Module 5 Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the functions of the urinary system and the kidneys (11)

A
  1. Urinary system maintains homeostasis through regulation of plasma composition
  2. Maintaining H2O balance in the body
  3. Maintaining proper osmolarity of the body fluid (primarily via pt 2)
  4. Regulating quantity and concentration of ECF ions (sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, hydrogen, bicarbonate, phosphate, sulphate and magnesium)
  5. Maintaining proper plasma volume
  6. Helping maintain proper acid-base balance of the body by adjusting urinary output of H+ and HCO3-
  7. Excreting end products of bodily metabolism (urea, uric acid, creatinine)
  8. Excreting many foreign compounds
  9. Producing erythropoietin
  10. Producing renin
  11. Converting Vit D to active form
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the structures of the urinary system, including the kidney’s, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra

The kidneys are bean-shaped organs that reside in the back of the ______\_on each side of the _______. Each kidney has an outer layer called the _______and also has an inner layer called the _______\_, which is composed of the_______. From the renal medulla, urine drains into a ______\_, which empties into a________ and then into the ______\_, before leaving the kidney through the ______\_. The ______\_, a_________, and a ______\_ extend from the central region of each kidney.

A

The kidneys are bean-shaped organs that reside in the back of the abdominal cavity on each side of the vertebral column. Each kidney has an outer layer called the renal cortex and also has an inner layer called the renal medulla, which is composed of the renal pyramids. From the renal medulla, urine drains into a minor calyx, which empties into a major calyx and then into the renal pelvis, before leaving the kidney through the ureter. The ureter, a renal artery, and a renal vein extend from the central region of each kidney.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The functional unit of the kidney is the _____\_

A

The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

There are approx _______ nephrons per kidney.

The arrangement of the nephrons within the renal cortex and renal medulla is shown in the following figure.

A

one million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

3. Describe the Anatomical structures and locations of the tubular and vascular components of the nephron.

Each nephron has two components—a _____\_component and a _____\_ component.

A

Each nephron has two components—a vascular component and a tubular component.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

3. Describe the Anatomical structures and locations of the tubular and vascular components of the nephron.

The vascular component contains the ________\_ and includes the

  1. ______
  2. ______
  3. ______
  4. ______
A

The vascular component contains the blood within the nephron and includes the

  1. Afferent Arteriole
  2. Glomerulus
  3. Efferent Arteriole
  4. Peritubular Capillaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

3. Describe the Anatomical structures and locations of the tubular and vascular components of the nephron.

What is the glomerulus?

A tuft of _____\_ that filters protein-free plasma (from the ________) into the __________.

Blood that is not filtered exits the Glomerulus through the ________

A

A tuft of capillaries that filters protein-free plasma (from the Afferent Arteriole) into the Tubular Components of the Nephron.

Blood that is not filtered exits the Glomerulus through the Efferent Afterial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the blood flow through the kidney

A

Renal Artery

Segmental Arteries →

Interlobar Arteries →

Arcuate Arteries →

Interlobular Arteries →

Afferent Arterioles

Glomerular Capillaries

Efferent Arterioles

Peritubular Capillaries

Interlobular Vein →

Arcuate Veins →

Interlobar Veins →

Renal Vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3. Describe the Anatomical structures and locations of the tubular and vascular components of the nephron.

The tubular component functions in the formation __________

A

The tubular component functions in the formation of the urine within the nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

3. Describe the Anatomical structures and locations of the tubular and vascular components of the nephron.

The Tubular component of the nephron consists of the

  1. _____\_
  2. ____\_
  3. ____\_
  4. ____\_
A
  1. Bowmans Capsule
  2. Proximal Tubule
  3. Loop of Henle
  4. Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

3. Describe the Anatomical structures and locations of the tubular and vascular components of the nephron.

What is the function of each of the components of the Tubular System?

  1. Bowmans Capsule:
  2. Proximal Tubule
  3. Loop of Henle:
  4. Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct:
A

What is the function of each of the components of the Tubular System?

