Module 8.3 Body Temperature

Question 1

Energy output includes the production of _____ _____, which is vital to the maintenance of body ______

Answer 1

Energy output includes the production of thermal energy, which is vital to the maintenance of body temperature

Question 2

Body temperature must be homeostatically regulated _______ ______

Answer 2

Body temperature must be homeostatically regulated because deviations from the normal range interfere with cellular processes

Question 3

Increases in temperature result in

• an increase in the _______ of chemical reactions in the body
• in irreversible protein _______,

both of which particularly affect the functioning of the _______ system

Answer 3

Increases in temperature result in

• an increase in the speed of chemical reactions in the body
• in irreversible protein denaturation,

both of which particularly affect the functioning of the nervous system

Question 4

The upper limit of body temperature compatible with life is ___ °C

Answer 4

The upper limit of body temperature compatible with life is 43.3 °C

Question 5

Decreases in body temperature result in a decrease in the ____\_of chemical reactions in the body and in the _______\_ of the body.

Answer 5

Decreases in body temperature result in a decrease in the speed of chemical reactions in the body and in the metabolic rate of the body.

Question 6

Which are better tolerated by the body: increase or decrease in Body Temperature?

Answer 6

Decreases in body temperature are better tolerated than are increases in body temperature.

Question 7

Body temperature varies depending on the _____ of the body. The body region that includes the abdominal and thoracic organs, central nervous system, and skeletal muscles is referred to as the ____ _____

Answer 7

Body temperature varies, depending on the region of the body. The body region that includes the abdominal and thoracic organs, central nervous system, and skeletal muscles is referred to as the internal core

Question 8

What is the internal core temperature maintained at?

Answer 8

Internal core temperature is precisely maintained within a narrow range around the normal set point of about 37.8 °C

Question 9

What are four factors that can cause variations in internal core temperature?

Answer 9

• the innate biological rhythm,
• the female reproductive (menstrual) cycle,
• exercise, and
• exposure to extremes of temperature.

Question 10

The temperature of the outer shell, which consists of the _____ and the ________ of the body, is much more variable than the internal core temperature

Answer 10

The temperature of the outer shell, which consists of the skin and the subcutaneous fat of the body, is much more variable than the internal core temperature

Question 11

In order for internal core temperature to be maintained at a given level, heat input into the body must equal _____ ______ from the body

Answer 11

In order for internal core temperature to be maintained at a given level, heat input into the body must equal _heat outpu_t from the body

Question 12

Heat exchange occurs by what four mechanisms?

Answer 12

Heat exchange occurs by four mechanisms:

1. radiation,
2. conduction,
3. convection, and
4. evaporation.

Question 13

_______ is the emission of heat as electromagnetic (heat) waves

Answer 13

Radiation is the emission of heat as electromagnetic (heat) waves

Question 14

Humans ____ and ____ radiant energy

Answer 14

Humans emit and absorb radiant energy

Question 15

______ is the transfer of heat between objects in physical contact with each other.

Answer 15

Conduction is the transfer of heat between objects in physical contact with each other.

Question 16

______ is the transfer of heat by air or water currents.

Answer 16

Convection is the transfer of heat by air or water currents.

Question 17

______ is the loss of the heat required to transform a liquid to a gas and occurs in humans both _____\_ and _______

Answer 17

Evaporation is the loss of the heat required to transform a liquid to a gas and occurs in humans both passively and actively

Question 18

How does passive evaporation occur in humans?

Answer 18

through respiration and from skin surfaces

Question 19

How does active evaporation occur in humans?

Answer 19

through sweating

Question 20

What is happening in each scenario?

1. _______\_: the transfer of heat energy from a warmer object to a cooler object in the form of electromagnetic waves which travel through space
2. ______\_: The transfer of heat from a warmer to a cooler object that is in direct contact with the warmer one. The heat is transferred through the movement of thermal energy from molecule to adjacent molecule
3. ______\_: The transfer of heat energy by air currents. Cool air warmed by the body through conduction rises and is replaced by more cool air. This pocess is enhanced by the forced movement of air across the body surface
4. _______\_: Conversion of a liquid such as sweat into a gaseous vapour, a process that requires heat (the heat of vaporization) which is absorbed from the skin

Answer 20

What is happening in each scenario?

1. Radiation: the transfer of heat energy from a warmer object to a cooler object in the form of electromagnetic waves which travel through space
2. Conduction: The transfer of heat from a warmer to a cooler object that is in direct contact with the warmer one. The heat is transferred through the movement of thermal energy from molecule to adjacent molecule
3. Convection: The transfer of heat energy by air currents. Cool air warmed by the body through conduction rises and is replaced by more cool air. This pocess is enhanced by the forced movement of air across the body surface
4. Evaporation: Conversion of a liquid such as sweat into a gaseous vapour, a process that requires heat (the heat of vaporization) which is absorbed from the skin