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AP US History School > Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815) > Flashcards

Chapter 08: Securing a Republic (1791-1815) Flashcards

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1
Q

What was Hamilton’s Financial Plan’s objective? (1790-1791)

A

Objective:

  1. establish the nation’s financial stability
  2. bring government support to the financial interest
  3. encourage economic development

Long-term plan: make US global commercial and military power

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2
Q

How many parts did Hamilton’s financial plan consist of? Explain each:

A

5 Parts

  1. Set up a system where the nation was credit-worthy
  2. old debts replace new interest-bearing bonds
  3. Create: Banks of the United States
  4. Tax on the production of whiskey
  5. Tariffs and subsidies
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3
Q

Part One of Hamilton’s Plan: How did he plan to make the nation creditworthy?

A

Part 01:

Set up a system where the nation was credit-worthy

  1. loan money
  2. the confidence can be repaid

“Government responsible for debt from the War of Independence & debts of states”

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4
Q

Part Two of Hamilton’s Plan: Create a Bank of the United States?

A

Part 03:

Create: Banks of the United States

  • modeled Bank of England

Private cooperation

  1. hold public funds
  2. issue banknotes
  3. serve as currency
  4. loans to government
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5
Q

Part Three of Hamilton’s Plan: Interest-bearing bonds?

A

Part 03

old debts replace new interest-bearing bonds

  • give men of economic substance stake in new government
  • government stronger → more likely pay debts
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6
Q

Part Four of Hamilton’s Plan: Whiskey?

A

Part 04:

Tax on the production of whiskey

  • generate revenue
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7
Q

Part Five of Hamilton’s Plan: Whiskey?

A

Part 05:

  1. Tariffs
  2. Government subsidies
  • encourage manufacturing
  • no longer buy things from overseas
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8
Q

Who supported Hamilton’s financial plans?

A
  1. Financiers
  2. Manufacturers
  3. Merchants
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9
Q

Who opposed Hamilton’s financial plans?

A
  1. Those who believed the country’s way forwards was chartering (Madison & Jefferson)
  2. Farmers
  3. Strict constructionist
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10
Q

Why did Madison and Jefferson oppose Hamilton’s financial plan?

A

Those believed nation’s way forwards: chartering

  • Hamilton’s plan: hinged close ties with Britain (trading partner)

Madison & Jefferson: future westwards expansion

goal: nation independent farmers

Greatest threat: emerging class commercial capitalists (like Hamilton)

  • threat freedom
  • National band & assumption state debts → same path Britian
  • Enrich wealthy rather than common folk
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11
Q

Why were farmers against Hamilton’s financial plan?

A

transport in-country at the time was poor

cheaper distill wheat into whiskey → carry markets

  • Whiskey tax singles out unfairly
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12
Q

Why were Strict Constructionists against Hamilton’s financial plan?

A

[3] Strict Constructionists:

most opposition: South

“Believed federal government only exercise specific powers listed in Constitution”

  • Jefferson: new bank unconstitutional > not in constitution
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13
Q

What happened at the “Famous Dinner in 1790”?

Hamilton-Jefferson Bargain

A

Where: famous dinner in 1790

Behind the scene negotiations about Hamilton’s financial plan

Jefferson: the agreement which southerners accepted

What:

  • agreed Hamilton’s fiscal program
  • remove subsidies to manufacturers
  • Establish permanent national capital: Potomac River

outline for construction: European model (parks…)

construction: slaves

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14
Q

How were the events in 1789 and 1793 of the French Revolution perceived by the American public?

A

1789: Began

  • Americans supported
  • saw it as a reflection of own revolution

1793: Radical turn → executed Sun King

  • and other aristocrats
  • War between France and Britian
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15
Q

How did Federalists and Anti-Federalists (Jeffersonians) view the French Revolution?

A

Jefferson: the historic victory of the idea of self-government

Enthusiasm for liberty:

  • poles and caps

Hamilton and Washington: anarchy

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16
Q

What part did the Americans play in the war between the British and the French 1790s?