  1. Bowmans Capsule: collects glomerular filtrate
  2. Proximal Tubule: uncontrolled reabsorption and secretion of selected substances
  3. Loop of Henle: Establishes osmotic gradient in Renal Medulla - Important in kidneys ability to produce urine of varying concentrations
  4. Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct: Variable, controlled reabsorption of Na+ and H2O and secretion of K+ and H+; fluid leaving CD is urine - enters renal pelvis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The region of the nephron where the distal tubule comes into contact with the afferent arteriole, which leads into the glomerulus, and comes into contact with the efferent arteriole, which leads out of the glomerulus, is called the_____________

A

The region of the nephron where the distal tubule comes into contact with the afferent arteriole, which leads into the glomerulus, and comes into contact with the efferent arteriole, which leads out of the glomerulus, is called the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

There are two specialized cell types forming the juxtaglomerular apparatus

  1. ________
  2. ________
A
  1. macula densa cells
  2. granular cells.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Macula densa cells are cells of the , which play a role in detecting

A

Macula densa cells are epithelial cells of the distal tubule, which play a role in detecting salt concentration in the filtrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The granular cells, which surround the , secrete the enzyme

A

The granular cells, which surround the afferent arteriole, secrete the enzyme renin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The enzyme Renin is important in regulating ____________.

A

The enzyme Renin is important in regulating blood volume and blood pressure.

17
Q

There are two types of Nephrons:

  1. ______
  2. ______
A
  1. Cortical and
  2. Juxtamedullary Nephrons
18
Q

5. Differentiate between Cortical and Juxtamedullary Nephrons

How are the two types of nephrons distinguished?

A

By their anatomical location

19
Q

5. Differentiate between Cortical and Juxtamedullary Nephrons

  • Most nephrons (80%-85%) are cortical nephrons and reside primarily _______\_
  • The remaining 15%-20% of nephrons are juxtamedullary nephrons which have ___________\_
A
  • Most nephrons (80%-85%) are cortical nephrons and reside primarily within the cortex
  • The remaining 15%-20% of nephrons are juxtamedullary nephrons which have long loops of Henle that extend deep within the medulla
20
Q

Both cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons are involved in the formation of urine; however, ________\_nephrons also play an important role in establishing the medullary vertical osmotic gradient, which allows for __________\_ and for the _______\_ of urine.

A

Both cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons are involved in the formation of urine; however, juxtamedullary nephrons also play an important role in establishing the medullary vertical osmotic gradient, which allows for water reabsorption and for the concentration of urine.

21
Q

Three basic processes are involved in the formation of urine by the urinary system

  1. _________\_
  2. _________\_
  3. _________\_
A

Three basic processes are involved in the formation of urine by the urinary system

  1. glomerular filtration,
  2. tubular reabsorption, and
  3. tubular secretion.
22
Q

Glomerular filtration occurs in the __________, where approximately 20% of the blood entering the glomerulus via the afferent arteriole filters into _________\_and becomes the _____\_

A

Glomerular filtration occurs in the renal corpuscle, where approximately 20% of the blood entering the glomerulus via the afferent arteriole filters into Bowman’s capsule and becomes the filtrate

23
Q

What is Tubular reabsorption?

A

Selective movement of filtered substances from the tubular lumen into the peritubular capillaries

24
Q

What is Tubular secretion?

A

Further modification of the filtrate via Selective movement of nonfiltered substances from the peritubular capillaries to the tubular lumen

