Module 1 Flashcards
What is the term used to refer to Indigenous peoples in a general context, particularly after the adoption of the UNDRIP?
Indigenous
This term aligns with the criteria within the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP).
What was the former name of the federal government department now known as Crown-Indigenous Relations Northern Affairs Canada (CIRNAC)?
Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development
This name change reflects the acknowledgment of Indigenous rights.
How is the term Aboriginal defined in the Canadian Constitution?
Section 35 defines Aboriginal Peoples as Indian, Inuit, and Métis.
True or False: The term ‘Aboriginal’ is universally accepted and not controversial among Indigenous groups.
False
Many see it as a generic and imposed term that represents assimilation.
What term is used synonymously with Aboriginal people, specifically referring to Indian or Métis?
Native
This term was more widely used in the 1970s.
What is the legal definition of an ‘Indian’ according to the Indian Act?
Defined in Section 6 of the Indian Act as those recognized as Status Indians.
Fill in the blank: Individuals who do not meet the definition of Indian under the Indian Act are known as _______.
non-Status Indians
What distinguishes Treaty Indians from Status Indians?
Treaty Indians are descendants of people who signed treaties with the Canadian government.
True or False: All Indian groups in Canada are Treaty Indians.
False
Not all Indian groups have signed treaties.
What term was coined during the Constitutional talks of the 1970s to replace ‘Indian Reserve’?
First Nation
Who are the Inuit, and how are they differentiated from Indians?
They are not known as Indian people and do not fall under the Indian Act.
What are Métis generally described as?
People of mixed First Nations and European ancestry with a distinct culture.
What significant legal decision in 2016 affected the status of Métis and non-Status Indians in Canada?
The Daniels Decision
How many major cultural groupings of Indigenous peoples existed in Canada around the time of contact?
6
List the major cultural groupings of Indigenous peoples in Canada.
- Arctic
- Northwest (Pacific) Coast
- Plains
- Plateau
- Western sub-Arctic
- Eastern Woodlands/Eastern Sub-Arctic
What is the total number of language families among Indigenous languages in Canada?
12
What are the most commonly spoken Indigenous languages in Canada?
- Cree
- Saulteaux
- Inuktitut
How long have Indigenous peoples inhabited Saskatchewan according to historian Blair Stonechild?
Approximately 11,000 years
What are the five groups of Aboriginal peoples identified around the time of contact in Saskatchewan?
- Sioux
- Cree
- Anishinabe (Ojibwa)
- Dene
- Métis
What does the term ‘Assiniboine’ mean in Ojibwa?
Cooking with stones
What is the anglicized version of the term ‘Assiniboine’?
Stoneys
What does ‘Assiniboine’ mean in Ojibwa?
‘Cooking with stones’
The term is a French version of an Ojibwa term
What is the anglicized version of the term ‘Assiniboine’?
‘Stoneys’
This is derived from the original Ojibwa term
What is the self-ascribed name for the Assiniboine people?
‘Nakota’
They are a branch of the Sioux
Which group did the Assiniboine originally belong to?
The Yankton-Yanktonai branch of the Sioux
The Assiniboine are Siouan language speakers
What was the central aspect of the Assiniboine lifestyle?
The buffalo economy
This was part of their adaptation to the Plains
What role did the Assiniboine play in relation to the Cree?
They became close allies and trading partners
They introduced the Cree to many features of the Plains way of life
How many First Nations communities are there in Saskatchewan today?
70 First Nations communities
Formerly referred to as ‘reserves’
What language family do the Cree and Ojibwa belong to?
The Algonquian language family
This family contains many separate and distinct languages
What is the general self-ascribed term for the Cree people?
‘Nehiyawak’
It translates to ‘exact person’ in their language
What are the three groups of Cree peoples in Saskatchewan?
- Swampy Cree
- Woodlands Cree
- Plains Cree
Each group speaks a different dialect
What historical event influenced the migration of the Ojibwa westward?
A major smallpox epidemic
This resulted in significant loss of life
What is the term used to describe the process of recognizing a distinct cultural group?
Ethnogenesis
This involves sharing cultural, linguistic, and economic backgrounds
What does the term ‘Métis’ refer to?
A cultural group distinct from mixed ancestry
Not all people of mixed ancestry are considered Métis
What is the median age of the Canadian Aboriginal population according to the 2016 Census?
32.1 years
This is significantly younger than the median age of non-Aboriginal Canadians
What percentage of Status Indians lived in urban areas in 2016?
55.8%
This marks a trend of increasing urbanization
What are the five main subgroups of the Dene peoples?
The subgroups are not specified in the text
The Dene are part of the Athapaskan language group
What is the historic territory of the Saulteaux people?
The areas around western Lake Superior and Saskatchewan
A map of their territory can be referenced
What is the primary basis for determining Métis identity?
Specific cultural attributes
Ancestral ‘mixedness’ is not the primary factor
What is the historical significance of Red River in Métis culture?
It is considered the birthplace of the Métis
It was where distinct Métis culture arose
True or False: The Assiniboine were originally part of the Dakota and Lakota.
False
The Assiniboine are a branch of the Sioux, distinct from Dakota and Lakota