A

Shaped American policies:

  • “permanent” alliance with France
  • The US does not want to be involved

April 1793: Proclamation of Neutrality (or Neutrality Act)

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17
Q

How did the impressment of American ships by the British in the 1790s affect Washington’s stance of neutrality?

What was the American response?

A

British:

  • seized hundreds of American ships
  • Practice of IMPRESSMENT

John Jay (chief justice) → negotiate an agreement → (1794) Jay’s Treaty

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18
Q

What was Jay’s Treaty (1794)? Why was it controversial?

A

Who: John Jay

Biggest controversy Washington’s presidency

What:

  1. Britain agreed to abandon outposts western frontier
  2. NOT have to concession rights on impressment

Conflict:

  1. saw as alignment with Britain (not France)
  2. sharpened political divisions

Led directly to the formation of Organized opposition parties

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19
Q

What led to the creation of Organized opposition parties in the 1790s?

A

Jay’s Treaty (1794)

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20
Q

Which parties were there in the mid-1790s?

A
  1. Federalsits
  2. Republicans
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21
Q

Federalists (1790s):

  • Who were they?
  • What did they want?
  • What was their outlook?
A

Support Washington’s administration

Wanted:

  1. Hamilton’s policies
  2. close ties Britain

Who:

  • merchants
  • farmers
  • politicians (outside South)

Outlook:

Elitist

  • refected 18th-century society of fixed hierarchy
  • office: men of economic substance
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22
Q

How did the 1790s Federalists view “freedom?”

A

Freedom:

  • “not mean to stand up to the government”
  • Only major party decree: democracy dangerous hand ordinary citizens
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23
Q

Republicans (the 1790s):

  1. Who were they?
  2. What did they want?
  3. What was their outlook?
A

Leaders:

  • James Madison
  • Thomas Jefferson

Who:

  • Wealthy southern planters
  • ordinary farmers (rest country)
  • Enthusiasm French Revolution → drew urban artisans

Outlook:

Basis: SELF-GOVERNMENT

  • critical of social & economic inequality
  • accepting of broad democratic participation
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24
Q

What was the Whiskey Rebellion (1794) and how did it affect federalist ideas of freedom?

A

reinforce “freedom” idea of the federalists

  • Backcountry Penn
  • farmers resisted tax on Whiskey
  • Washington dispatched 13,000 men

Only time president commanded armies in a field

no resistance

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25
Q

What were the results of the political debates of the 1790s?

A

[1] Period intense partisan warfare

[2] Enduring expansion of public sphere

  • more people attended meetings
  • became readers of pamphlets and newspapers
  • rapid growth of the press
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26
Q

What were 1793-1794 Democratic-Republic Societies?

A

Inspiration: Jacobin clubs of Paris

  • supporters French revolution
    • *

Who: George Washington

Established over 50

  • republicans published meetings

Federalist view: democracy out of hand

  • blamed starting Whiskey Rebellion
  • ended end of 1795
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27
Q

What was Mary Wollstonecraft’s contribution to the renewed discussion of female rights in the 1790s?

A

1792: Mary Wollstonecraft

published (in England): A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

  • not directly challenge traditional gender norms
  • greater access to education and paid employment
  • infer need representation in government

1794: published America

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28
Q

What was Judith Sargent Murray’s contribution to the renewed discussion of female rights in the 1790s?

A

Wrote: Massachusetts Magazine

pseudonym: “The Gleaner”

era’s most accomplished American women

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29
Q

What did the constitution say about female rights?

A

No explicit discrimination from involvement in the public sphere

Used to pronoun “he” in constitution

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30
Q

between who was the first contested presidential election?

A
  1. John Adams (VP: Thomas Pickney) → Federalists
  2. Thomas Jefferson (VP: Aaron Burr) → Republicans
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31
Q

When was John Adams elected?

