Module 9 Flashcards
What is the primary focus of the Western bio-medical approach to health?
The proper physical functioning of the various parts of the human body
How is health defined within the Western bio-medical model?
The absence of physical disease
What integrated approach do many Indigenous peoples in Canada use to understand health?
Holism
According to Yale Belanger, what is a key trait of Native health?
The holistic aspect emphasizing mental, emotional, physical and spiritual well-being
What does the principle of ‘Bimaadiziwin’ refer to?
The maintenance of healthy relationships with others and the environment as a moral obligation
What types of healers exist among Indigenous healers?
- Herbalists
- Medicine men (or women)
- Shaman
What role did ceremonies play in Indigenous health practices?
Promoting balance among mental, emotional, physical, and spiritual well-being
What impact did colonial policies have on Indigenous medical traditions?
They fell victim to oppressive policies and prohibitions, leading to the discontinuation of practices
What were the health conditions experienced by Indigenous peoples prior to contact?
A variety of infectious diseases and health issues, including respiratory issues
What are ‘virgin soil’ epidemics?
Epidemics characterized by unusually high mortality in all age categories due to new diseases
Name some diseases introduced to Indigenous communities during the early contact era.
- Smallpox
- Measles
- Influenza
- Dysentery
- Tuberculosis
What chronic diseases became prevalent among Indigenous peoples during the reserve era?
Tuberculosis and other chronic diseases
What was the role of Dr. Peter H. Bryce in addressing Indigenous health issues?
He advocated for preventive services for Indigenous peoples and highlighted tuberculosis concerns
What are the current disparities in health status between Indigenous peoples and other Canadians?
- Higher rates of tuberculosis
- Lower life expectancies
- Higher prevalence of chronic diseases like diabetes
What was the suicide rate among First Nations people from 2011 to 2016 compared to non-Indigenous populations?
Three times higher among First Nations people
What is the significance of the Population Health Approach recommended by the Health Council of Canada?
It focuses on improving health status through action directed toward entire populations
What are social determinants of health?
Factors that affect health beyond biological causes, including social and economic correlates
Fill in the blank: The social determinants of health model examines the interaction between health and _______.
[social and economic factors]
What challenges do Indigenous peoples face regarding access to healthier foods and healthcare?
Higher costs of healthy foods, reduction in access to traditional foods, lack of safe facilities
What notable health issue has a particularly high prevalence among Indigenous peoples?
Diabetes
True or False: Indigenous peoples have a higher life expectancy compared to non-Indigenous peoples.
False
What framework can be applied to diabetes concerns in Indigenous communities?
Social determinants of health
This includes factors like access to healthy foods, physical fitness facilities, and healthcare.
What are some critical factors in the higher prevalence of diabetes among Indigenous peoples?
Higher costs of healthier foods, reduction in access to traditional foods, difficulty accessing fitness facilities, and culturally safe healthcare access
These factors contribute to the negative outcomes of diabetes.
How does Canada rank in terms of well-being for First Nations communities?
Bottom 10 percent of countries in the world
This contrasts with Canada’s overall ranking in the top 10 countries.
What percentage of First Nations communities in Canada are under drinking water advisories?
Almost 20%
Many of these advisories have lasted for over 10 years.
How much higher are illness rates from unsafe drinking water for First Nations compared to the national average?
26 times higher
This statistic illustrates the severe health impacts of unsafe drinking water.
What challenges do Indigenous peoples face regarding healthcare services?
Jurisdictional disputes between federal and provincial governments
These disputes affect the quality and level of healthcare available.
What historical department was responsible for Indigenous health services before 1945?
Department of Indian Affairs
This department coordinated medical services during the early period of reserve settlement.
What is the impact of jurisdictional disputes on Indigenous health?
Compromised health outcomes for Indigenous peoples
These disputes can lead to tragic consequences.
What is a major barrier to health care access for Indigenous peoples living in rural or remote locations?
Lack of accessibility to health care facilities
This often involves reliance on periodic visits by practitioners.
What tragic case illustrates the impact of racism in healthcare?
Brian Sinclair’s case
He died after being ignored in the ER despite needing urgent care.
What is a key component of culturally relevant health care systems for Indigenous peoples?
Indigenous-controlled health care systems
These systems are essential for effective health outcomes.
What is the All Nations Healing Hospital known for?
Holistic, culturally safe, patient-centered services
It serves the Qu’Appelle Tribal Council and Touchwood Agency Tribal Council.
What is the significance of traditional healing practices (THPs) in Indigenous health care?
They sustain cultural identity and community connectedness
THPs are recognized as important for accessible and culturally acceptable healthcare.
What does ‘The Mothering Project’ in Winnipeg incorporate?
Traditional knowledge and western health care
It supports women who are pregnant or early parenting and use substances.
What does the social determinants of health approach account for?
Social and economic factors and their interrelationships
This approach is crucial for understanding Indigenous health issues.
What were Indigenous peoples believed to have before contact?
Relatively good health
They faced health challenges, but had intact systems for health and healing.
What traditional principles supported Indigenous communities?
Kinship and community laws
These laws maintained social order and coherence within communities.
Who played important roles in teaching and mediating within Indigenous justice systems?
Elders
They were crucial for maintaining social control and resolving conflicts.
What is a significant problem with the current state of Indigenous healthcare?
Jurisdictional gaps leading to inadequate healthcare
This is a major determinant of health for Indigenous peoples.
