Module 03: A New Republic

Question 1

Module 03: A New Republic

A primary reason both women and blacks were largely excluded from the expansion of democracy was (5 points)

1. because they could not vote in England, many thought that they should not have that right in America either
2. because they were not considered citizens, and therefore, they could not vote
3. that both groups were seen as naturally incapable and unfit for suffrage
4. that members of neither group had asked to be included in politics

Answer 1

3. that both groups were seen as naturally incapable and unfit for suffrage

Question 2

Module 03: A New Republic

Which of the following accurately describes both the South and slavery in 19th-century America? (5 points)

1. The American South was surpassed by Mexico in the number of slaves doing labor.
2. The rate of natural increase in the slave population had more than made up for the ban on the international slave trade.
3. The proportion of slaves in the South as a whole made up only 10 percent of the population.
4. The slaves’ most important task was providing labor in factories that produced goods to be exported to European nations.

Answer 2

2. The rate of natural increase in the slave population had more than made up for the ban on the international slave trade.

Question 3

Module 03: A New Republic

In the South, the paternalist ethos (5 points)

1. led to withholding food and shelter for slaves
2. helped end severe punishments for slaves
3. masked the brutality of slavery
4. urged an end to slavery

Answer 3

3. masked the brutality of slavery

Question 4

Module 03: A New Republic

Slave families were (5 points)

1. rare because there were too few female slaves
2. headed by women more frequently than were white families
3. usually able to stay together because most slave owners were paternalistic
4. slow to name children to avoid strong kinship ties, as family members were often sold

Answer 4

2. headed by women more frequently than were white families

Question 5

Module 03: A New Republic

The question refers to the excerpt below.

“Too much has already been saying and written about woman’s sphere … Wendell Phillips says, ‘The best and greatest thing one is capable of doing, that is his sphere.’ … Leave women, then, to find their sphere. And do not tell us before we are born even, that our province is to cook dinners, darn stockings, and sew on buttons.”—Lucy Stone

Which of the following statements best connects the excerpt to cultural developments the author witnessed? (5 points)

1. Stone refers to the Cult of Domesticity, arguing that it denies women their right to determine their own way in life.
2. Stone refers to the Second Great Awakening, crediting it with enriching women’s lives beyond the duties of home.
3. Stone refers to the Godey’s Lady’s Book, explaining that women do not need instruction from men on common chores.
4. Stone refers to The Liberator, attacking the publication and its editor as excluding women from the cause of abolition.

Answer 5

1. Stone refers to the Cult of Domesticity, arguing that it denies women their right to determine their own way in life.

Question 6

Module 03: A New Republic

How does this painting reflect early 19th-century American Indian experiences? (5 points)

1. American Indians who refused to give up their claims to land were often enslaved on Southern plantations.
2. Some American Indians cooperated with the work of those who sought to assimilate them into white society.
3. American Indian tribes could earn ownership of land by working for white landowners for a set period.
4. Some American Indians moved westward with whites to build and develop communities together.

Answer 6

2. Some American Indians cooperated with the work of those who sought to assimilate them into white society.

Question 7

Module 03: A New Republic

Question refers to the excerpt below.

“When my mother became old, she was sent to live in a little lonely log-hut in the woods. Aged and worn out slaves, whether men or women, are commonly so treated. No care is taken of them, except, perhaps, that a little ground is cleared about the hut, on which the old slave, if able, may raise a little corn. As far as the owner is concerned, they live or die as it happens; it is just the same thing as turning out an old horse.”—Moses Grandy

The excerpt is historical evidence that most directly contradicts which of the following arguments? (5 points)

1. Proslavery
2. Abolition
3. Woman suffrage
4. Temperance

Answer 7

1. Proslavery

Question 8

Module 03: A New Republic

What served as the major impetus to the reform movements of the 19th century? (5 points)

1. U.S. Constitution
2. Transcendentalism
3. Utopianism
4. Second Great Awakening

Answer 8

4. Second Great Awakening

Question 9

Module 03: A New Republic

How did the abolitionist movement that arose in the 1830s differ from earlier antislavery efforts? (5 points)

1. Actually, the two movements were quite similar in every way; the later one was simply better known because more people were literate by the 1830s.
2. The later movement drew much more on the religious conviction that slavery was an unparalleled sin and needed to be destroyed immediately.
3. Earlier opponents of slavery had called for immediate emancipation, but the later group devised a plan for gradual emancipation that won broader support.
4. The movement of the 1830s introduced the idea of colonizing freed slaves outside the United States, which proved immensely popular with Southern whites.

