Module 11

Question 1

What significant change occurred in the Indigenous/State relationship after the 1969 White Paper?

Answer 1

The relationship changed dramatically from the proposed policy of terminating the Indian Act, reserves, and Treaties to the signing of the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement in 1975.

Question 2

When did the road to self-government for Indigenous peoples effectively begin?

Answer 2

The road to self-government began with the initial Constitutional talks in the late 1970s.

Question 3

What does self-government refer to according to Professor Michael Asch?

Answer 3

Self-government refers to the ability of a group to govern its own lands and the people on them without having to seek permission from others.

Question 4

What was the Dene Declaration released in 1975?

Answer 4

The Dene Declaration called for recognition of Dene self-determination.

Question 5

What was the purpose of the Nunavut Proposal submitted in 1976?

Answer 5

The Nunavut Proposal called for the establishment of a separate territory for the Inuit of eastern Northwest Territories.

Question 6

What was the outcome of the First Ministers’ Conference in 1980 regarding Indigenous participation?

Answer 6

Indigenous leaders were invited as observers and could not participate in discussions involving Indigenous issues.

Question 7

What significant sections were planned to be inserted into the newly patriated Constitution?

Answer 7

Sections to protect Aboriginal Rights and to establish meetings to deal with Aboriginal Rights.

Question 8

What happened to the references to Aboriginal people when the Constitution was announced in November 1982?

Answer 8

All references to Aboriginal people had been removed.

Question 9

What does Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982 recognize?

Answer 9

Section 35 recognizes and affirms the existing aboriginal and treaty rights of the aboriginal peoples of Canada.

Question 10

What were the main recommendations of the Penner Report (1983)?

Answer 10

• Recognize the Aboriginal Right to self-government
• Entrench self-government in the Constitution
• Form a distinct order of government for Indigenous people

Question 11

What was the response of the federal government to the Penner Report?

Answer 11

The government indicated acceptance of the report’s general thrust but failed to entrench self-government in the Constitution.

Question 12

What was the significance of the Neilsen Report (1986)?

Answer 12

The Neilsen Report highlighted Aboriginal socio-economic deprivation and suggested that Ottawa did not have to bear sole responsibility for Aboriginal Affairs.

Question 13

What was a major criticism of the Neilsen Report from Indigenous leaders?

Answer 13

Indigenous leaders criticized the report for attempting to offload federal responsibilities to the provinces.

Question 14

What was the purpose of the Meech Lake Accord (1987)?

Answer 14

The Meech Lake Accord aimed to persuade Quebec to sign the Constitution.

Question 15

How did Indigenous leaders view the Meech Lake Accord?

Answer 15

Indigenous leaders felt it ignored their agenda and did not resolve their recognized right to self-government.

Question 16

What was the outcome of Elijah Harper’s vote in the Manitoba legislature regarding the Meech Lake Accord?

Answer 16

Elijah Harper’s ‘no’ vote effectively killed the Accord.

Question 17

What did the Charlottetown Accord (1992) propose regarding Aboriginal governance?

Answer 17

The Charlottetown Accord proposed recognizing Aboriginal government as a third order of government in Canada.

Question 18

What was a significant reason for the failure of the Charlottetown Accord?

Answer 18

Lack of support from the general public in a national referendum.

Question 19

What was the Community-Based Self-Government (CBSG) policy adopted in 1986?

Answer 19

The CBSG policy allowed communities to negotiate self-government agreements to replace outdated Indian Act provisions.

Question 20

What was a key criticism of the CBSG policy from First Nations leaders?

Answer 20

They critiqued that self-governing authority under CBSG was considered ‘delegated’ instead of based on inherent rights.

Question 21

What does CBSG stand for?

Answer 21

Crown-First Nations Governance Framework

CBSG allowed communities to negotiate self-government agreements to replace outdated Indian Act provisions

Question 22

What was a key criticism of the CBSG by First Nations leaders?

Answer 22

Self-governing authority was considered ‘delegated’ instead of based on inherent rights

This criticism contributed to the cancellation of the CBSG in 1993

Question 23

What policy was implemented by Jean Chrétien’s Liberal government in 1995?

Answer 23

Inherent Right to Self-Government Policy

This policy recognized Indigenous peoples’ inherent right to self-government but lacked constitutional protection

Question 24

What are Comprehensive Claims agreements?

Answer 24

Modern treaties allowing for negotiation of self-government agreements separately from land claims

Since 2000, these treaties include provisions for self-government

Question 25

What is a significant feature of the Nisga’a treaty of 2000?

Answer 25

It included provisions for a municipal style of government ## Footnote Additional areas of governance integral to Nisga’a culture were also incorporated

Question 26

Fill in the blank: The Westbank First Nations Self-government agreement of 2004 is an example of a _______.

Answer 26

stand-alone self-government agreement ## Footnote This agreement occurred without a modern land claim

Question 27

What is the purpose of sectoral agreements?

Answer 27

To negotiate jurisdiction over specific areas ## Footnote An example is the Anishinabek Nation Education Agreement of 2017

Question 28

What did the Indigenous Rights, Recognition, and Implementation Framework aim to create?

Answer 28

Policies and legislation for a 'nation to nation' relationship ## Footnote Announced by Justin Trudeau in 2018, it focused on recognizing Indigenous rights

Question 29

True or False: The 1995 Inherent Right to Self-Government Policy provides constitutional protection.

