Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815) Flashcards
1
Q
What was Hamilton’s Financial Plan’s objective? (1790-1791)
A
Objective:
- establish the nation’s financial stability
- bring government support to the financial interest
- encourage economic development
Long-term plan: make US global commercial and military power
2
Q
How many parts did Hamilton’s financial plan consist of? Explain each:
A
5 Parts
- Set up a system where the nation was credit-worthy
- old debts replace new interest-bearing bonds
- Create: Banks of the United States
- Tax on the production of whiskey
- Tariffs and subsidies
3
Q
Part One of Hamilton’s Plan: How did he plan to make the nation creditworthy?
A
Part 01:
Set up a system where the nation was credit-worthy
- loan money
- the confidence can be repaid
“Government responsible for debt from the War of Independence & debts of states”
4
Q
Part Two of Hamilton’s Plan: Create a Bank of the United States?
A
Part 03:
Create: Banks of the United States
- modeled Bank of England
Private cooperation
- hold public funds
- issue banknotes
- serve as currency
- loans to government
5
Q
Part Three of Hamilton’s Plan: Interest-bearing bonds?
A
Part 03
old debts replace new interest-bearing bonds
- give men of economic substance stake in new government
- government stronger → more likely pay debts
6
Q
Part Four of Hamilton’s Plan: Whiskey?
A
Part 04:
Tax on the production of whiskey
- generate revenue
7
Q
Part Five of Hamilton’s Plan: Whiskey?
A
Part 05:
- Tariffs
- Government subsidies
- encourage manufacturing
- no longer buy things from overseas
8
Q
Who supported Hamilton’s financial plans?
A
- Financiers
- Manufacturers
- Merchants
9
Q
Who opposed Hamilton’s financial plans?
A
- Those who believed the country’s way forwards was chartering (Madison & Jefferson)
- Farmers
- Strict constructionist
10
Q
Why did Madison and Jefferson oppose Hamilton’s financial plan?
A
Those believed nation’s way forwards: chartering
- Hamilton’s plan: hinged close ties with Britain (trading partner)
Madison & Jefferson: future westwards expansion
goal: nation independent farmers
Greatest threat: emerging class commercial capitalists (like Hamilton)
- threat freedom
- National band & assumption state debts → same path Britian
- Enrich wealthy rather than common folk
11
Q
Why were farmers against Hamilton’s financial plan?
A
transport in-country at the time was poor
cheaper distill wheat into whiskey → carry markets
- Whiskey tax singles out unfairly
12
Q
Why were Strict Constructionists against Hamilton’s financial plan?
A
[3] Strict Constructionists:
most opposition: South
“Believed federal government only exercise specific powers listed in Constitution”
- Jefferson: new bank unconstitutional > not in constitution
13
Q
What happened at the “Famous Dinner in 1790”?
Hamilton-Jefferson Bargain
A
Where: famous dinner in 1790
Behind the scene negotiations about Hamilton’s financial plan
Jefferson: the agreement which southerners accepted
What:
- agreed Hamilton’s fiscal program
- remove subsidies to manufacturers
- Establish permanent national capital: Potomac River
outline for construction: European model (parks…)
construction: slaves
14
Q
How were the events in 1789 and 1793 of the French Revolution perceived by the American public?
A
1789: Began
- Americans supported
- saw it as a reflection of own revolution
1793: Radical turn → executed Sun King
- and other aristocrats
- War between France and Britian
15
Q
How did Federalists and Anti-Federalists (Jeffersonians) view the French Revolution?
A
Jefferson: the historic victory of the idea of self-government
Enthusiasm for liberty:
- poles and caps
Hamilton and Washington: anarchy
16
Q
What part did the Americans play in the war between the British and the French 1790s?
A
Shaped American policies:
- “permanent” alliance with France
- The US does not want to be involved
April 1793: Proclamation of Neutrality (or Neutrality Act)
17
Q
How did the impressment of American ships by the British in the 1790s affect Washington’s stance of neutrality?