A

1797

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32
Q

What crisis hit John Adams with his presidential election in 1797?

A

Traded weapons both France and Britain

  • both took American ships with impunity
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33
Q

What was the XZY affair in the late 1790s?

A

1797: Negotiate alliance of 1778 in Paris

French officials demanded bribes

1798: “Quasi-war” on sea

1800: Adams negotiated peace

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34
Q

What was the “Quasi-War” between the French and Americans in the 1790s?

A

1797: Negotiate alliance of 1778 in Paris

French officials demanded bribes

1798: “Quasi-war” on sea

1800: Adams negotiated peace

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35
Q

What discourse took place in Southeastern Pennsylvania in 1799? (Adam’s presidency)

A

obstructed assessment of tax on land and houses

Purpose of Tax: Help pay Continental Army

Leader: John Fries

What: released arrested men

Adams Response:

  • arrested Fries for treason
  • terrorize supporters
  • tear down liberty poles
  • whip Republican newspaper editors
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36
Q

What was the Naturalization Act?

A

Immigrants seeking residency live in US for 14 years (up from 5)

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37
Q

What was the Alien Act?

A

Deportation immigrant deemed “dangerous” by federal authorities

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38
Q

What was the Sedition Act?

A

Set expire in 1801 → Adams - hopefully -reelected

Authorized prosecution of any public assembly or publication → criticized the government

  • opposition easily jailed
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39
Q

What was the “Reigh of Witches” (as coined by Jefferson)?

A

18 people jailed under the Sedition Act

  • 10: “false” information
  • Matthew Lyon:
    • Editor Republican newspaper: The Scourge of Aristocracy
    • sentence 4 months
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40
Q

How was the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions resistance to the Sedition Act?

A

Opposition to the Sedition Act

“Freedom of Expression” center discussion

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Who: Madison and Jefferson

What: Attacked Act as an unconstitutional violation of the First Amendment

  • endorsed by states
  • The 1790s: “crisis of freedom”
  • “freedom of discussion” central to American liberty
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41
Q

What was the “Revolution of 1800?”

A

1800 Jefferson Campaign:

Slogan: “Jefferson and Liberty”

Won! *Called: *“Revolution of 1800”

  • Jefferson: 73 electoral votes
  • Adams: 65
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42
Q

How did republican mobilization compare with federalists mobilization during Thomas Jefferson’s election in 1800?

A

Republican Mobilization:

Effective promotion

  • Printed pamphlets
  • Handbills
  • newspapers
    • *

Federalists Mobilization:

Less effective

  • View politics: activity small group of men

Most support:

  1. New England
  2. (some) in the Middle Atlantic States
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43
Q

What was the twelfth amendment of the constitution?

A

How to avoid Crisis in future: TWELFTH AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION

electors separate votes for president and VP

Why?

  1. American people right partake politics
  2. express opinions freely
  3. contest polities government
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44
Q

What problem did the election of 1800-1801 cause in relation to electing a vice president?

A

Problem:

  1. Jefferson and Aaron Burr = 73 electoral votes each
  2. Decision up to the House of Representatives
  • elected 1798: Federalists slight majority
  • Grid-locked about votes

Hamilton:

  • interevened
  • Disliked Jefferson → not believe he would dismantle the Federalist financial system
  • voted Jefferson

1805: Burr killed Hamilton in a dual

45
Q

How did Hamilton die?

A

1805: Burr killed Hamilton in a dual

46
Q

How did Congress try to prevent the Vice President’s problem of 1801?

A

TWELFTH AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION

electors separate votes for president and VP

47
Q

How was Jefferson’s election in 1801 influenced by slavery?

A

Jefferson: won 41 votes from the South

Victory: not possible without slavery

due to Three-Fifths-Clause (1787)

48
Q

What new law did Congress pass in relation to slavery in 1793?

A

Providing for local officials to faciliate the return of escaped slaves

49
Q

What happened in the Haitian Revolution (1791)?

