Module 8.1 Overview

Question 1

The first law of thermodynamics states?

Answer 1

that energy cannot be created or destroyed.

Question 2

What is necessary to achieve energy balance?

Answer 2

To achieve energy balance, energy input into the body must equal energy output or expenditure from the body

Question 3

Energy input occurs in the form of _______ _______

Answer 3

Energy input occurs in the form of nutrient ingestion.

Question 4

Energy output occurs through ____ and the production of ____ or ______ ______

Answer 4

Energy output occurs through work and the production of heat or thermal energy

Question 5

The rate of energy expenditure is called the _____\_ ______

Answer 5

The rate of energy expenditure is called the metabolic rate

Question 6

What is the metabolic rate?

Answer 6

The rate of energy expenditure

Question 7

What is the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

Answer 7

The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the minimal waking rate of internal energy expenditure

Question 8

What regulates the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

Answer 8

BMR is regulated by the thyroid hormones.

Question 9

Energy balance can be classified as ____, ______, or ______

Answer 9

Energy balance can be classified as neutral, positive, or negative

Question 10

When would we have a neutral energy balance?

Answer 10

A neutral energy balance exists when energy input equals energy output

Question 11

When would we have a positive energy balance?

Answer 11

A positive energy balance exists when energy input is greater than energy output

Question 12

When would we have a negative energy balance?

Answer 12

A negative energy balance exists when energy input is less than energy output

Question 13

Energy balance is reflected in changes in _____ _____

Answer 13

Energy balance is reflected in changes in body weight

Question 14

• In neutral energy balance, body weight _______.
• In positive energy balance, body weight _______.
• In negative energy balance, body weight _______.

Answer 14

• In neutral energy balance, body weight remains constant.
• In positive energy balance, body weight increases.
• In negative energy balance, body weight decreases.

Question 15

The regulation of food intake is a complex process that involves both the ____\_and ____\_ systems.

Answer 15

The regulation of food intake is a complex process that involves both the nervous and endocrine systems.

Question 16

The two brain regions that are primarily responsible for the regulation of food intake are the _______ and the _____ ______

Answer 16

The two brain regions that are primarily responsible for the regulation of food intake are the hypothalamus and the brain stem

Question 17

Within the _____\_nucleus of the hypothalamus, the neuropeptide Y (NPY)-secreting neurons release __\_, which acts to ___\_ appetite and food intake,

and the melanocortin-secreting neurons release _____\_, which act to ____\_ appetite and food intake.

Answer 17

Within the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, the neuropeptide _Y (NPY)-_secreting neurons release NPY, which acts to increase appetite and food intake,

and the melanocortin-secreting neurons release melanocortins, which act to decrease appetite and food intake.

Question 18

Both the NPY- and the melanocortin-secreting neurons project to the ______\_(LHA) and the _____\_ (PVN)

Answer 18

Both the NPY- and the melanocortin-secreting neurons project to the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN)

Question 19

The Lateral Hypothalamic Area (LHA) secretes ____\_, which ______\_ appetite and food intake

Answer 19

The Lateral Hypothalamic Area (LHA) secretes orexins, which increase appetite and food intake

Question 20

The paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) secretes _____\_, which _____\_ appetite and food intake.

Answer 20

The paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) secretes neuropeptides, which decrease appetite and food intake.

Question 21

The ______ ______ ______ of the brain stem serves as a satiety centre to decrease appetite and food intake.

Answer 21

The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) of the brain stem serves as a satiety centre to decrease appetite and food intake.

Question 22

What two hormones play an important role in the long term regulation of food intake?

Answer 22

leptin and insulin.

Question 23

Leptin, a hormone that is secreted by _______\_, is referred to as an ______\_

Answer 23

Leptin, a hormone that is secreted by adipocytes, is referred to as an adipokine

Question 24

The plasma concentration of leptin correlates with the amount of _____\_stored in _____\_ tissue

Answer 24

The plasma concentration of leptin correlates with the amount of triglyceride stored in adipose tissue

Question 25

Leptin serves to decrease appetite and food intake. How does it accomplish this?

Answer 25

by inhibiting NPY-secreting neurons and stimulating melanocortin-secreting neurons

Question 26

Insulin, a ______ hormone that is secreted in response to increased levels of nutrients (_____, ____ _____, and _____ ______) in the plasma, acts to inhibit ______-secreting neurons.

Answer 26

Insulin, a pancreatic hormone that is secreted in response to increased levels of nutrients (glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids) in the plasma, acts to inhibit NPY-secreting neurons.

Question 27

Which three hormones play an important role in the short-term regulation of food intake?

Answer 27

ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY3-36), and cholecystokinin (CCK).

Question 28

_____\_ is also known as the “hunger hormone” due to its role as an appetite stimulator

Answer 28

Ghrelin is also known as the “hunger hormone” due to its role as an appetite stimulator

Question 29

Ghrelin is secreted from the ______ prior to a meal and stimulates the _____-secreting neurons of the hypothalamus

Answer 29

Ghrelin is secreted from the stomach prior to a meal and stimulates the NPY-secreting neurons of the hypothalamus

Question 30

_______\_ and _______ are both intestinal secretions that serve as satiety signals

Answer 30

Peptide YY (PYY3-36) and Cholecytokinin (CCK) are both intestinal secretions that serve as satiety signals

Question 31

PYY3-36 inhibits hypothalamic ___\_-secreting neurons

Answer 31

PYY3-36 inhibits hypothalamic NPY-secreting neurons

Question 32

CCK stimulates the ____________\_ of the brain stem.

Answer 32

CCK stimulates the nucleus tractus solitarius (__NTS) of the brain stem.

Question 33

Regulation of food intake has important implications for energy balance.

Chronic states of ____\_energy balance will result in obesity, whereas chronic states of _____\_ energy balance will result in nutritional deficiencies.

Answer 33

Regulation of food intake has important implications for energy balance.

Chronic states of positive energy balance will result in obesity, whereas chronic states of negative energy balance will result in nutritional deficiencies.