What was the American response?
A
British:
- seized hundreds of American ships
- Practice of IMPRESSMENT
John Jay (chief justice) → negotiate an agreement → (1794) Jay’s Treaty
18
Q
What was Jay’s Treaty (1794)? Why was it controversial?
A
Who: John Jay
Biggest controversy Washington’s presidency
What:
- Britain agreed to abandon outposts western frontier
- NOT have to concession rights on impressment
Conflict:
- saw as alignment with Britain (not France)
- sharpened political divisions
Led directly to the formation of Organized opposition parties
19
Q
What led to the creation of Organized opposition parties in the 1790s?
A
Jay’s Treaty (1794)
20
Q
Which parties were there in the mid-1790s?
A
- Federalsits
- Republicans
21
Q
Federalists (1790s):
- Who were they?
- What did they want?
- What was their outlook?
A
Support Washington’s administration
Wanted:
- Hamilton’s policies
- close ties Britain
Who:
- merchants
- farmers
- politicians (outside South)
Outlook:
Elitist
- refected 18th-century society of fixed hierarchy
- office: men of economic substance
22
Q
How did the 1790s Federalists view “freedom?”
A
Freedom:
- “not mean to stand up to the government”
- Only major party decree: democracy dangerous hand ordinary citizens
23
Q
Republicans (the 1790s):
- Who were they?
- What did they want?
- What was their outlook?
A
Leaders:
- James Madison
- Thomas Jefferson
Who:
- Wealthy southern planters
- ordinary farmers (rest country)
- Enthusiasm French Revolution → drew urban artisans
Outlook:
Basis: SELF-GOVERNMENT
- critical of social & economic inequality
- accepting of broad democratic participation
24
Q
What was the Whiskey Rebellion (1794) and how did it affect federalist ideas of freedom?
A
reinforce “freedom” idea of the federalists
- Backcountry Penn
- farmers resisted tax on Whiskey
- Washington dispatched 13,000 men
Only time president commanded armies in a field
no resistance
25
What were the results of the political debates of the 1790s?
**[1]** Period intense **partisan warfare**
**[2]** Enduring **expansion of public sphere**
* more people attended meetings
* became readers of pamphlets and newspapers
* rapid growth of the press
26
What were 1793-1794 ***Democratic-Republic Societies***?
Inspiration: Jacobin clubs of Paris
* supporters French revolution
* * *
Who: George Washington
Established over 50
* republicans published meetings
Federalist view: democracy out of hand
* blamed starting Whiskey Rebellion
* ended end of 1795
27
What was Mary Wollstonecraft's contribution to the renewed discussion of female rights in the 1790s?
**1792**: Mary Wollstonecraft
published (in England): ***A Vindication of the Rights of Woman***
* not directly challenge traditional gender norms
* greater access to education and paid employment
* infer need representation in government
1794: published America
28
What was Judith Sargent Murray's contribution to the renewed discussion of female rights in the 1790s?
Wrote: ***Massachusetts Magazine***
pseudonym: "_The Gleaner"_
era's most accomplished American women
29
What did the constitution say about female rights?
No explicit discrimination from involvement in the public sphere
Used to pronoun "he" in constitution
30
between who was the first contested presidential election?
1. **John Adams** (VP: Thomas Pickney) → Federalists
2. **Thomas Jefferson** (VP: Aaron Burr) → Republicans
31
When was John Adams elected?
1797
32
What crisis hit John Adams with his presidential election in 1797?
Traded weapons both France and Britain
* both took American ships with impunity
33
What was the **XZY affair** in the late 1790s?
**1797**: Negotiate alliance of 1778 in Paris
French officials demanded bribes
**1798**: **"Quasi-war"** on sea
**1800**: Adams negotiated peace
34
What was the "Quasi-War" between the French and Americans in the 1790s?
