Module 8.1 Overview Flashcards

1
Q

The first law of thermodynamics states?

A

that energy cannot be created or destroyed.

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2
Q

What is necessary to achieve energy balance?

A

To achieve energy balance, energy input into the body must equal energy output or expenditure from the body

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3
Q

Energy input occurs in the form of _______ _______

A

Energy input occurs in the form of nutrient ingestion.

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4
Q

Energy output occurs through ____ and the production of ____ or ______ ______

A

Energy output occurs through work and the production of heat or thermal energy

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5
Q

The rate of energy expenditure is called the _____\_ ______

A

The rate of energy expenditure is called the metabolic rate

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6
Q

What is the metabolic rate?

A

The rate of energy expenditure

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7
Q

What is the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

A

The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the minimal waking rate of internal energy expenditure

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8
Q

What regulates the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

A

BMR is regulated by the thyroid hormones.

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9
Q

Energy balance can be classified as ____, ______, or ______

A

Energy balance can be classified as neutral, positive, or negative

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10
Q

When would we have a neutral energy balance?

A

A neutral energy balance exists when energy input equals energy output

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11
Q

When would we have a positive energy balance?

A

A positive energy balance exists when energy input is greater than energy output

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12
Q

When would we have a negative energy balance?

A

A negative energy balance exists when energy input is less than energy output

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13
Q

Energy balance is reflected in changes in _____ _____

A

Energy balance is reflected in changes in body weight

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14
Q
  • In neutral energy balance, body weight _______.
  • In positive energy balance, body weight _______.
  • In negative energy balance, body weight _______.
A
  • In neutral energy balance, body weight remains constant.
  • In positive energy balance, body weight increases.
  • In negative energy balance, body weight decreases.
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15
Q

The regulation of food intake is a complex process that involves both the ____\_and ____\_ systems.

A

The regulation of food intake is a complex process that involves both the nervous and endocrine systems.

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16
Q

The two brain regions that are primarily responsible for the regulation of food intake are the _______ and the _____ ______

A

The two brain regions that are primarily responsible for the regulation of food intake are the hypothalamus and the brain stem

17
Q

Within the _____\_nucleus of the hypothalamus, the neuropeptide Y (NPY)-secreting neurons release __\_, which acts to ___\_ appetite and food intake,

and the melanocortin-secreting neurons release _____\_, which act to ____\_ appetite and food intake.

A

Within the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, the neuropeptide _Y (NPY)-_secreting neurons release NPY, which acts to increase appetite and food intake,

and the melanocortin-secreting neurons release melanocortins, which act to decrease appetite and food intake.

18
Q

Both the NPY- and the melanocortin-secreting neurons project to the ______\_(LHA) and the _____\_ (PVN)

A

Both the NPY- and the melanocortin-secreting neurons project to the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN)

19
Q

The Lateral Hypothalamic Area (LHA) secretes ____\_, which ______\_ appetite and food intake

A

The Lateral Hypothalamic Area (LHA) secretes orexins, which increase appetite and food intake

20
Q

The paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) secretes _____\_, which _____\_ appetite and food intake.

A

The paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) secretes neuropeptides, which decrease appetite and food intake.

21
Q

The ______ ______ ______ of the brain stem serves as a satiety centre to decrease appetite and food intake.

A

The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) of the brain stem serves as a satiety centre to decrease appetite and food intake.

22
Q

What two hormones play an important role in the long term regulation of food intake?

A

leptin and insulin.

23
Q

Leptin, a hormone that is secreted by _______\_, is referred to as an ______\_

A

Leptin, a hormone that is secreted by adipocytes, is referred to as an adipokine

24
Q

The plasma concentration of leptin correlates with the amount of _____\_stored in _____\_ tissue

A

The plasma concentration of leptin correlates with the amount of triglyceride stored in adipose tissue

25
Leptin serves to decrease appetite and food intake. How does it accomplish this?
by inhibiting NPY-secreting neurons and stimulating melanocortin-secreting neurons
26
Insulin, a ______ hormone that is secreted in response to increased levels of nutrients (\_\_\_\_\_, ____ \_\_\_\_\_, and _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_) in the plasma, acts to inhibit \_\_\_\_\_\_-secreting neurons.
Insulin, a _pancreatic_ hormone that is secreted in response to increased levels of nutrients (_glucose_, _amino acids_, and _fatty acids_) in the plasma, acts to inhibit _NPY-secreting_ neurons.
27
Which three hormones play an important role in the short-term regulation of food intake?
ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY3-36), and cholecystokinin (CCK).
28
_\_\_\_\_\_\__ is also known as the “hunger hormone” due to its role as an appetite stimulator
_Ghrelin_ is also known as the “hunger hormone” due to its role as an appetite stimulator
29
Ghrelin is secreted from the ______ prior to a meal and stimulates the \_\_\_\_\_-secreting neurons of the hypothalamus
Ghrelin is secreted from the _stomach_ prior to a meal and stimulates the _NPY_-secreting neurons of the hypothalamus
30
_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\__ and _______ are both intestinal secretions that serve as satiety signals
_Peptide YY (PYY3-36)_ and _Cholecytokinin_ (_CCK)_ are both intestinal secretions that serve as satiety signals
31
PYY3-36 inhibits hypothalamic _\_\_\_\__-secreting neurons
PYY3-36 inhibits hypothalamic _NPY_-secreting neurons
32
CCK stimulates the _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\__ of the brain stem.
CCK stimulates the _nucleus tractus solitarius (__NTS)_ of the brain stem.
33
Regulation of food intake has important implications for energy balance. Chronic states of _\_\_\_\_\__energy balance will result in obesity, whereas chronic states of _\_\_\_\_\_\__ energy balance will result in nutritional deficiencies.
Regulation of food intake has important implications for energy balance. Chronic states of _positive_ energy balance will result in obesity, whereas chronic states of _negative_ energy balance will result in nutritional deficiencies.