Answer 9

2. The later movement drew much more on the religious conviction that slavery was an unparalleled sin and needed to be destroyed immediately.

Question 10

Module 03: A New Republic

American Indian removal and the colonization of former slaves rested on the premise that America (5 points)

1. was fundamentally a white society
2. wanted what was in the best interest of all the people
3. was not financially able to support all who lived there
4. provided opportunity for new land to those who desired it

Answer 10

1. was fundamentally a white society

Question 11

Module 03: A New Republic

Why did many early national leaders encourage westward expansion? (5 points)

1. They wanted to expand slavery.
2. They wanted to abolish slavery.
3. They wanted to expand trade.
4. They wanted to restrict trade.

Answer 11

3. They wanted to expand trade.

Question 12

Module 03: A New Republic

After the War of 1812, disputes with Great Britain over land ownership and use in North America were settled primarily by (5 points)

1. further military action
2. diplomatic negotiation
3. residents in the areas
4. trade agreements

Answer 12

2. diplomatic negotiation

Question 13

Module 03: A New Republic

Which of the following ideas eased Thomas Jefferson’s discomfort with the Louisiana Purchase? (5 points)

1. Congress ratified an amendment to authorize the sale.
2. Spain was no longer a threat to American expansion.
3. Obtaining land would protect the farming culture.
4. Few people from foreign nations lived there.

Answer 13

3. Obtaining land would protect the farming culture.

Question 14

Module 03: A New Republic

Why did the application of Missouri territory for statehood cause two years of intense debate? (5 points)

1. It applied to become a free state, but there were already slave owners living there who would be forced to leave or free their slaves.
2. It applied to become a slave state, but the Tallmadge amendment had wide support, which would force it to abolish slavery at once.
3. Congress had not yet determined an official process for admitting new states from the area known as the Louisiana Purchase.
4. Congress was concerned about how admitting it as a slave state would affect representation and the balance of power between states.

Answer 14

1. It applied to become a free state, but there were already slave owners living there who would be forced to leave or free their slaves.

Question 15

Module 03: A New Republic

How did expanding the national territory increase sectional tensions in the United States? (5 points)

1. Northern and Southern politicians disagreed as to whether Congress had the authority to determine whether slavery would be allowed in new areas open to settlement.
2. People moving westward to settle had little in common with people in the original states. They also had completely different political concerns, such as transportation.
3. Those living along borders often had greater social and economic connection to the neighboring countries. This complicated trade and land acquisition efforts.
4. Early national leaders promoted western settlement for agriculture, which matched Southern interests, but Northerners wanted to expand manufacturing.

Answer 15

1. Northern and Southern politicians disagreed as to whether Congress had the authority to determine whether slavery would be allowed in new areas open to settlement.

Question 16

Module 03: A New Republic

Which of the following was the greatest issue leading to the Monroe Doctrine? (5 points)

1. The United States was concerned about renewed European colonization efforts in the wake of Latin American independence movements.
2. The United States feared retaliation from Spain, as the latter was bitter over the Louisiana Purchase from France, who had only recently regained the territory.
3. The United States recognized that diplomacy was the best method to acquire new territory and wanted to assure Europe of its intentions to continue peaceful relations.
4. The United States had gained significant property in recent years, was having trouble establishing control in those areas, and needed justification for expanding the federal military.

Answer 16

1. The United States was concerned about renewed European colonization efforts in the wake of Latin American independence movements.

Question 17

Module 03: A New Republic

How did American settlers prompt U.S. territory acquisition in some cases? (5 points)

1. Since the people living in disputed areas were the most familiar with the land and living situation, they were often recruited as key negotiators for international treaties.
2. Settlers who moved near border areas and were disgruntled with conditions sometimes declared independence with the intention of joining the United States.
3. Most people were still farmers, and the depletion of good farmland in the East caused a great deal of the population to demand that leaders make new lands available.
4. Many wealthy landowners would purchase large tracts of land from foreign neighbors and then sell it to the United States for a significant profit.