**1797**: Negotiate alliance of 1778 in Paris
French officials demanded bribes
**1798**: **"Quasi-war"** on sea
**1800**: Adams negotiated peace
35
What discourse took place in Southeastern Pennsylvania in 1799? (*Adam's presidency)*
**obstructed assessment of tax on land and houses**
*Purpose of Tax: Help pay Continental Army*
_Leader_: John Fries
_What_: released arrested men
_Adams Response_:
* arrested Fries for treason
* terrorize supporters
* tear down liberty poles
* whip Republican newspaper editors
36
What was the **Naturalization Act**?
Immigrants seeking residency live in US for 14 years (up from 5)
37
What was the **Alien Act**?
Deportation immigrant deemed "dangerous" by federal authorities
38
What was the **Sedition Act**?
*Set expire in 1801 → Adams - hopefully -reelected*
Authorized prosecution of any public assembly or publication → **criticized the government**
* opposition easily jailed
39
What was the "Reigh of Witches" (as coined by Jefferson)?
18 people jailed under the Sedition Act
* 10: "false" information
* _Matthew Lyon:_
* Editor Republican newspaper: The Scourge of Aristocracy
* sentence 4 months
40
How was the ***Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions*** resistance to the Sedition Act?
Opposition to the **Sedition Act**
"**Freedom of Expression**" center discussion
***_Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions_***
_Who_: Madison and Jefferson
_What_: Attacked Act as an unconstitutional v**iolation of the First Amendment**
* endorsed by states
* The 1790s: "crisis of freedom"
* "freedom of discussion" central to American liberty
41
What was the **"Revolution of 1800**?"
_1800 Jefferson Campaign:_
Slogan: "Jefferson and Liberty"
Won! \*Called: \*"Revolution of 1800"
* Jefferson: 73 electoral votes
* Adams: 65
42
How did republican mobilization compare with federalists mobilization during Thomas Jefferson's election in 1800?
**Republican Mobilization:**
Effective promotion
* Printed pamphlets
* Handbills
* newspapers
* * *
**Federalists Mobilization:**
Less effective
* View politics: activity small group of men
Most support:
1. New England
2. (some) in the Middle Atlantic States
43
What was the **twelfth amendment of the constitution**?
How to avoid Crisis in future: _TWELFTH AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION_
electors separate votes for president and VP
Why?
1. American people right partake politics
2. express opinions freely
3. contest polities government
44
What problem did the election of 1800-1801 cause in relation to electing a vice president?
Problem:
1. **Jefferson and Aaron Burr = 73 electoral votes each**
2. Decision up to the House of Representatives
* elected 1798: Federalists slight majority
* Grid-locked about votes
_Hamilton_:
* interevened
* Disliked Jefferson → not believe he would dismantle the Federalist financial system
* voted Jefferson
**1805: Burr killed Hamilton in a dual**
45
How did Hamilton die?
1805: Burr killed Hamilton in a dual
46
How did Congress try to prevent the Vice President's problem of 1801?
TWELFTH AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION
## Footnote
**electors separate votes for president and VP**
47
How was Jefferson's election in 1801 influenced by slavery?
Jefferson: won 41 votes from the South
Victory: **not possible without slavery**
due to Three-Fifths-Clause (1787)
48
What new law did Congress pass in relation to slavery in 1793?
Providing for local officials to faciliate the return of escaped slaves
49
What happened in the Haitian Revolution (1791)?
**[1]** Jefferson saw the [French Revolution](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Eight-812a1a4b2fda474ab65764fabbdf182a#35ac6a7649ba4a02b5fd90ec8f082efa) as a step to universal progress
* * *
**[2]** **1791**: **Slave revolution** in *Saint Domingue*
* Jewel of the French overseas empire
* Close southern US
Leader: **Toussaint L'Ouverture**
What:
* forged rebellion slaves into the army
* Defeated British forces
Objective:
* seize island
* expedition hoping restore French authority
**1804**: ***Haiti*** independent nation
50
51
How did Jefferson intend to handle the Haitian revolution?