A

[1] Jefferson saw the French Revolution as a step to universal progress

[2] 1791: Slave revolution in Saint Domingue

  • Jewel of the French overseas empire
  • Close southern US

Leader: Toussaint L’Ouverture

What:

  • forged rebellion slaves into the army
  • Defeated British forces

Objective:

  • seize island
  • expedition hoping restore French authority

1804: Haiti independent nation

50
Q
A
51
Q

How did Jefferson intend to handle the Haitian revolution?

A

Jefferson objective: quarantine and destroy hemisphere’s second independent republic

52
Q

How was the Haitian revolution perceived in American (by blacks and whites)?

A

The country left in ruins of years of warfare

Affirmed era’s creed of liberty

Impact on Blacks in America

  • inspired US slaves
  • black Americans celebrated the Haitian revolution

Impact on White Americans:

  • Refugees told horror stories
  • reaffirmed fears of slave insurrections
53
Q

How were the “rights” of slaves determined in 18th century America?

A
  1. customary (given by individual owners)
  2. not legal
54
Q

What was Gabriel’s Revolution (Who, Plan, Why)?

A

Leader(s):

  1. Gabriel (Richmond blacksmith)
  2. Solomon (brother & blacksmith)
  3. Martin (slave preacher)

Plan:

march to the city from surrounding plantations

Kill/hold white inhabitants & governer James Monroe

Why:

hold hostages

wanted abolition of slavery

55
Q

Explain the environment of the black population in Richmond before Gabriel’s Rebellion?

A

1800: 1/2 population
* 1/5 free

The 1780s and 1790s: black community emerged

  • Gabriel revolution rooted institution
  • Many slaves read and write
  • Hired themselves out to employers

Relative autonomy accounts for slave artisans prominent role in the conspiracy

56
Q

What was the effect of Gabriel’s Revolution on the - relative autonomous - black community in Richmond?

A

Virginia legislature: tightened control blacks

  • illegal congregate on Sundays without white present
  • restricted possibility masters free slaves

Any slave leaving after 1806:

  1. leave Virginia
  2. (or) sold back in slavery
57
Q

When was Thomas Jefferson elected?

A

March 04, 1801

58
Q

How did Washington D.C. look when Thomas Jefferson first made it his capital?

A
  • unpaved streets
  • poor citizenry
  • unfinished public buildings
59
Q

What two components made up Thomas Jefferson’s inauguration speech?

A

[1] Addressed to opponents

[2] Policies administration would implement

  1. economy in government
  2. unrestricted trade
  3. freedom religion, press
  4. friendship all nations; no “entangled alliances”
60
Q

What was Jefferson’s objective in regards to the “Federalist” party?

How successful was he (and subsequently Madison) at this goal?

A

Wanted to dismantled Federalist system

First act: Pardon all imprisoned under the Sedition Act

Dismantled after the Hartford Convention

61
Q

What did Jefferson do during his presidency in regards to government employment and the army?

A
  1. reduced government employees
  2. slashed army and navy
62
Q

What did Jefferson do during his presidency in regards to taxes?

A
  1. abolished all taxes
  2. Except:
    • tariff
    • whiskey tax

Payed some national debts

63
Q

What was Jefferson’s view on national authority (specifically the courts)?

A

(As Hamilton predicted) Impossible uproots national authority entirely

Jefferson: distrusted unelected judiciary

64
Q

what was the “Marshall Court?”

A

Head Supreme Court: (*Federalist) *John Marshall

  1. believed national authority
  2. established Court’s power: review laws of Congress and states
65
Q

Define Judicial Review:

A

Supreme Court assumes the right to determine whether acts of Congress violates the Constitution.

66
Q

What was the Marbury vs. Madison trail of 1803?