Answer 17

2. Settlers who moved near border areas and were disgruntled with conditions sometimes declared independence with the intention of joining the United States.

Question 18

Module 03: A New Republic

Which of the following most directly contributed to the Adams-Onis Treaty? (5 points)

1. Spain was losing money and interest in maintaining its colonies in North America. Many were becoming independent or being ceded to other nations.
2. Spain wanted compensation for what it saw as the betrayal of France. This was the taking back and then selling of the Louisiana Territory to the United States.
3. Florida had been claimed by American troops during the War of 1812. Fighting with the few Spanish forts there harmed relations with Spain.
4. Florida had become a refuge for runaway slaves and American Indians. These groups were raiding white settlements near the border with Georgia.

Answer 18

4. Florida had become a refuge for runaway slaves and American Indians. These groups were raiding white settlements near the border with Georgia.

Question 19

Module 03: A New Republic

“If Northerners found the three-fifths rule and slavery wrong, Southerners were perfectly willing to drive home the logic of emancipation: Emancipate them and they stay where they are; and two-fifths of their number will be added to the representation, though they are not permitted to enlist in our army.”—Professor Margo Anderson, 2003

What concern of Northerners did the Southerners use in this argument? (5 points)

1. Trade protection
2. Morality of enslavement
3. Representation in Congress
4. Border disputes with Great Britain

Answer 19

3. Representation in Congress

Question 20

Module 03: A New Republic

Why did Thomas Jefferson call the Missouri crisis “a firebell in the night”? (5 points)

1. He thought it was a great achievement.
2. He saw it as a threat to the nation’s future.
3. He was impressed by the speed of resolution.
4. He had concern for the finances of slave owners.

Answer 20

2. He saw it as a threat to the nation’s future.

Question 21

Module 03: A New Republic

Question refers to the excerpt below.

“Professing a desire to civilize and settle them, we have at the same time lost no opportunity to purchase their lands and thrust them farther into the wilderness. By this means they have not only been kept in a wandering state, but been led to look upon us as unjust and indifferent to their fate.”—Andrew Jackson, 1829

Jackson could use these words to show support for which of the following? (5 points)

1. Johnson v. M’Intosh
2. Worcester v. Georgia
3. Indian Removal Act
4. Trail of Tears

Answer 21

3. Indian Removal Act

Question 22

Module 03: A New Republic

What is unique about the Cherokee story in the larger theme of American Indian resistance to U.S. expansion? (5 points)

1. The Cherokee banded together to refuse to adopt any forms of white culture and to stick to their traditional ways.
2. The Cherokee experienced success through their strategy of negotiation with American leaders and retained lands.
3. The Cherokee attempted to assimilate and use American legal channels to resolve the conflicts with white settlers.
4. The Cherokee leaders were themselves of mixed ancestry and had been raised in white culture, not the American Indian culture.

Answer 22

3. The Cherokee attempted to assimilate and use American legal channels to resolve the conflicts with white settlers.

Question 23

Module 03: A New Republic

Question refers to the excerpt below.

“GOLD.—A gentleman of the first respectability in Habersham county, writes us thus under date of 22d July: “Two gold mines have just been discovered in this county, and preparations are making to bring these hidden treasures of the earth to use.” So it appears that what we long anticipated has come to pass at last, namely, that the gold region of North and South Carolina, would be found to extend into Georgia.”—From an August 1, 1829 Georgia newspaper

How did the discovery of gold in Georgia affect the Cherokee Indians? (5 points)

1. It led several leaders to sign a resettlement treaty that gave them favorable compensation, which angered other prominent leaders.
2. It gave them greater power to negotiate with the state and federal government since they controlled the land where it was found.
3. It was on land that had already been set aside as protected for them, and white speculators were illegally entering the land.
4. It solved issues of compensation that had prevented most from agreeing to resettlement, as they could take it with them.

Answer 23

3. It was on land that had already been set aside as protected for them, and white speculators were illegally entering the land.

Question 24

Module 03: A New Republic

Which of the following placed into federal law the idea of resettling American Indians west of the Mississippi River? (5 points)

1. Indian Removal Act
2. Treaty of New Echota
3. Cherokee Nation v. State of Georgia
4. Act Regarding the Civilization of the Indian Tribes

Answer 24

1. Indian Removal Act

Question 25

Module 03: A New Republic

Question refers to the excerpt below.