Jefferson objective: quarantine and destroy hemisphere's second independent republic
52
How was the Haitian revolution perceived in American (by blacks and whites)?
*The country left in ruins of years of warfare*
Affirmed era's creed of liberty
_Impact on Blacks in America_
* **inspired US slaves**
* black Americans celebrated the Haitian revolution
_Impact on White Americans:_
* Refugees told horror stories
* reaffirmed fears of slave insurrections
53
How were the "rights" of slaves determined in 18th century America?
1. **customary** (given by individual owners)
2. not legal
54
What was Gabriel's Revolution (Who, Plan, Why)?
_Leader(s):_
1. **Gabriel** (Richmond blacksmith)
2. **Solomon** (brother & blacksmith)
3. **Martin** (slave preacher)
_Plan:_
march to the city from surrounding plantations
Kill/hold white inhabitants & governer James Monroe
_Why_:
hold hostages
**wanted abolition of slavery**
55
Explain the environment of the black population in Richmond before Gabriel's Rebellion?
1800: 1/2 population
* 1/5 free
The 1780s and 1790s: _black community emerged_
* Gabriel revolution rooted institution
* Many slaves read and write
* Hired themselves out to employers
***Relative autonomy** accounts for slave artisans prominent role in the conspiracy*
56
What was the effect of Gabriel's Revolution on the - relative autonomous - black community in Richmond?
Virginia legislature: **tightened control blacks**
* illegal congregate on Sundays without white present
* restricted possibility masters free slaves
Any slave leaving after 1806:
1. leave Virginia
2. (or) sold back in slavery
57
When was Thomas Jefferson elected?
March 04, 1801
58
How did Washington D.C. look when Thomas Jefferson first made it his capital?
* unpaved streets
* poor citizenry
* unfinished public buildings
59
What two components made up Thomas Jefferson's inauguration speech?
[1] **Addressed to opponents**
[2] **Policies administration would implement**
1. economy in government
2. unrestricted trade
3. freedom religion, press
4. friendship all nations; no "entangled alliances"
60
What was Jefferson's objective in regards to the "Federalist" party?
How successful was he (and subsequently Madison) at this goal?
Wanted to **dismantled Federalist system**
*First act: Pardon all imprisoned under the Sedition Act*
Dismantled after the Hartford Convention
61
What did Jefferson do during his presidency in regards to government employment and the army?
1. reduced government employees
2. slashed army and navy
62
What did Jefferson do during his presidency in regards to taxes?
1. abolished all taxes
2. Except:
* tariff
* whiskey tax
## Footnote
*Payed some national debts*
63
What was Jefferson's view on national authority (specifically the courts)?
(As Hamilton predicted) **Impossible uproots national authority entirely**
Jefferson: _distrusted unelected judiciary_
64
what was the "Marshall Court?"
Head Supreme Court: (\*Federalist) \***John Marshall**
1. believed national authority
2. established Court's power: **review laws of Congress and states**
65
Define Judicial Review:
Supreme Court assumes the right to determine whether acts of Congress violates the Constitution.
66
What was the ***Marbury vs. Madison*** trail of 1803?
fist important decision of SC
_Eve before Adams left:_
appointed number of justices of the peace for District of Columbia
* Madison: (secretary of state)
* refuse issue commissions to **"midnight judges"**
4 judges (including William Marbury) **sued for offices**
**_Judiciary Act of 1789:_**
* allowed courts order executive officials to deliver judges commissions
* The exceeded power of Congress was void
Other words:
* Marbury entitled to a commission*
* Court no power to order Madison to give it*
67
What was the Judiciary Act of 1789?
**allowed courts order executive officials to deliver judges commissions**
**The exceeded power of Congress was void**
Other words:
1. Marbury entitled to a commission
2. Court no power to order Madison to give it
68
What happened during the ***Fletcher vs. Peck*** trail of 1810?