A

fist important decision of SC

Eve before Adams left:

appointed number of justices of the peace for District of Columbia

  • Madison: (secretary of state)
  • refuse issue commissions to “midnight judges”

4 judges (including William Marbury) sued for offices

Judiciary Act of 1789:

  • allowed courts order executive officials to deliver judges commissions
  • The exceeded power of Congress was void

Other words:

  • Marbury entitled to a commission*
  • Court no power to order Madison to give it*
67
Q

What was the Judiciary Act of 1789?

A

allowed courts order executive officials to deliver judges commissions

The exceeded power of Congress was void

Other words:

  1. Marbury entitled to a commission
  2. Court no power to order Madison to give it
68
Q

What happened during the Fletcher vs. Peck trail of 1810?

A

1794:

  1. 4 land companies paid nearly every member state legislature
  2. secure right to purchase land (Alabama & Mississippi)

1796: New legislature rescinded land grants

  • Judicial review of state laws*

Result: Constitution prohibited Georgia taking any action impaired contract → keep land

69
Q

What factors played into the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 as being a “good opportunity?”

A

[1] Rebellion in Saint Domingue → defeated French forces

[2] Use opportunity purchase Louisiana

  • Napolean dream American empire ruins after Haiti
  • agree sell for $15 million
70
Q

How did the possession of Louisiana change from 1762 to 1803?

A

1762: ceded by France to Spain (due to Seven Years War → Peace of Paris (1763))

1800: France secretly required

1803: Jefferson Purchase

71
Q

What was the Treaty of San Lorenzo (Pickney’s Treaty) (1795)?

A

Spain concerned new Treaty between the US and Britain

1795: Meet US representatives

  • Thomas Pinckney

= Pickney’s Treaty or Treaty of San Lorenzo

  • protected US rights to use the Mississippi River & New Orleans port

Spain: wanted a formal alliance

Pinckney: stayed true Washington’s vision

  • resolved arguments & not make an alliance
  • revolved border concerns

US position-independent national elevated

72
Q

Why was Jefferson desperate to get his hands on Louisiana in 1803?

A

Why want: NEW ORLEANS

1795: Treaty of San Lorenzo (or Pinckney’s Treaty)

  • American and Spain
  • Farmers trade through here

Affair: French might interfere

73
Q

How did the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 require Jefferson to make an ideological compromise?

A

Abandon conviction: federal government limited to power mentioned in Constitution

Constitution: said nothing about buying territory

Argument:

  1. benefits justified transgression
  2. Increased agrarian character and political stability
74
Q

What was the Lewis and Clark Expedition of (spring) 1804?

A

Jefferson: expedition

Leader: Meriwether Lewis & William Clark

Objective: Scientific and commercial

  • study geography and animals, plants
  • hoped establish trading relations with Indians

Spring: Set out from St. Louis

  • Most famous exploring party in American history*
    with: Sacajawea
  • 15; Shoshone Indian women; wife French fur trader
  • guide and interpreter

Rocky Mtn. → Oregon (Pacific Ocean)

1806: Returned

  • information
  • strengthened idea America will reach the Pacific
75
Q

How did Spanish and French institutions in New Orleans make it hard to integrate the people into the American population?

What was the restuls?

A

[1] Rights of Free Blacks: (according to the Spanish and French laws)

nearly all the same privileges as whites

[2] Emancipation for blacks: easy

  • freedom through purchase
  • voluntary emancipation of owners

[3] Women co-owners of farms (Spanish and French law)

[1] Blacks steady decline in status

[2] Adopted one of the most sweeping slave codes in South

  • Slaves more freedom under tyrannical Spain and freedom-loving America

[3] retained principle of “community property” under marriage

76
Q

What was Jefferson’s reason for abandoning his general stance on staying out of international war to partake in the Barbary War in 1804?

A

Protect American commerce

77
Q

What were the “Barbary States”?

A

The Barbary States were a collection of North African states, many of which practiced state-supported piracy in order to exact tribute from weaker Atlantic powers. Morocco was an independent kingdom, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli owed a loose allegiance to the Ottoman Empire.

78
Q

What caused the Barbary War?