“Our neighbors who regard no law, or pay no respect to the laws of humanity, are now reaping a plentiful harvest by the law of Georgia, which declares that no Indian shall be a party in any court created by the laws or constitution of that state. These neighbors come over the line, and take the cattle belonging to the Cherokees. The Cherokees go in pursuit of their property, but all that they can effect is, to see their cattle snugly kept in the lots of these robbers. We are an abused people. If we can receive no redress, we can feel deeply the injustice done to our rights.”—From the Cherokee Phoenix and Indians’ Advocate, Wednesday, May 27, 1829

In which of the following judicial decisions did the Cherokee Indians seek and legally achieve a victory? (5 points)

1. Cherokee Nation v. State of Georgia
2. Worcester v. Georgia
3. Johnson v. M’Intosh
4. Barron v. Baltimore

Answer 25

2. Worcester v. Georgia

Question 26

Module 03: A New Republic

The people from which area of the map resisted resettlement with violence for over 40 years? (5 points)

1. Iowa
2. Florida
3. Georgia
4. Mississippi

Answer 26

2. Florida

Question 27

Module 03: A New Republic

Which of the following is most similar to the background story and effects of the Treaty of New Echota, just with a different group of people in a different place? (5 points)

1. Treaty of Washington
2. Treaty of Fort Jackson
3. Treaty of Moultrie Creek
4. Treaty of Payne’s Landing

Answer 27

4. Treaty of Payne’s Landing

Question 28

Module 03: A New Republic

To what does the John Ross quote “our hearts are sickened … our cause is your own, which we learned from yourselves.” refer? (5 points)

1. The contradiction between Andrew Jackson’s speech and his actions
2. The Supreme Court’s decision supporting the removal of the Cherokee
3. The literal effects of the forced march to the West
4. The removal of the Cherokee despite their adaption to white culture

Answer 28

4. The removal of the Cherokee despite their adaption to white culture

Question 29

Module 03: A New Republic

Neamathla and Osceola were from different tribes, yet were both considered Seminole chiefs. What else did the two men have in common? (5 points)

1. They both encouraged their people to accept resettlement.
2. They were descended from both American Indians and “maroons.”
3. They violently refused to honor removal treaties.
4. They sought the assistance of their white neighbors.

Answer 29

3. They violently refused to honor removal treaties.

Question 30

Module 03: A New Republic

Which of the following is true of the Trail of Tears? (5 points)

1. Forced removal to Indian Country was a unique experience of Cherokee Indians.
2. The events of the enforced resettlement led to disease and even death for some.
3. Chief John Ross encouraged native peoples to resettle before it was enforced.
4. Effects of this removal are overstated, as other groups had a far worse experience.

Answer 30

2. The events of the enforced resettlement led to disease and even death for some.

Question 31

Module 03: A New Republic

What was the significance of the case of Marbury v. Madison? (5 points)

1. It was John Marshall’s first case as chief justice.
2. The Supreme Court asserted the power of judicial review.
3. The Supreme Court declared that presidential power was greater than congressional power.
4. The decision gave states important new powers to block a too-powerful federal government.

Answer 31

2. The Supreme Court asserted the power of judicial review.

Question 32

Module 03: A New Republic

The term “Era of Good Feelings” refers to the period of American history when (5 points)

1. the Federalist Party was at its strongest
2. there seemed to be political harmony during the Monroe administration
3. Americans united across party lines to declare war on Great Britain in the War of 1812
4. slavery was gradually abolished in all the states

Answer 32

3. Americans united across party lines to declare war on Great Britain in the War of 1812

Question 34

Module 03: A New Republic

What was unusual about the Embargo of 1807? (5 points)

1. It was in response to a British restriction imposed after a British ship sank an American ship—an odd set of circumstances, to say the least.
2. The Republican majority in Congress passed it and Jefferson vetoed it, but he was overridden for the only time in his presidency.
3. It stopped all American vessels from sailing to foreign ports—an amazing use of federal power, especially by a president supposedly dedicated to a weak central government.
4. It did hurt France more than Great Britain, and Jefferson was ardently pro-French.

Answer 34

3. It stopped all American vessels from sailing to foreign ports—an amazing use of federal power, especially by a president supposedly dedicated to a weak central government.