Answer 29

False ## Footnote It is a policy that can be changed at any time and does not offer constitutional protection

Question 30

What historical event is associated with the Métis resistance of 1885?

Answer 30

Battle of Batoche ## Footnote This event was pivotal in Métis history and led to the execution of Louis Riel

Question 31

What were Road Allowance Communities?

Answer 31

Makeshift Métis settlements on Crown land ## Footnote Considered 'squatters' by the government, these communities faced significant hardship

Question 32

What health crisis did the Métis experience due to extreme poverty?

Answer 32

Higher rates of tuberculosis and trachoma ## Footnote These health issues were exacerbated by poor living conditions

Question 33

What was the outcome of the Powley case in 2003?

Answer 33

Affirmation of Métis Aboriginal rights by the Supreme Court ## Footnote The case clarified that Métis rights are based on historical communities and kinship

Question 34

What was the purpose of the Métis Nation of Saskatchewan?

Answer 34

To represent the political, socio-economic, cultural, and educational interests of Métis citizens ## Footnote It was incorporated in 2000 and focuses on land rights, self-governance, and cultural heritage

Question 35

Fill in the blank: The official definition of a Métis person includes self-identification, historic Métis Nation ancestry, and acceptance by the _______.

Answer 35

Métis Nation ## Footnote This definition is used by the Métis Nation of Saskatchewan

Question 36

What does the term 'wahkootowin' refer to in Métis philosophy?

Answer 36

Principles of good relationships with all of creation ## Footnote This philosophy is adapted from Cree relatives

Question 37

What was a major consequence of the Scrip system for the Métis?

Answer 37

Displacement from their land base ## Footnote The Scrip system often benefited land speculators rather than the Métis community

Question 38

What type of governance does the Métis Nation of Saskatchewan represent?

Answer 38

A representative system based on regions and locals ## Footnote It comprises 12 regions and approximately 130 locals

Question 39

What did the 1936 government report conclude about the Métis in Alberta?

Answer 39

Poverty and poor health were due to landlessness ## Footnote This report highlighted the inability of Métis to compete for resources

Question 40

What was clarified regarding Métis Aboriginal rights?

Answer 40

Métis Aboriginal rights were not tied to a historical connection to a particular Métis community, but rather to historic communities based on history, kinship, and shared practices.

Question 41

What did Section 35 of the patriated constitution in 1982 do for the Métis?

Answer 41

Included the Métis under the legal category of 'Aboriginal' and protected Aboriginal rights.

Question 42

What was the outcome of the MMF v. Canada case in 2013?

Answer 42

The Supreme Court ruled that the federal government had failed in its constitutional obligation to protect Métis interests in the 1870s allocation of Manitoba lands.

Question 43

What did the Supreme Court ruling in Daniels v. Canada (2016) determine?

Answer 43

The term 'Indian' in Section 91 (24) includes Métis and all First Nations, not just recognized Status Indians.

Question 44

True or False: The Indian Act applies to Métis and non-Status Indians.

Answer 44

False.

Question 45

What is the Canada-Métis Nation Accord?

Answer 45

An agreement signed in 2017 to negotiate a Section 35 Métis Rights framework, marking a new government-to-government relationship.

Question 46

What does the MN-S Framework Agreement establish?

Answer 46

A negotiation process for the development of a renewed government-to-government relationship.

Question 47

Who was Elijah Harper and what did he do?

Answer 47

A First Nations member of the Manitoba Legislature who voted no on the Meech Lake Accord, effectively killing it.

Question 48

What is the purpose of the Indigenous Rights, Recognition, and Implementation Framework?

Answer 48

To promote reconciliation by changing the relationship between Indigenous people and the Crown to a nation-to-nation partnership.

Question 49

What was the Meech Lake Accord?

Answer 49

An Accord aimed at making constitutional amendments to bring Quebec into the patriated constitution, opposed by First Nations.

Question 50

Define a Métis citizen according to MN-S.

Answer 50

A person who self-identifies as Métis, is of historic Métis Nation ancestry, is distinct from other Aboriginal peoples, and is accepted by the Métis Nation.

Question 51

What did the Neilson Report conclude regarding Aboriginal peoples?

Answer 51

Aboriginal peoples were in a state of socio-economic deprivation and government programs had failed to alter this state.

Question 52

What did the Penner Report recommend?

Answer 52

Recognition of the Aboriginal Right to self-government and entrenchment in the Constitution.

Question 53

What was the Powley Decision?

Answer 53

A 2003 Supreme Court ruling affirming that Métis people possessed Aboriginal rights.

Question 54

What are Road Allowance Communities?

Answer 54

Communities where many Métis people settled on Crown Land after being displaced, often facing poverty and lack of public schooling.

Question 55

What does self-government refer to?

Answer 55

The ability of a group to govern its own lands and the people on them without needing permission from others.

Question 56

What is the significance of the Canada-Métis Nation Accord in terms of rights?

Answer 56

It represents a step towards a renewed government-to-government relationship based on recognition of rights.

Question 57

What was the impact of the Daniels Decision on federal responsibilities?

Answer 57

It declared that both Métis and non-Status Indians fall under the responsibility of the federal government.

Question 58

What was the historical context of the Métis people's assertion of identity?

Answer 58

They have demonstrated resilience in coping with challenges to their rights and have legally affirmed their status as a distinct group.

Question 59

Fill in the blank: The assertion of Métis identity and sovereignty has been evident from the very beginnings of their emergence as a _______.

Answer 59

[distinct people]