A

Barbary States: prey shipping in Mediterranean and Atlantic

  • tribute from countries (including the US) protect ships

1801:

  1. Jefferson refused an increase in payment
  2. Pasha of Tripoli declared war on US
79
Q

What happened with the Barbary War between 1801 and 1804?

A

Naval conflict

Ended: US victory at Tripoli harbor

80
Q

How did the Barbary War set a president for American-Islam relations?

A

Americans first encounter with the Islamic world

The 1790s: attempt to establish peaceful relations

declared: US not founded Christianity

Pattern: Americans viewed Muslims as exotic people not adhere to western standards

81
Q

How did the war between France and Britain (1803 and 1806) affect the Americans?

A

1806: each declared blockade → deny rival trade with US

1807: seized 6,000 US citizens

  • claimed British citizens or deserters
82
Q

What was the Embargo Act (December 1807)?

A

Why Jefferson participated

Jefferson view: US economic health

  1. need freedom trade
  2. no foreign nations interfere

December 1807: Embargo Act

Jefferson pressed congress & use American trade as a weapon

“Ban all American vessels sailing for foreign ports” lot of federal power for Jefferson

1808: US exports dropped 80%

  • neither F nor B took notice
  • devastated US economy

March 1809: Non-Intercourse Act

  • banned trade F and B
  • until either side rescinded edits against American shipping
83
Q

What was the Non-Intercourse Act in March 1809?

A

1808: US exports dropped 80% due to the Embargo Act

  • neither F nor B took notice
  • devastated US economy

March 1809: Non-Intercourse Act

  1. banned trade F and B
  2. until either side rescinded edits against American shipping
84
Q

Who was Thomas Jefferson’s hand-picked successor?

A

James Madison

85
Q

What was the cause of Macon’s Bill No. 2?

A

Embargo Act:

  • failed goals
  • increasingly violated
86
Q

What was Macon’s Bill No. 2?

A

Embargo Act:

  • failed goals
  • increasingly violated

1810: Madison new policy

Congress enacted a measure known as Macon’s Bill No. 2, which allowed trade to resume but provided that if either France or Britain ceased interfering with American rights, the president could reimpose an embargo on the other.

87
Q

How did Macon’s Bill No. 2 affect France and Britain in the years after its implementation?

A

France:

Napolean announced repeal on neutral shipping

British:

Continued attacking

1812: reimposed ban British

88
Q

Who were the “War Hawks?”

A

Group Young congressmen: Called for war with Britain

  • Came from the era after War of Independence
  • ardent nationalists

Leaders:

  1. Henry Clay (Kentucky; Speaker House of Representatives)
  2. John C. Calhoun (South Carolina)

Objectives:

  1. Passion defending national honor against British
  2. Wanted to:
    • Annex Canada
    • Conquest Florida
89
Q

Why were Indians west of the Appalachian Mountains arguing internally in the 1800s?

A

400,000 Americans west of Appalachian Mountains

  • outnumbered Indians

Indians: decline power → re-think stance on assimilation

Creeks and Cherokee:

Group: mixed Indian-white ancestry

Endorsed federal policy of “promoting civilization”

  • businesses as traders
  • worked as slave-owning farmers

Angered “nativists” → opposed assimilation

90
Q

What was the “Age of Prophecy” between 1800 and 1812?

A

Tribal leaders sought the revitilize Native American life

91
Q

Who were Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa?

A
  • Shawnee brothers

Tecumseh:

[1] refused sign **Treaty of Greenville** (1795)

[2] Traveled Mississippi Valley

Argument: alternative Indian resistance extermination

1810: called attacks American frontier settlements

  • Died in the War of 1812*
    • *

Tenswatawa: religious prophet

  1. complete separation from whites
  2. revival of traditional Indian ways
  3. resistance federalist policies

Following: Prophetstown (Indiana)

Battle Tippecanoe: (Nov 1811)

American forces destroyed Prophetstown

leader: William Henry Harrison

92
Q

What was James Madison’s thoughts on war before joining the War of 1812?

