Module 6.2 and 6.3 Fluid and Acid-Base Balance Flashcards
The fluids in the body are located in the __________ and ________ compartments
The fluids in the body are located in the intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF) compartments
The ECF includes
- _______,
- _______
- _______
- _______
The ECF includes
- plasma,
- interstitial fluid,
- lymph, and
- transcellular fluids.
Fill in the values on the table
Because of the presence of different barriers between the fluid compartments of the body, the ionic composition of each differs.
For example, the _________walls serve as the barrier between the plasma and ISF, and the _____ ____\_ of the cells forms the barrier between the ECF and ICF.
Because of the presence of different barriers between the fluid compartments of the body, the ionic composition of each differs.
For example, the blood vessel walls serve as the barrier between the plasma and ISF, and the plasma membrane of the cells forms the barrier between the ECF and ICF.
The following diagram outlines the major ionic differences between the plasma, ISF, and ICF.
Based on the ionic differences, decide which is plasma, which is ISF and which is ICF
Fluid balance in the body is dependent upon ___\_and ____\_ balance.
Fluid balance in the body is dependent upon salt and water balance.
Regulation of fluid balance occurs through regulation of _____\_and ______\_
Regulation of fluid balance occurs through regulation of ECF volume and osmolarity
Maintenance of ECF volume is important for maintenance of _______ _______ and is dependent upon ____ balance
Maintenance of ECF volume is important for maintenance of blood pressure and is dependent upon salt balance
Maintenance of ECF osmolarity is important for the maintenance of _______ and is dependent upon _______
Maintenance of ECF osmolarity is important for the maintenance of an isotonic cellular environment and is dependent upon water balance
Salt input occurs only through _______, and salt output occurs through _______ and _______loss
Salt input occurs only through ingestion, and salt output occurs through perspiration and urinary and fecal loss
Complete the table for the daily balance of salt input/output
Salt balance is regulated only by the kidneys through urinary loss
Salt balance is regulated only by the kidneys through urinary loss
Conservation or excretion of salt is achieved through regulation of both the _______ and the _______ of _______
Conservation or excretion of salt is achieved through regulation of both the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and the tubular reabsorption of sodium (Na+)
Explain the image:
The effects of decreased blood pressure on renal handling of sodium (Na+):
- Decreases in arterial blood pressure influence both the _______ and the secretion of _______.
- As a result, sodium excretion is _______ and sodium conservation is _______, thus arterial blood pressure can be restored.
Explain the image:
The effects of decreased blood pressure on renal handling of sodium (Na+):
- Decreases in arterial blood pressure influence both the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and the secretion of aldosterone.
- As a result, sodium excretion is decreased and sodium conservation is increased, thus arterial blood pressure can be restored.
Osmolarity is a measure of what?
Osmolarity is a measure of the concentration of individual solute particles dissolved in a fluid
A change in water balance that is not accompanied by a corresponding change in salt balance leads to changes in _______
A change in water balance that is not accompanied by a corresponding change in salt balance leads to changes in osmolarity
- A deficit of water in the ECF, such as that associated with dehydration, results in a _______ cellular environment.
- An excess of water in the ECF, such as that associated with overhydration, results in a _______ cellular environment.
- A deficit of water in the ECF, such as that associated with dehydration, results in a hypertonic cellular environment.
- An excess of water in the ECF, such as that associated with overhydration, results in a hypotonic cellular environment.
Explain the image:
Red blood cells in solutions of different tonicity:
- The effects of isotonic (__\_), hypotonic (__\_) and hypertonic (__\_) solutions on a red blood cell.
- In an _____\_ solution, the intracellular and extracellular water concentrations are the same and there is an equal and opposite movement of water across the membrane.
- In a _____\_ solution, the extracellular water concentration is higher than the intracellular water concentration and there is a net movement of water into the cell causing the cell to swell.
- In a _____\_ solution, the extracellular water concentration is lower than the intracellular water concentration and there is a net movement of water out of the cell causing the cell to shrink.
Explain the image:
Red blood cells in solutions of different tonicity:
- The effects of isotonic (left), hypotonic (centre) and hypertonic (right) solutions on a red blood cell.
- In an isotonic solution, the intracellular and extracellular water concentrations are the same and there is an equal and opposite movement of water across the membrane.
- In a hypotonic solution, the extracellular water concentration is higher than the intracellular water concentration and there is a net movement of water into the cell causing the cell to swell.
- In a hypertonic solution, the extracellular water concentration is lower than the intracellular water concentration and there is a net movement of water out of the cell causing the cell to shrink.
Hypertonicity (net water out) can result from
- _______\_
- _______\_
- ________.
Hypertonicity (net water out) can result from
- insufficient water intake,
- excessive water loss, or
- diabetes mellitus.
Someone with the following symptoms might be experiencing the effects of ________
- neuronal changes resulting in altered mental functioning,
- circulatory disturbances resulting in hypotension,
- and anatomic changes, including dry skin, sunken eyeballs, and dry tongue
hypertonicity
Hypotonicity can result from
- ________
- ________ ___\_,
- ________________
Hypotonicity can result from
- renal failure,
- inappropriate levels of vasopressin secretion,
- or rapid ingestion of excessive quantities of water
Someone with the following symptoms might be experiencing the effects of ________:
- neuronal changes resulting in altered mental functioning,
- circulatory disturbances resulting in hypertension,
- and muscle weakness.
Someone with the following symptoms might be experiencing the effects of hypotonicity:
- neuronal changes resulting in altered mental functioning,
- circulatory disturbances resulting in hypertension,
- and muscle weakness.
Water input occurs through ________ and ________.
Water output occurs through ________, ________loss, and ________
Water input occurs through ingestion and metabolic production.
Water output occurs through perspiration, urinary and fecal loss, and insensible loss.
Insensible loss includes water output from the ________ (through ________) and from ________ (through ________)
Insensible loss includes water output from the lungs (through respiration) and from non-sweating skin (through evaporation)
