Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire Flashcards
1
Q
What was the Atlantic Slave Trade?
A
slaves were brought from Africa to the new world to work in plantations
Series triangular trade routes
- British manufactured goods → Africa & colonies
- colonial products to Europe
- slaves from Africa to New World
2
Q
What was the Wool Act (1699)?
A
Prohibit export of American wool outside colonies
- Banned import of non-English wool
3
Q
What was the Molasses Act (1733)?
A
- tax on non-English molasses sold in colonies
- Objective: destroy intercolonial and Spanish trade
4
Q
Define Salutary neglect:
A
The British not enforce their laws too strictly in the colonies
5
Q
Which were the major trading ports in 18th century America?
A
Charleston
Savannah
New York
6
Q
How was the British economy stimulated by the slave trade?
A
ports: Liverpool and Bristol
finance early industrial revolution
7
Q
How did “freedom” relate to slavery in the 18th century Atlantic world?
A
saw freedom as the right to enslave others
8
Q
How did African rulers take part in the Atlantic slave trade?
How did they interact with the Europeans?
A
- played Europeans off each other
- taxed foreigners
- capturing slaves under their control
Europeans did not go inland
9
Q
How did slavery change 18th-century African economies?
A
Changed minor institution
= Central to West African societies
- wealth
- power for new Kingdoms
10
Q
Define “Middle Passage:”
A
Middle Passage: voyage across the Atlantic
- terrible
- crammed on vessels > max profit
- disease: measles and smallpox
- 1 /5 slave died
- threw dead overboard
11
Q
Why did the majority of African slaves go to America (18th century)?
A
For sugar plantations
Brazil and West Indies
12
Q
What three types of slavery systems existed in North America (18th century)?
A
- Tobacco-based plantations (Chesapeake)
- Rice-plantations (Carolina and Georgia)
- Nonplantation slavery (New England and Middle Colonies)
13
Q
A
14
Q
What was the largest type of plantation in North America in the 18th century?
A
Chesapeake’s tobacco-based plantations
15
Q
What type of policies did Maryland and Virginia have in the 18th century?
A
Mercantilist policies
16
Q
What jobs were for women and men in 1770s Virginia?
A
Jobs: (men and women)
- tobacco laborers
Women:
- cooks
- seamstresses
- dairy maids
- servants (personal)
17
Q
What was the hierarchy in 18th century Virginia?
A
Based on freedom
- Planters
- lesser planters and landowners
- convicts, indentured servants, slaves
18
Q
How did white Virginia people see free blacks in the 18th century?
A
Saw free blacks as dangerous
19
Q
What rights did Free Blacks have in 1750 Virginia?
A
- not allowed to employ whites
- not bear arms
- special taxes
- punished striking white person
- 1723: revoked black voting rights
20
Q
How did rice plantations influence South Carolina’s economy in the 1700s?
A
marketable staple crop → expands economy → increase slavery
21
Q
What stable crops did South Carolina produce in the 18th century?
A
- Rice
- Indigo
22
Q
How did indigo and rice influence South Carolina’s economy in the 18th century, in relation to the work force?
A
Required: large work force
System:
- Lot of capital investment
- irrigation systems
Economic advantages = big as possible
Therefore (compared to Virginia)
- larger plantations and more slaves
- Leaved plantations hands overseers/slaves
- mosquitoes
23
Q
How did South Carolina plantations compare to Virginia plantations?
A
South Carolina has:
- larger plantations and more slaves (economically advantages to be as big as possible)
- Leaved plantations hand overseers/slaves
- mosquitoes
24
Q
What was the Task System in 18th century South Carolina?
A
- constant supervision for slaves
- individual slaves assigned daily tasks
completion > leisure time
25
What crop did 18th century Georgia cultivate?
Rice
26
What plan did James Oglethorpe come up with in 1732
Plan: **improve conditions for imprisoned debtors and abolish slavery**
* a haven for the poor
* Allowed: _buffer_ between South Carolina and Spanish & Indians in Florida
Ban: [1] **slavery** and [2] **liquor**
* battles with settlers
* _1740s_: colonist wanted "English liberty" of self-government
* _1751_: surrendered colony to crown
* right to assembly (met in Savannah)
* repealed ban on slavery
* repealed limited landholdings of 500 acres
* *Mini version of South Carolina*
27
How did slavery in New England and the Middle Colonies compare to Chesapeake?
Less central to the economy than Chesapeake
28
What jobs did slaves in New England and the Middle Colonies (18th century)?
1. farm hands
2. artisan shops
3. personal servants
29
Explain how Middle Colonies and New England's slavery laws were less harsh than Chesapeake in the 18th century?
