Module 7.8 Liver

Question 1

The liver exerts numerous ______ and ________ system functions

Answer 1

The liver exerts numerous digestive and non-digestive system functions

Question 2

What are 8 functions of the liver?

1. secretion of _____,
2. _____ processing,
3. ________,
4. ______ _____ synthesis,
5. _____ storage,
6. ________activation,
7. removal of ____ and ____ from plasma,
8. excretion of _____ and _____

Answer 2

1. secretion of bile,
2. nutrient processing,
3. detoxification,
4. plasma protein synthesis,
5. nutrient storage,
6. vitamin D activation,
7. removal of cells and debris from plasma,
8. excretion of cholesterol and bilirubin

Question 3

The cells of the liver are called _______\_and are organized into ___\_.

Answer 3

The cells of the liver are called hepatocytes and are organized into lobules.

Question 4

Each lobule contains ______ arteries and _____ veins, both of which form ______, and ________, which form ____________.

Answer 4

Each lobule contains hepatic arteries and portal veins, both of which form sinusoids, and bile ducts, which form bile canaliculi.

Question 5

The__________ delivers oxygen (O2)-rich blood and metabolites to the liver for processing

Answer 5

The hepatic artery delivers oxygen (O2)-rich blood and metabolites to the liver for processing

Question 6

The hepatic artery delivers __________\_blood and ________\_ to the liver for processing

Answer 6

The hepatic artery delivers oxygen (O2)-rich blood and metabolites to the liver for processing

Question 7

The ______ ______ ____ delivers the nutrients absorbed by the small and large intestine to the liver for processing.

Answer 7

The hepatic portal vein delivers the nutrients absorbed by the small and large intestine to the liver for processing.

Question 8

The hepatic portal vein delivers the ______\_absorbed by the ___\_ and ____\________\__ to the liver for processing.

Answer 8

The hepatic portal vein delivers the nutrients absorbed by the small and large intestine to the liver for processing.

Question 9

The hepatic vein returns blood and nutrients to the ______ _______ ________.

Answer 9

The hepatic vein returns blood and nutrients to the general venous circulation.

Question 10

The ________\_ returns blood and nutrients to the general venous circulation.

Answer 10

The hepatic vein returns blood and nutrients to the general venous circulation.

Question 11

The liver recieves blood from 2 sources:

1. Arterial blood: provides livers O2 supply and carries blood-borne metabolites for hepatic processing, is delivered by the ______
2. Venous blood draining the digestive tract is carried by the ______ to the liver for processing and storage of newly absorbed nutrients
3. Blood leaves the liver via the ________

Answer 11

The liver recieves blood from 2 sources:

1. Arterial blood: provides livers O2 supply and carries blood-borne metabolites for hepatic processing, is delivered by the hepatic artery
2. Venous blood draining the digestive tract is carried by the hepatic portal vein to the liver for processing and storage of newly absorbed nutrients
3. Blood leaves the liver via the hepatic vein

Question 12

In addition to processing the nutrients absorbed by the digestive tract, the liver plays an important role in the digestion and absorption of fats through its synthesis of ____\_

Answer 12

In addition to processing the nutrients absorbed by the digestive tract, the liver plays an important role in the digestion and absorption of fats through its synthesis of bile

Question 13

Bile produced in the liver is stored in the ______ and drains into the ______ ______ for release into the ______ ______

Answer 13

Bile produced in the liver is stored in the gallbladder and drains into the bile duct for release into the small intestine

Question 14

What structures together form the biliary system

Answer 14

• Liver
• Gallbladder
• Bile Duct

Question 15

Bile is an aqueous, alkaline fluid that contains

• ________,
• ________,
• ________, and
• ________

Answer 15

Bile is an aqueous, alkaline fluid that contains

• bile salts,
• cholesterol,
• lecithin, and
• bilirubin

Question 16

Bile salts are amphipathic molecules important for the digestion of fats through ______\_and for the absorption of fats through ___________\_

Answer 16

Bile salts are amphipathic molecules important for the digestion of fats through emulsification and for the absorption of fats through micellar formation

Question 17

Why is the emulsification of fat by bile salts important?

Answer 17

The emulsification of fat is important to increase the surface area of the fat globules for digestion by lipases.

Question 18

Emulsification of a fat globule:

Upon contact of bile salts with a fat globule, the amphipathic bile salts interact with fat globule enabling _____\_into smaller ______\_ and increased _____\_ in an aqueous environment

Answer 18

Upon contact of bile salts with a fat globule, the amphipathic bile salts interact with fat globule enabling break down into smaller fat droplets and increased solubility in an aqueous environment

Question 19

Bile salts are amphipathic, what does that mean?

Answer 19

have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts.

Question 20

What two products come from the breakdown of fats?

Answer 20

Monoglycerides

Fatty Acids

Question 21

The formation of micelles is important for

1. the transport of ______\_and ______\_
2. the transport of _____\_ and ___________

Transporting these substances facilitates the process of absorption.

Answer 21

The formation of micelles is important for

1. the transport of monoglycerides and fatty acids
2. the transport of cholesterol and fat-soluble vitamins

Transporting these substances facilitates the process of absorption.

Question 22

Bile salts are released in the ______\_part of the small intestine (_____\_) and are reabsorbed in the ____\_part of the small intestine (____\_)

Answer 22

Bile salts are released in the proximal part of the small intestine (duodenum) and are reabsorbed in the distal part of the small intestine (ileum)

Question 23

The bile salt recycling pathway is referred to as ____________\_

Answer 23

The bile salt recycling pathway is referred to as enterohepatic circulation

Question 24

Enterohepatic circulation:

Bile salts that are released in the _____\_are reabsorbed in the _____\_ and are returned to the liver through the ______ ______ _____\_.

Upon return to the liver, bile salts will be _____\_ in the bile.

Answer 24

Enterohepatic circulation:

Bile salts that are released in the duodenum are reabsorbed in the ileum and are returned to the liver through the hepatic portal vein.

Upon return to the liver, bile salts will be resecreted in the bile.

Question 25

The secretion of bile is regulated in three ways:

1. The return of bile salts via the enterohepatic circulation ______ secretion.
2. The hormones _____ and ________ stimulate secretion
3. Increased activity of the___________nerve stimulates secretion.

Answer 25

The secretion of bile is regulated in three ways:

1. The return of bile salts via the enterohepatic circulation stimulates secretion.
2. The hormones secretin and cholescystokinin (CCK) stimulate secretion
3. Increased activity of the parasympathetic vagus nerve stimulates secretion.

Question 26

Hormonal regulation of bile secretion:

• secretion of bile into the _____\_is related by the hormones _____\_ (left) and _______\_ (right).

Answer 26

Hormonal regulation of bile secretion:

• secretion of bile into the duodenum is related by the hormones secretin (left) and cholescystokinin (CCK ) (right).