMPENSATION:
Increases in ventilation decrease the plasma concentration of_____, which _____ the plasma concentration of H+, increasing plasma ___.
Decreases in ventilation have the opposite effect.
Increases in ventilation decrease the plasma concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2), which decreases the plasma concentration of H+, increasing plasma pH.
Decreases in ventilation have the opposite effect.
RESPIRATORY COMPENSATION
The effect of CO2 on pH is mediated through the what equation?
The effect of CO2 on pH is mediated through the what equation?
CO2 + H2O ←————–→ H2CO3 ↔HCO3– + H+
Renal compensation regulates pH through changes to
- _____ excretion
- __________ excretion, and
- __________ secretion in the urine
Renal compensation regulates pH through changes to
- H+ excretion
- bicarbonate ion (HCO3–) excretion, and
- ammonium (NH4+) secretion in the urine
__________ is the third line of defence and is activated within hours to days of an acid-base imbalance.
Renal compensation is the third line of defence and is activated within hours to days of an acid-base imbalance.
RENAL COMPENSATION
A decrease in pH will result in _____ secretion of H+, increased reabsorption of _____, and increased synthesis of _____.
A decrease in pH will result in increased secretion of H+, increased reabsorption of Bicarbonate (HCO3–), and increased synthesis of HCO3–.
Acid-base imbalances are categorized as
- ________,
- __________,
- __________, and
- __________.
Acid-base imbalances are categorized as
- respiratory acidosis,
- respiratory alkalosis,
- metabolic acidosis, and
- metabolic alkalosis.
Respiratory imbalances result from changes in _____ concentrations, whereas metabolic imbalances result from changes to _____ through means not related to _____ concentrations.
Respiratory imbalances result from changes in CO2 concentrations, whereas metabolic imbalances result from changes to pH through means not related to CO2 concentrations.
Respiratory acidosis is due to increased plasma concentrations of _____ and is caused by _______.
Respiratory acidosis is due to increased plasma concentrations of CO2 and is caused by hypoventilation.
Respiratory alkalosis is due to decreased plasma concentrations of _____ and is caused by ________.
Respiratory alkalosis is due to decreased plasma concentrations of CO2 and is caused by hyperventilation
What two compensatory mechanisms are used to counteract respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis?
Chemical Buffering
Renal Compensation
Metabolic acidosis may result from
- severe _____,
- __________,
- __________, or
- __________.
Metabolic acidosis may result from
- severe diarrhoea,
- diabetes mellitus,
- strenuous exercise, or
- uremic acidosis.
Metabolic alkalosis may result from
- excessive _____ or
- ingestion of _____ ___.
Metabolic alkalosis may result from
- excessive vomiting or
- ingestion of alkaline drugs.
What compensatory mechanisms are used to counteract metabolic imbalances in plasma pH (metabolic alkalosis and metabolic acidosis)?
- chemical buffering,
- respiratory compensation
- renal compensation
