Module 8.1 Overview Flashcards
The first law of thermodynamics states?
that energy cannot be created or destroyed.
What is necessary to achieve energy balance?
To achieve energy balance, energy input into the body must equal energy output or expenditure from the body
Energy input occurs in the form of _______ _______
Energy input occurs in the form of nutrient ingestion.
Energy output occurs through ____ and the production of ____ or ______ ______
Energy output occurs through work and the production of heat or thermal energy
The rate of energy expenditure is called the _____\_ ______
The rate of energy expenditure is called the metabolic rate
What is the metabolic rate?
The rate of energy expenditure
What is the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the minimal waking rate of internal energy expenditure
What regulates the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
BMR is regulated by the thyroid hormones.
Energy balance can be classified as ____, ______, or ______
Energy balance can be classified as neutral, positive, or negative
When would we have a neutral energy balance?
A neutral energy balance exists when energy input equals energy output
When would we have a positive energy balance?
A positive energy balance exists when energy input is greater than energy output
When would we have a negative energy balance?
A negative energy balance exists when energy input is less than energy output
Energy balance is reflected in changes in _____ _____
Energy balance is reflected in changes in body weight
- In neutral energy balance, body weight _______.
- In positive energy balance, body weight _______.
- In negative energy balance, body weight _______.
- In neutral energy balance, body weight remains constant.
- In positive energy balance, body weight increases.
- In negative energy balance, body weight decreases.
The regulation of food intake is a complex process that involves both the ____\_and ____\_ systems.
The regulation of food intake is a complex process that involves both the nervous and endocrine systems.
The two brain regions that are primarily responsible for the regulation of food intake are the _______ and the _____ ______
The two brain regions that are primarily responsible for the regulation of food intake are the hypothalamus and the brain stem
Within the _____\_nucleus of the hypothalamus, the neuropeptide Y (NPY)-secreting neurons release __\_, which acts to ___\_ appetite and food intake,
and the melanocortin-secreting neurons release _____\_, which act to ____\_ appetite and food intake.
Within the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, the neuropeptide _Y (NPY)-_secreting neurons release NPY, which acts to increase appetite and food intake,
and the melanocortin-secreting neurons release melanocortins, which act to decrease appetite and food intake.
Both the NPY- and the melanocortin-secreting neurons project to the ______\_(LHA) and the _____\_ (PVN)
Both the NPY- and the melanocortin-secreting neurons project to the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN)
The Lateral Hypothalamic Area (LHA) secretes ____\_, which ______\_ appetite and food intake
The Lateral Hypothalamic Area (LHA) secretes orexins, which increase appetite and food intake
The paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) secretes _____\_, which _____\_ appetite and food intake.
The paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) secretes neuropeptides, which decrease appetite and food intake.
The ______ ______ ______ of the brain stem serves as a satiety centre to decrease appetite and food intake.
The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) of the brain stem serves as a satiety centre to decrease appetite and food intake.
What two hormones play an important role in the long term regulation of food intake?
leptin and insulin.
Leptin, a hormone that is secreted by _______\_, is referred to as an ______\_
Leptin, a hormone that is secreted by adipocytes, is referred to as an adipokine
The plasma concentration of leptin correlates with the amount of _____\_stored in _____\_ tissue
The plasma concentration of leptin correlates with the amount of triglyceride stored in adipose tissue
Leptin serves to decrease appetite and food intake. How does it accomplish this?
by inhibiting NPY-secreting neurons and stimulating melanocortin-secreting neurons
Insulin, a ______ hormone that is secreted in response to increased levels of nutrients (_____, ____ _____, and _____ ______) in the plasma, acts to inhibit ______-secreting neurons.
Insulin, a pancreatic hormone that is secreted in response to increased levels of nutrients (glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids) in the plasma, acts to inhibit NPY-secreting neurons.
Which three hormones play an important role in the short-term regulation of food intake?
ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY3-36), and cholecystokinin (CCK).
_____\_ is also known as the “hunger hormone” due to its role as an appetite stimulator
Ghrelin is also known as the “hunger hormone” due to its role as an appetite stimulator
Ghrelin is secreted from the ______ prior to a meal and stimulates the _____-secreting neurons of the hypothalamus
Ghrelin is secreted from the stomach prior to a meal and stimulates the NPY-secreting neurons of the hypothalamus
_______\_ and _______ are both intestinal secretions that serve as satiety signals
Peptide YY (PYY3-36) and Cholecytokinin (CCK) are both intestinal secretions that serve as satiety signals
PYY3-36 inhibits hypothalamic ___\_-secreting neurons
PYY3-36 inhibits hypothalamic NPY-secreting neurons
CCK stimulates the ____________\_ of the brain stem.
CCK stimulates the nucleus tractus solitarius (__NTS) of the brain stem.
Regulation of food intake has important implications for energy balance.
Chronic states of ____\_energy balance will result in obesity, whereas chronic states of _____\_ energy balance will result in nutritional deficiencies.
Regulation of food intake has important implications for energy balance.
Chronic states of positive energy balance will result in obesity, whereas chronic states of negative energy balance will result in nutritional deficiencies.