25
Following tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion, the remaining filtrate is eliminated from the body in the process of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Following tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion, the remaining filtrate is eliminated from the body in the process of _urine excretion_
26
Glomerular filtration occurs across the glomerular membrane by moving solutes and fluid through the _\_\_\_\_\_\_\__in the capillary _\_\_\_\_\_\_\__ cells, across the _\_\_\_\_\_\_\__, and through the slit pores in the tubule epithelial cells (called _\_\_\_\_\_\_\__)
Glomerular filtration occurs across the glomerular membrane by moving solutes and fluid through the _fenestrations_ in the capillary _endothelial_ cells, across the _basement membrane_, and through the slit pores in the tubule epithelial cells (called _podocytes_)
27
The driving force for glomerular filtration is the _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\__ that results from the four starling forces: 1. _Glomerular Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure_ 2. _Bowmans capsule Oncotic pressure_ 3. _Glomerular Capillary oncotic pressure_ 4. _Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure_
The driving force for glomerular filtration is the _net filtration pressure_ that results from the four starling forces: 1. _Glomerular Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure_ 2. _Bowmans capsule Oncotic pressure_ 3. _Glomerular Capillary oncotic pressure_ 4. _Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure_
28
Describe each of the starling forces and state whether they Favour filtration or Oppose Filtration across Glomerular capillaries * Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure (PGC): the _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\__and has an average value of _\_\_\_\_\_\__ * _​\_\_\_\_\__ filtration * Bowman’s capsule oncotic pressure (πBC): results from _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\__and, under normal renal conditions, is _\_\_\_\_\__ because of the _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\__ * _​\_\_\_\_\__ filtration * Glomerular capillary oncotic pressure (πGC) results from _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\__and has an average value of _\_\_\_\_\_\__ * _​\_\_\_\_\_\__ filtration (Favours absorption) * Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure (PBC) is _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\__and has an average value of _\_\_\_\__. * _\_\_\_\_\__ filtration (Favours absorption)
Describe each of the starling forces and state whether they Favour filtration or Oppose Filtration across Glomerular capillaries * Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure (PGC): the _blood pressure of the glomerular capillaries_ and has an average value of _60mmHg_ * _​Favours_ filtration * Bowman’s capsule oncotic pressure (πBC): results from _proteins in Bowman’s capsule_ and, under normal renal conditions, is _0mmHg_ because of the _absence of protein in the filtrate_ * _​Favours_ filtration * Glomerular capillary oncotic pressure (πGC) results from _protein in the glomerular capillaries_ and has an average value of _29mmHg_ * _​Opposes_ filtration (Favours absorption) * Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure (PBC) is _the pressure exerted by the filtrate in Bowman’s capsule_ and has an average value of _15mmHg_. * _Opposes_ filtration (Favours absorption)
29
The net glomerular filtration pressure can be calculated by: totalling the forces _\_\_\_\_\_\_\__filtration and subtracting the forces _\_\_\_\_\_\__ filtration as shown in the equation:
The net glomerular filtration pressure can be calculated by: totalling the forces _favouring_ filtration and subtracting the forces _opposing_ filtration as shown in the equation: (PGC + πBC) – (πGC + PBC) = (60 mm Hg + 0 mm Hg) – (29 mm Hg + 15 mm Hg) = 16 mm Hg * PGC: Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure * πBC: Bowman’s capsule oncotic pressure * πGC: Glomerular capillary oncotic pressure * PBC: Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure
30
Two of the starling forces are higher in the kidney than in other capillaries, which ones and why?
1. Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure (PGC) is the blood pressure of the glomerular capillaries * higher than that of other capillary beds because of the **higher resistance** (smaller diameter) of the **efferent arteriole** compared to that of the **afferent** **arteriole** 2. Glomerular capillary oncotic pressure (πGC) results from protein in the glomerular capillaries * higher than in other capillary beds because filtration decreases the volume of the plasma (which increases the concentration of protein in the plasma)
31
The rate of filtration through the glomerular capillaries is the _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\__. and is dependent on the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and the _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\__ What is the equation?
The rate of filtration through the glomerular capillaries is the _glomerular filtration rate (GFR)_. and is dependent on the _net glomerular filtration pressure_ and the _filtration coefficient (Kf_) GFR = net glomerular filtration pressure × Kf
32
Kf (the filtration coefficient) is determined by the _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\__and the _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\__
Kf (the filtration coefficient) is determined by the _glomerular surface area available for filtration_ and the _glomerular membrane permeability._
33
What is the filtration fraction and how is it calculated?
The filtration fraction is the fraction of plasma that enters Bowman’s capsule as filtrate during glomerular filtration. Calculated by taking the **GFR** and **dividing** it by the **renal plasma flow rate**
34