Question 35

Module 03: A New Republic

Which of the following best illustrates the dichotomy of American society’s attitudes about slavery in the early 19th century? (5 points)

1. Passage of the Missouri Compromise
2. Development of the American System
3. Issuing of the Monroe Doctrine
4. Nullification of the Force Bill

Answer 35

1. Passage of the Missouri Compromise

Question 36

Module 03: A New Republic

How did reformers reconcile their desire to create moral order with their quest to enhance personal freedom? (5 points)

1. They claimed that genuine liberty meant allowing others to eliminate those problems that might threaten that liberty.
2. They stressed liberation from external restraints, like slavery, and internal servitude, such as drinking alcohol.
3. They contended that self-discipline was so rare that someone had to step in and make sure Americans could enjoy the fruits of their labor.
4. They felt that eliminating temptations would lead to the natural liberty that Protestants had long considered crucial to maintaining a good society.

Answer 36

2. They stressed liberation from external restraints, like slavery, and internal servitude, such as drinking alcohol.

Question 37

Module 03: A New Republic

Question refers to the excerpt below.

“Build, therefore, your own world. As fast as you conform your life to the pure idea in your mind, that will unfold its great proportions. A correspondent revolution in things will attend the influx of the spirit.”

The 1836 passage above exemplifies which of the following intellectual trends? (5 points)

1. Evangelicalism
2. Transcendentalism
3. Abolitionism
4. Temperance

Answer 37

2. Transcendentalism

Question 38

Module 03: A New Republic

Question refers to excerpts below.

• “Still, though a slaveholder, I freely acknowledge my obligation as a man; and I am bound to treat humanely the fellow creatures whom God has entrusted to my charge … It is certainly in the interest of all, and I am convinced it is the desire of every one of us, to treat our slaves with proper kindness.”—Letter from former South Carolina governor James Henry Hammond, 1845*
• “Standing with God and the crushed and bleeding slave on this occasion, I will, in the name of humanity which is outraged, in the name of Liberty which is fettered, in the name of the constitution and Bible, which are disregarded, and trampled upon, dare to call in question and denounce … slavery ‘the great sin and shame of America’!”—Fredrick Douglass, from speech titled “The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro,” 1852*

The ideas of Hammond are most clearly an example of which of the following mid-19th century developments? (5 points)

1. The increasingly liberal nature of slavery after the South enforced stronger slave codes
2. The growing use by Northern antislavery activists of moral arguments
3. The increasing number of freed slaves in Southern states as a result of gradual emancipation laws
4. The growing tendency of Southern slaveholders to use the paternal ethos to justify slavery

Answer 38

4. The growing tendency of Southern slaveholders to use the paternal ethos to justify slavery

Question 39

Module 03: A New Republic

What was the significance of Robert Fulton? (5 points)

1. He was responsible for the construction of the Erie Canal.
2. His work in designing steamboats made upstream commerce possible.
3. His innovations led to the revolution in turnpike construction in the early 19th century.
4. He sponsored congressional legislation that authorized building of the National Road.

Answer 39

2. His work in designing steamboats made upstream commerce possible.

Question 40

Module 03: A New Republic

What problem with cotton did Eli Whitney solve by inventing the cotton gin? (5 points)

1. Whitney figured out how to remove the cotton-destroying boll weevil, and thereby, save the cotton crop.
2. Removing seeds from the cotton was a slow and painstaking task, but Whitney made it much easier and less labor-intensive.
3. Processing cotton required many different pieces of equipment, but Whitney figured out how to change the equipment more easily and quickly, saving time and money.
4. Planting the cotton took too many hours to make its growth very profitable, but Whitney enabled planters to use a machine to speed the planting.

Answer 40

2. Removing seeds from the cotton was a slow and painstaking task, but Whitney made it much easier and less labor-intensive.

Question 41

Module 03: A New Republic

The expansion of a market economy in the early 19th century is reflected in which of the following? (5 points)

1. The decline of the slave system in the South
2. The improvement of transportation and availability of goods
3. The formation of strong labor unions
4. The continued growth of home labor and cottage industries

Answer 41

2. The improvement of transportation and availability of goods

Question 42

Module 03: A New Republic

The changes to cotton and slaves from 1800 to 1860 can be directly attributed to which of the following? (5 points)

1. The dependence of the North on Southern cotton to support its growing industry.
2. The expansion of slavery into new states and territories in the Northwest.
3. The acquisition of Cuba by the United States specifically to grow cotton.
4. The reliance of France on American cotton for military uniforms.