**1794**:
1. 4 land companies paid nearly every member state legislature
2. secure right to purchase land (Alabama & Mississippi)
**1796**: New legislature rescinded land grants
* * *
* Judicial review of state laws*
Result: _Constitution prohibited Georgia taking any action impaired contract → keep land_
69
What factors played into the **Louisiana Purchase of 1803** as being a "good opportunity?"
**[1]** [Rebellion in Saint Domingue](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Eight-812a1a4b2fda474ab65764fabbdf182a#e1183ac6a775416eb63b74d6526dbf3a) → defeated French forces
**[2]** Use opportunity purchase Louisiana
* Napolean dream American empire ruins after Haiti
* agree sell for **$15 million**
70
How did the possession of Louisiana change from 1762 to 1803?
**1762**: ceded by France to Spain (due to Seven Years War → [Peace of Paris (1763)](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Four-c275817ebeb04defba035743e78bcb6e#af6ace5bbff84d24b3ada4e6c543815f))
**1800**: France secretly required
**1803**: Jefferson Purchase
71
What was the **Treaty of San Lorenzo** (Pickney's Treaty) (1795)?
Spain concerned new Treaty between the US and Britain
**1795**: Meet US representatives
* **Thomas Pinckney**
_= **Pickney's Treaty** or **Treaty of San Lorenzo**_
* protected US rights to use the Mississippi River & New Orleans port
Spain: _wanted a formal alliance_
Pinckney: stayed _true Washington's vision_
* resolved arguments & not make an alliance
* revolved border concerns
*US position-independent national elevated*
72
Why was Jefferson desperate to get his hands on Louisiana in 1803?
Why want: NEW ORLEANS
**1795**: **[Treaty of San Lorenzo](https://www.notion.so/02-05-Washington-s-Road-Map-b2cbfee46d8941dea1ab26edd03d4fff#3e46d132ccd54e9e90431b9ba2d3dffd)** (or Pinckney's Treaty)
* American and Spain
* Farmers trade through here
Affair: **French might interfere**
73
How did the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 require Jefferson to make an ideological compromise?
Abandon conviction: _federal government limited to power mentioned in Constitution_
Constitution: _said nothing about buying territory_
Argument:
1. benefits justified transgression
2. Increased agrarian character and political stability
74
What was the _Lewis and Clark Expedition_ of (spring) 1804?
Jefferson: expedition
Leader: **Meriwether Lewis** & **William Clark**
Objective: Scientific and commercial
* study geography and animals, plants
* hoped establish trading relations with Indians
* * *
Spring: Set out from St. Louis
* Most famous exploring party in American history*
with: **Sacajawea**
* 15; Shoshone Indian women; wife French fur trader
* guide and interpreter
**Rocky Mtn. → Oregon (Pacific Ocean)**
**1806**: Returned
* information
* strengthened idea America will reach the Pacific
75
How did Spanish and French institutions in New Orleans make it hard to integrate the people into the American population?
What was the restuls?
**[1] Rights of Free Blacks**: (*according to the Spanish and French laws)*
nearly all the same privileges as whites
**[2]** Emancipation for blacks: easy
* freedom through purchase
* voluntary emancipation of owners
**[3]** Women co-owners of farms (Spanish and French law)
* * *
**[1]** Blacks steady decline in status
**[2]** Adopted one of the most _sweeping slave codes in South_
* *Slaves more freedom under tyrannical Spain and freedom-loving America*
**[3]** retained principle of "**community property**" under marriage
76
What was Jefferson's reason for abandoning his general stance on staying out of international war to partake in the **Barbary War** in 1804?
Protect American commerce
77
What were the "Barbary States"?
The Barbary States were a _collection of North African states_, many of which practiced state-supported piracy in order to exact tribute from weaker Atlantic powers. **Morocco** was an independent kingdom, **Algiers**, **Tunis**, and **Tripoli** owed a loose allegiance to the Ottoman Empire.
78
What caused the Barbary War?