What foundational concepts of kinship are important for the maintenance of social order in Indigenous communities?
The act of relating and the principles of Bimaadiziwin and Wahkotowin
These principles provide protocols for expected behaviours in all relationships.
What roles do Elders play in the administration of justice in Indigenous communities?
Teaching values, warning offenders, dispute mediation, and leading reconciliation efforts
Elders’ sanction is required for collective actions like banishment or execution.
How do Warrior Societies function in the administration of justice in Indigenous communities?
As a police force, policing events like the buffalo hunt and administering punishments
Punishments may include destruction of belongings but they also provide support post-punishment.
What are some examples of social sanctions for minor violations in Indigenous communities?
Ridicule, avoidance, and shame
Minor violations include breaking gender taboos.
What is the expectation for returning stolen items in Indigenous communities?
The stolen item should be returned immediately
Parents are expected to ensure their children return stolen items.
What is expected in the case of serious crimes like murder in Indigenous communities?
Atonement or reparation, often leading to revenge or payment to the victim’s family
Restitution can also involve gift giving to settle disputes.
What was the impact of colonialism on Indigenous laws and customs?
Criminalization of Indigenous laws, customs, and cultural practices
Examples include prohibitions on Potlatch and Sundance.
What was the purpose of the Pass System implemented in 1885 for Indigenous peoples?
To prevent First Nations from leaving reserves without formal permission
Police enforced this system, though it had no legal basis.
What changes occurred in the involvement of Indigenous peoples with the criminal justice system post-WWII?
Increase in involvement due to urbanization, poverty, and population growth
Prior to WWII, Indigenous prison populations were proportionate to their general population.
What percentage of Indigenous inmates was recorded in Stony Mountain Penitentiary in 1965?
22% of the total inmate population
This percentage increased to 46% by 1989.
What is the significance of the Indian Act in relation to Indigenous autonomy?
It restricted Indigenous people’s ability to express traditional beliefs and pursue political rights
It also criminalized many cultural practices.
What is the trend regarding Indigenous women in the prison system?
They represent the most rapidly growing population of incarcerated individuals
The number of incarcerated Indigenous women doubled from 2005 to 2015.
What factors contribute to the over-representation of Indigenous women in the prison system?
Victimization, mistreatment by police and courts, and socio-economic marginalization
Their offending behaviors often stem from attempts to survive experiences of violence.
What challenges do Indigenous women face in the prison system?
Labeling as maximum security offenders, solitary confinement, and lack of appropriate programming
Programs are often designed for men and do not cater to the unique realities of women.
What are the proposed changes to the justice system for Indigenous peoples?
Culturally relevant practices, Indigenous personnel, and incorporation of Indigenous philosophies
This includes restorative justice initiatives and Indigenous policing.
What is the fundamental difference between Indigenous and Euro-Canadian principles of justice?
Indigenous justice focuses on community healing and collective responsibility rather than punishment
The dominant society emphasizes punishment to control harmful behavior.
What is the aim of restorative justice within Indigenous societies?
To restore peace and equilibrium within the community and reconcile the accused with their conscience
It emphasizes reparation and community involvement in the justice process.
What is the primary purpose of restorative justice within Indigenous societies?
To restore peace and equilibrium within the community and reconcile the accused with their conscience and the victim’s family.
List some initiatives that characterize restorative justice reform measures.
- Sentencing Circles
- Elders or Community Sentencing Panels
- Sentence Advisory Committees
- Community Mediation Committees
What is a key goal of restorative justice initiatives?
To increase community participation in addressing criminal activity.
What are some additional benefits of restorative justice?
- Reduction in recidivism
- Crime prevention
- Cost reduction
- Offering ‘voice’ to victims
True or False: The current justice system focuses primarily on the offender.
True
What are the key components included in a Sentencing Circle?
- Offender and family
- Victim and family
- Elders
- Invited community members
Fill in the blank: Sentencing Circles can last as long as it takes to achieve a sense of _______.
[restoration and balance]
What misconception exists about Sentencing Circles?
They are often perceived as ‘the easy way out’ and not tough enough on crime.
What is necessary for a person to submit to a Sentencing Circle?
The person must admit guilt.
What is the significance of R v. Gladue [1999] in relation to Indigenous offenders?
It directs sentencing judges to consider unique systemic factors affecting Indigenous offenders.
What does Bill C-41 aim to promote?
Decarceration.
What issue was highlighted by Dr. Ivan Zinger regarding Indigenous incarceration?
The over-representation of Indigenous peoples in prison has reached a historic high.
Who stated that ‘Indigenous people aren’t the problem, it’s the system’?
Patricia Barkaskis
What does the term ‘Virgin Soil Epidemics’ refer to?
Epidemics characterized by unusually high mortality in all age categories due to a new disease.
What is the Population Health Approach?
It considers the health of an overall group and aims to reduce health inequities.
What are Social Determinants of Health?
Factors that affect health beyond biological causes, including social and economic correlates.
What does restorative justice emphasize in its approach?
A holistic approach to restoring balance in the community.
Fill in the blank: Sentencing judges are directed to consider the unique _______ factors of Indigenous offenders.
[systemic or background]
What is a major challenge facing restorative justice initiatives?
They are not sufficiently used or implemented appropriately.
What did the Boushie family advocate for in the context of the justice system?
Highlighting the impact of systemic failures on Indigenous peoples.
True or False: The amendment to Section 718(e) has successfully reduced rates of incarceration.
False