Answer 42

1. The dependence of the North on Southern cotton to support its growing industry.

Question 43

Module 03: A New Republic

Which of the following descriptions best defines the Cult of Domesticity? (5 points)

1. Women should embody the notions of virtue in fulfilling their duties to the family.
2. The United States should assume a neutral foreign policy.
3. Protective tariffs are needed to safeguard American manufacturing.
4. Slave women need to be educated to fulfill their duties as mothers.

Answer 43

1. Women should embody the notions of virtue in fulfilling their duties to the family.

Question 44

Module 03: A New Republic

Question refers to the excerpt below.

• “But if slaves were allowed to redeem themselves progressively, by purchasing one day of the week after another, as they can in the Spanish colonies, habits of industry would be gradually formed, and enterprise would be stimulated, by their successful efforts to acquire a little property. And if they afterward worked better as free laborers than they now do as slaves, it would surely benefit their masters as well as themselves …*
• But the slave holders try to stop all the efforts of benevolence, by vociferous complaints about infringing upon their property; and justice is so subordinate to self-interest, that the unrighteous claim is silently allowed, and even openly supported, by those who ought to blush for themselves, as Christians and as republicans.”—Lydia Maria Child, from Propositions Defining Slavery and Emancipation, 1833*

In her writing, Child chides slave owners for (5 points)

1. economic greed and religious hypocrisy
2. paternalistic attitudes
3. their failure to incorporate Spanish labor systems
4. being supporters of the Democrats

Answer 44

1. economic greed and religious hypocrisy

Question 45

Module 03: A New Republic

What was the direct effect of the trend in international migration shown in the table? (5 points)

1. The Panic of 1837
2. The collapse of the two-party system
3. A rise in nativist beliefs
4. Increased regional tensions between the North and South

Answer 45

3. A rise in nativist beliefs

Question 46

Module 03: A New Republic

Which international agreement set the border between the United States and Canada at 49 degrees north latitude? (5 points)

1. Adams-Onis Treaty
2. Gadsden Purchase of 1853
3. Convention of 1818
4. Pinckney’s Treaty

Answer 46

3. Convention of 1818

Question 47

Module 03: A New Republic

Question refers to the excerpt below.

“[T]he occasion has been judged proper for asserting, as a principle in which the rights and interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.”—President James Monroe, Annual Message to Congress, 1823

To what occasion is Monroe referring? (5 points)

1. The withdrawal of Spain and Portugal from South America
2. The failed attempt by Russia at preventing American trade with Asia
3. The issuance of a threat by France to reclaim part of the Louisiana Purchase
4. The deployment of American troops to Mexico to fight for the Texas territory

Answer 47

1. The withdrawal of Spain and Portugal from South America

Question 48

Module 03: A New Republic

Which of the following groups of people would most support the Hartford Convention? (5 points)

closeIncorrect

1. Southern plantation owners
2. Native Americans
3. New England merchants
4. Western frontiersmen

Answer 48

3. New England merchants

Question 49

Module 03: A New Republic

In their treatment of the American Indians, white Americans did all of the following except (5 points)

1. make legal claims to the ancestral American Indian lands
2. recognize the tribes as separate nations
3. argue that American Indians would adopt the ways of larger society
4. trick them into ceding land to whites

Answer 49

2. recognize the tribes as separate nations

Question 50

Module 03: A New Republic

Which of the following was a direct result of the Missouri Compromise? (5 points)

closeIncorrect

1. The outlawing of slavery in states admitted after Missouri
2. The creation of the state of Maine
3. The end of balance between free and slave states
4. The creation of Missouri as a free state

Answer 50

2. The creation of the state of Maine

Question 51

Module 03: A New Republic

Which strategy did the U.S. use to help decrease tensions over the spread of slavery into western lands? (5 points)

1. Only allowed slaves to be purchased in states, not transported across state lines
2. Admitted states to the union in pairs, one slave and one free
3. Limited the number of slaves each owner could have in the new territories
4. Required states to pass laws that set up plans for gradual emancipation

Answer 51

2. Admitted states to the union in pairs, one slave and one free