Barbary States: prey shipping in Mediterranean and Atlantic
* tribute from countries (including the US) protect ships
**1801**:
1. Jefferson refused an increase in payment
2. Pasha of Tripoli declared war on US
79
What happened with the Barbary War between 1801 and 1804?
Naval conflict
Ended: **US victory at Tripoli harbor**
80
How did the Barbary War set a president for American-Islam relations?
Americans first encounter with the Islamic world
The **1790s**: _attempt to establish peaceful relations_
declared: US not founded Christianity
Pattern: ***Americans viewed Muslims as exotic people not adhere to western standards***
81
How did the war between France and Britain (1803 and 1806) affect the Americans?
**1806**: each declared blockade → deny rival trade with US
**1807**: seized 6,000 US citizens
* *claimed British citizens or deserters*
82
What was the _Embargo Act_ (December 1807)?
Why Jefferson participated
Jefferson view: _US economic health_
1. need freedom trade
2. no foreign nations interfere
**December 1807: _Embargo Act_**
Jefferson pressed congress & use American trade as a weapon
"**Ban all American vessels sailing for foreign ports**" *lot of federal power for Jefferson*
**1808**: US exports dropped 80%
* neither F nor B took notice
* devastated US economy
**March 1809**: _Non-Intercourse Act_
* banned trade F and B
* until either side rescinded edits against American shipping
83
What was the **Non-Intercourse Act** in March 1809?
**1808**: US exports dropped 80% due to the Embargo Act
* neither F nor B took notice
* devastated US economy
**March 1809**: _Non-Intercourse Act_
1. banned trade F and B
2. until either side rescinded edits against American shipping
84
Who was Thomas Jefferson's hand-picked successor?
James Madison
85
What was the cause of **Macon's Bill No. 2**?
Embargo Act:
* failed goals
* increasingly violated
86
What was **Macon's Bill No. 2**?
Embargo Act:
* failed goals
* increasingly violated
**1810**: Madison new policy
_Congress enacted a measure known as Macon’s Bill No. 2, which allowed trade to resume but provided that if either France or Britain ceased interfering with American rights, the president could reimpose an embargo on the other._
87
How did Macon's Bill No. 2 affect France and Britain in the years after its implementation?
_France:_
Napolean announced repeal on neutral shipping
_British:_
Continued attacking
**1812**: reimposed ban British
88
Who were the "War Hawks?"
Group Young congressmen: **Called for war with Britain**
* Came from the era after War of Independence
* ardent nationalists
Leaders:
1. _Henry Clay_ (Kentucky; Speaker House of Representatives)
2. _John C. Calhoun_ (South Carolina)
Objectives:
1. Passion defending national honor against British
2. Wanted to:
* **Annex Canada**
* **Conquest Florida**
89
Why were Indians west of the Appalachian Mountains arguing internally in the 1800s?
400,000 Americans west of Appalachian Mountains
* outnumbered Indians
Indians: decline power → re-think stance on **assimilation**
**Creeks and Cherokee:**
Group: mixed Indian-white ancestry
Endorsed federal policy of "*promoting civilization*"
* businesses as traders
* worked as slave-owning farmers
*Angered "nativists" → opposed assimilation*
90
What was the "Age of Prophecy" between 1800 and 1812?
Tribal leaders sought the revitilize Native American life
91
Who were Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa?
* Shawnee brothers
**Tecumseh**:
[1] refused sign \*\*[Treaty of Greenville\*\*](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Seven-1159d6d140c245358589491886df17cd#b89573bd2db144e0829e05a0a3505d62) (**1795**)
[2] Traveled Mississippi Valley
Argument: alternative Indian resistance extermination
**1810**: called attacks American frontier settlements
* Died in the War of 1812*
* * *
**Tenswatawa**: religious **prophet**
1. complete separation from whites
2. revival of traditional Indian ways
3. resistance federalist policies
Following: *Prophetstown* (Indiana)
_Battle Tippecanoe: (Nov 1811)_
American forces destroyed Prophetstown
leader: William Henry Harrison
92
What was James Madison's thoughts on war before joining the War of 1812?
