Module 7.11 Digestion: Considerations throughout the lifespan

Question 1

Prenatally, the fetus experiences _____, _____ _____, and _____ _____

Answer 1

Prenatally, the fetus experiences swallowing, gastric emptying, and intestinal propulsion

Question 2

When is the digestive system of a newborn ready to take over digestive functioning?

Answer 2

at birth, the digestive system of the newborn is prepared to take over digestive function

Question 3

What is the primary carbohydrate and energy source in a breast-fed newborn?

Answer 3

Lactose is the primary carbohydrate and energy source in the breast-fed newborn

Question 4

Lactose is ___\_digested and ___\_ absorbed

Answer 4

Lactose is easily digested and well absorbed

Question 5

The stomach of the newborn has a maximum capacity of ______\_

Answer 5

The stomach of the newborn has a maximum capacity of 50-60 mL

Question 6

What is the implication of the small volume of a newborns stomach?

Answer 6

food intake must be in small amounts often

Question 7

In newborns, acid reflux and regurgitation are common due to immature _______ ________control

Answer 7

In newborns, acid reflux and regurgitation are common due to immature esophageal sphincter control

Question 8

In newborns voluntary control of the _____ _____ _____ is not yet established, and bowel movements are _____

Answer 8

In newborns voluntary control of the external anal sphincter is not yet established, and bowel movements are involuntary

Question 9

Although capable of digestive function, the intestine of the newborn is not yet mature.

During the first year, what are three anatomical changes that occur in the small intestine?

Answer 9

• widening of the villi,
• deepening of the crypts, and
• development of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)

Question 10

_____\_____\__ also begin to establish themselves with exposure to the extrauterine environment

Answer 10

Colonic bacteria also begin to establish themselves with exposure to the extrauterine environment

Question 11

Overall, intestinal development is often _____\_ in breast-fed compared to formula-fed infants.

Answer 11

Overall, intestinal development is often improved in breast-fed compared to formula-fed infants.

Question 12

During childhood, an individual’s digestive system becomes fully mature. ______ and ______ of ______ are the primary concerns regarding digestive system function in the childhood years.

Answer 12

During childhood, an individual’s digestive system becomes fully mature. Nutrition and regulation of defecation are the primary concerns regarding digestive system function in the childhood years.

Question 13

The diet of children and adolescents commonly does not include sufficient quantities of

• ____,
• ____
• ____,
• ____, and
• ____,

and commonly includes excessive quantities of

• ____ and
• ____

Answer 13

The diet of children and adolescents commonly does not include sufficient quantities of

• iron,
• calcium (Ca2+),
• fibre,
• fruits, and
• vegetables,

and commonly includes excessive quantities of

• fats and
• sodium (Na+)

Question 14

Regulation of ____\_and ____\_ can be problematic for the young child learning voluntary control of the _____ _____ ____\_, as well as for individuals with inappropriate dietary habits (e.g., those lacking fibre)

Answer 14

Regulation of defecation and constipation can be problematic for the young child learning voluntary control of the external anal sphincter, as well as for individuals with inappropriate dietary habits (e.g., those lacking fibre)

Question 15

As the individual ages, the digestive system undergoes a number of changes that lead to an overall ______\_ in digestive system activity in the senior citizen

Answer 15

As the individual ages, the digestive system undergoes a number of changes that lead to an overall decrease in digestive system activity in the senior citizen

Question 16

Decreases of the digestive system function in senior citizens are apparent in the

• rate of _______ ______ _____ ____\_
• in _____ ____\_, and
• in _____ _____ ____\_

Answer 16

Decreases of the digestive system function are apparent in the

• rate of epithelial stem cell division,
• in mucous secretion, and
• in smooth muscle tone

Question 17

A decrease in smooth muscle tone in seniors leads to

• decreased ____\_ throughout the digestive tract,
• weaker _____ ____\_, and
• increased incidences of _____ _____ ____\_(GERD) and ____\_

Answer 17

A decrease in smooth muscle tone in seniors leads to

• decreased motility throughout the digestive tract,
• weaker peristaltic contractions, and
• increased incidences of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and constipation

Question 18

Cumulative damage to digestive system cells leads to increased incidences of ____\_, and cumulative damage to the liver leads to increased incidences of ______\_

Answer 18

Cumulative damage to digestive system cells leads to increased incidences of cancer, and cumulative damage to the liver leads to increased incidences of cirrhosis

Question 19

Additionally, in the elderly, _______\_ arise with changes in the diet to accommodate difficulty with mastication, due to dental changes, and decreased olfactory and gustatory sensation.

Answer 19

Additionally, nutritional concerns arise with changes in the diet to accommodate difficulty with mastication, due to dental changes, and decreased olfactory and gustatory sensation.