Module 9.3 - 9.4 Stress Response and Fuel Metabolism Flashcards
_____ is a generalized, non-specific response of the body to a factor that disrupts or threatens to disrupt homeostasis
Stress is a generalized, non-specific response of the body to a factor that disrupts or threatens to disrupt homeostasis
That factor that disrupts or threatens to disrupt homeostasis is called a ____\_ and can be
- ____\_ (e.g., trauma),
- ____\_ (e.g., acid-base imbalance),
- ____\_ (e.g., exercise),
- ____\_ (e.g., bacterial),
- ____\_ (e.g., anxiety), or
- ____\_ (e.g., lifestyle changes)
That factor that disrupts or threatens to disrupt homeostasis is called a stressor and can be
- physical (e.g., trauma),
- chemical (e.g., acid-base imbalance),
- physiological (e.g., exercise),
- infectious (e.g., bacterial),
- psychological (e.g., anxiety), or
- social (e.g., lifestyle changes)
Stress, also known as the _____\_, involves increased _____\_ nervous system activity, which leads to increased secretion of _____\_, _____\_, and _____\_, and also involves increased _____\_ secretion (through increased CRH and ACTH secretion) and increased _____\_ secretion.
Stress, also known as the general adaptation syndrome, involves increased sympathetic nervous system activity, which leads to increased secretion of epinephrine, glucagon, and aldosterone, and also involves increased cortisol secretion (through increased CRH and ACTH secretion) and increased vasopressin secretion.
The general adaptation syndrome is coordinated by the _______ and has the overall effect of preparing the body for ______ or ______, mobilizing _______, and maintaining _______ and ______\_.
The general adaptation syndrome is coordinated by the hypothalamus and has the overall effect of preparing the body for fight or flight, mobilizing energy stores, and maintaining blood volume and blood pressure.
The role of the hypothalamus in the integration of the stress response:
In response to a stressor, the _____\_integrates the responses of the _____\_ system and the _____\_ nervous system.
The role of the hypothalamus in the integration of the stress response:
In response to a stressor, the hypothalamus integrates the responses of the endocrine system and the sympathetic nervous system.
Fuel metabolism, or intermediary metabolism, refers to all the chemical reactions involved in the ______\_, ______\_, and _______\_ of nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fatty acids)
Fuel metabolism, or intermediary metabolism, refers to all the chemical reactions involved in the degradation, synthesis, and transformation of nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fatty acids)
- _____\_ specifically refers to the synthesis of molecules,
- _____\_ specifically refers to the degradation of molecules
- Anabolism specifically refers to the synthesis of molecules,
- Catabolism specifically refers to the degradation of molecules
Following ____\_and ____\_, carbohydrates, proteins, and fatty acids are either used directly by the cells as a source of energy or are stored for future use
Following digestion and absorption, carbohydrates, proteins, and fatty acids are either used directly by the cells as a source of energy or are stored for future use
____\_ is an important part of fuel metabolism because the cells of the body have a constant requirement for nutrients, even though the ingestion of food is periodic.
Storage is an important part of fuel metabolism because the cells of the body have a constant requirement for nutrients, even though the ingestion of food is periodic.
In addition to storage, the brain must be continually supplied with ______ to meet its metabolic demands because it is unable to use _______ or _______ to produce __________.
In addition to storage, the brain must be continually supplied with glucose to meet its metabolic demands because it is unable to use amino acids or fatty acids to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
What is the
- Circulating Form
- Storage Form
- Major Storage Site
- Percentage of total body energy content
- Reservoir Capacity
- Role
of the following Metabolic Fuel:
Carbohydrate
- Circulating Form: Glucose
- Storage Form: Glycogen
- Major Storage Site: Liver, muscle
- Percentage of total body energy content: 1%
- Reservoir Capacity: Less than a day’s worth of energy
- Role: First energy source; essential for the brain
of the following Metabolic Fuel:
Carbohydrate
What is the
- Circulating Form
- Storage Form
- Major Storage Site
- Percentage of total body energy content
- Reservoir Capacity
- Role
of the following Metabolic Fuel:
Fat
- Circulating Form: Free fatty acids
- Storage Form: Triglycerides
- Major Storage Site: Adipose tissue
- Percentage of total body energy content: 77%
- Reservoir Capacity: About 2 months’ worth of energy
- Role: Primary energy reservoir; energy source during a fast
What is the
- Circulating Form
- Storage Form
- Major Storage Site
- Percentage of total body energy content
- Reservoir Capacity
- Role
of the following Metabolic Fuel:
Protein
- Circulating Form: Amino Acids
- Storage Form: Body Proteins
- Major Storage Site: Muscle
- Percentage of total body energy content: 22%
- Reservoir Capacity: Death results long before capacity is utilized because of structural and functional impairment
- Role: Source of glucose for the brain during a fast. Last resort to meet other energy needs
of the following Metabolic Fuel:
Protein
Given that food intake is intermittent, there are two metabolic states: ______\_and _______\_
Given that food intake is intermittent, there are two metabolic states: absorptive and postabsorptive
The _____\_ state occurs during the period of digestion and absorption of nutrients following a meal
The absorptive state occurs during the period of digestion and absorption of nutrients following a meal
Figure 9.4.1 – Metabolic reactions of the absorptive state.
Metabolic reactions of the postabsorptive state.