A

1795: said war is the greatest energy of “true liberty”

became war president

93
Q

What was the Hartford Convention of December 1814 and how was it the downfall of the Federalist party?

A

Dec 1814: Hartford Convention

  • A Group of New English Federalists gathered
  • Hartford, Connecticut
  • voice grievances of party

What: reaffirmed right of state “interpose” authority if the federal government violate Consitution

Then: Andrew Jackson national hero

  • Federalists charged lacking patriotism
  • Few years → dismantled
94
Q

What two things caused the War of 1812?

A
  1. Reports British encouraged Tecumseh’s attacks
  2. British assults ships continued
95
Q

How did Madison’s formal request for a declaration of war in (June) 1812 divide the American people? War of 1812

A

June 1812: Madison asked for a formal declaration of war

Was American “an independent nation” or “colonists and vassals of B”

Divided country:

[1] Federalists and Republicans (New Jersey & northwards)

  • mercantile & financial resources concentrated
  • AGAINST war

[2] South and West

  • FAVOR war
96
Q

Why was the War of 1812 a stupid idea?

A
  1. US Militarily unprepared
  2. disunited
97
Q

Under what conditions was the declaration of war in 1812 passed?

A

House: vote 79-49 & Senate: 19-13

  1. First time the US declare war on another country
  2. Approved smallest margin any declaration American history
98
Q

What victories did the Americans have in the War of 1812?

A

1812 (Aug): US Constitution deafened B warship Guerriere

1813 (Sep): Commodore Oliver H. Perry:

defeated British naval force on Lake Erie

1814: B assault on Baltimore republished by Fort McHenry

99
Q

Why were the British initially preoccupied in the War of 1812? How did they handle the US?

A

Initially: British preoccupies in Europe

  1. Repelled 2 attempts of American invasions in Canada
  2. Blockade → destroyed US commerce
100
Q

What victories (in relation to the War of 1812) did the British have in 1814?

A

1814:

  1. British defeated Napoleon & B invaded US
  2. seized Washington DC & burned the capital

government fled

101
Q

How did the Americans fight with the Indians during the War of 1812?

A

1813: pan-Indian forces & Tecumseh

  • defeated
  • Tecumseh killed

1814 (March): Battle of Horseshoe Bend (Alabama)

A: Americans & pro-assimilation Cherokees & Creeks

  • command: Andrew Jackson

B: hostile Creeks: Red Sticks

  • defeated

1815 (Jan): Battle of New Orleans

Greatest victory

Where: New Orleans

Commander: Andrew Jackson

Fought off a British invasion

102
Q
A
103
Q

What happened during the Battle of New Orleans (January 1815)?

A

Greatest victory

Where: New Orleans

Commander: Andrew Jackson

  1. Fought off a British invasion
  2. National Hero
104
Q

What was the Treaty of Ghent (December 1814)?

A

Neither sides wanted to continue

not immediately reatch New Orleans

  1. not territory exchanged hands
  2. no provisions related to impressment or neurtral shipping rights
105
Q

What was the War of 1812 also called?

A

The Second War of Independence

106
Q

How was Andrew Jackson perceived after the Second War of Independence?

A
  1. national hero
  2. symbol of virtuous citizenship
107
Q

How did the Second War of Independence influence the American Control of land?

A

Complete conquest area east Mississippi River

Also:

  1. Michigan
  2. Indiana
  3. Alabama
108
Q

What was the effect of the War of 1812 on American-Canadian relations along the border?

A

Further solidified divide:

Most fighting: Detroit & Great Lakes

Trade: Between Vermont and Quebec

  1. trade flourished during Jefferson’s embargo
  2. saw American traders as spies

Failed attacks: Strengthened anti-Americanism

  • even among people not part of revolutionary-era loyalists
  • had families both sides
  • national sentiment both sides increased

AP US History School (21 decks)

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