**1795**: said war is the greatest energy of "true liberty"
became war president
93
What was the **Hartford Convention** of December 1814 and how was it the downfall of the Federalist party?
**Dec 1814**: **Hartford Convention**
* A Group of New English Federalists gathered
* Hartford, Connecticut
* voice grievances of party
What: reaffirmed right of state "interpose" authority if the federal government violate Consitution
Then: **Andrew Jackson** national hero
* Federalists charged lacking patriotism
* Few years → **dismantled**
94
What two things caused the War of 1812?
1. Reports British encouraged Tecumseh's attacks
2. British assults ships continued
95
How did Madison's formal request for a declaration of war in (June) 1812 divide the American people? *War of 1812*
**June 1812**: Madison asked for a formal declaration of war
*Was American "an independent nation" or "colonists and vassals of B"*
Divided country:
**[1]** _Federalists and Republicans_ (*New Jersey & northwards)*
* mercantile & financial resources concentrated
* **AGAINST** war
**[2]** _South and West_
* **FAVOR** war
96
Why was the War of 1812 a stupid idea?
1. US Militarily unprepared
2. disunited
97
Under what conditions was the declaration of war in 1812 passed?
House: vote 79-49 & Senate: 19-13
1. First time the US declare war on another country
2. Approved smallest margin any declaration American history
98
What victories did the Americans have in the War of 1812?
**1812 (Aug)**: US *Constitution* deafened B warship *Guerriere*
**1813 (Sep)**: Commodore Oliver H. Perry:
defeated British naval force on Lake Erie
**1814**: B assault on Baltimore republished by Fort McHenry
99
Why were the British initially preoccupied in the War of 1812? How did they handle the US?
Initially: British preoccupies in Europe
1. Repelled 2 attempts of American invasions in Canada
2. Blockade → destroyed US commerce
100
What victories (*in relation to the War of 1812)* did the British have in 1814?
1814:
1. British defeated Napoleon & B invaded US
2. seized Washington DC & burned the capital
government fled
101
How did the Americans fight with the Indians during the War of 1812?
**1813**: pan-Indian forces & Tecumseh
* defeated
* Tecumseh killed
**1814 (March)**: **Battle of Horseshoe Bend** (Alabama)
A: Americans & pro-assimilation Cherokees & Creeks
* command: **Andrew Jackson**
B: hostile Creeks: Red Sticks
* *defeated*
**1815 (Jan):** **Battle of New Orleans**
*Greatest victory*
Where: New Orleans
Commander: **Andrew Jackson**
**Fought off a British invasion**
102
103
What happened during the Battle of New Orleans (January 1815)?
*Greatest victory*
_Where_: New Orleans
_Commander_: **Andrew Jackson**
1. Fought off a British invasion
2. National Hero
104
What was the **Treaty of Ghent** (December 1814)?
Neither sides wanted to continue
*not immediately reatch New Orleans*
1. not territory exchanged hands
2. no provisions related to impressment or neurtral shipping rights
105
What was the *War of 1812* also called?
The **Second War of Independence**
106
How was Andrew Jackson perceived after the Second War of Independence?
1. national hero
2. symbol of virtuous citizenship
107
How did the Second War of Independence influence the American Control of land?
Complete conquest area east Mississippi River
Also:
1. Michigan
2. Indiana
3. Alabama
108
What was the effect of the War of 1812 on American-Canadian relations along the border?
Further solidified divide:
Most fighting: _Detroit & Great Lakes_
Trade: _Between Vermont and Quebec_
1. *trade flourished during Jefferson's embargo*
2. saw American traders as spies
* * *
Failed attacks: **Strengthened anti-Americanism**
* even among people not part of revolutionary-era loyalists
* had families both sides
* national sentiment both sides increased