* marriage legal
* less severe punishment
* suits to court
* testify as a witness
* own property and pass to children
30
Explain the amount of live of slaves in 18th century New York:
Slavery present in New Netherland
* 1/5 population
* mostly **domestic** workers
31
Did Philadelphia have significant slave presence in the 18 century?
Significant presence in 1750
32
Why were Africans in America in the 18th century no "one people?"
* different places
* different languages
* different religions
33
How did African communities change in the 18th century (after the majority of slaves were American-born)?
18th century: majority slaves African born
* re-Africanized
* similar to Creoles
34
In which century were African-Americans considered "one nation?"
19th century:
Synthesis: music, art, folklore, language
35
Explain how African slaves transitioned from traditional religion to Christianity (18th century)?
_West African religion:_
* no separation between spiritual and secular worlds
* some from Christian or Islamic countries (mostly traditional African religions)
_When adopting Christianity:_
* **combined** with native beliefs
* adding Christian god to the pantheon
36
Explain Chesapeake's slave culture in the 1700s:
The 1740s: slaves _reproduce_ (due to climate)
Exposed to white culture:
* small plantations
* a large number of yeomen farmers
37
Define **yeomen farmers**:
Small landowners that farmed their own land and did not own slaves
38
Explain the South Carolina slave culture in the 18th century?
Rice plantations: **dependent slave imports from Africa**
harsh conditions and high death rate
little contact with whites
_Culture_:
* African houses
* African names
* language: _Gullah_
39
Explain the Georgia and Savannah slave culture in the 1700s:
*different from South Carolina*
Assimilated quickly into culture:
sexual liaisons = class of _free mulattos_
40
Explain the North Colonies' slave culture in the 18th century:
a small part of society → African-American slow to develop
* more mobility
* fewer opportunities to create stable families or communities
41
How did the acquisition of slaves differ in 18th century South Carolina and Chesapeake?
_Chesapeake_: **slave reproduced** (due to climate)
_South Carolina_: **dependent slave imports from Africa**
Rice plantations:
* harsh conditions and high death rate
* little contact with whites
42
How did the assimilation compare between Georgia and Savannah, and South Carolina in the 18th century?
South Carolina: **little contact between slaves and white people**
Georgia and Savannah: **assimilated into society**
**- sexual liaisons**
**- class of free _mulattos_**
43
What two components connected slaves (18th century)?
1. experience as slaves
2. desire for freedom
44
How did 18th-century slaves resist subordination?
lot of **runaway slaves** (advertisements)
* Chesapeake: pretended to be free
* South Carolina and Georgia: Florida, Charleston, and Savannah
45
What happened in the slave resistance in New York [1712]?
Group of slaves
* set fire to houses
* killed 9 whites
46
How did warfare between Europeans and Indians provide the opportunity for slave resistance in 1731 Louisiana?
Temporarily halted efforts to introduce a plantation system
47
When was the Stono Rebellion?
1739
48
What happened during the Stono Rebellion (September 1739)?
Motivated by **War of Jenkin's Ear**
South Carolina slaves
* seized store with weapons in Stono
* marched to Florida
* killed whites and burned houses
* shouted "Liberty"
Result:
* 24 white deaths
* 200 slaves dead
* Some reached Florida: _Armed by Spanish to attack Georgia_
49
What happened during the **War of Jenkin's Ear**?
England vs. Spain
50
What happened during 1741 New York City's rumers?
1741: _New York City_
* panic and rumors
* compared Salem witch trails
*not sure whether such a plot existed*
**Rumors:**
slaves planned to burn parts
allied with whites
turn New York over to Spanish / kill everyone
**Results**:
* 150 blacks and 20 whites arrested
* 34 (4 white) executed
51
What was 18th century British patriotism based on (2)?
1. Era's greatest naval and commercial power
2. powerful Parliament representing aristocracy and merchant
52
How did the 18th-century British war with France influence British nationalism?
France**: replaced Spain as a rival power**
Britain:
* large military
* high taxes
* created Bank of England
War → ***sharpened colonial and British nationalism***
53
What three components made up 18th-century British nationalism?
1. Wealth
2. Religion
3. Freedom
54
How did 18th-century Britain compare to France?
* widespread prosperity
* individual liberty
* Protestant faith
55
What was the center of the British Consitution?
LIBERTY
56
What was the relationship between Power and Liberty (according to the British constitution)?
natural antagonists
57
Which ideas flourished in Anglo American politics?
1. Liberty
2. Republicanism
58
Define "Republicanism" (in the 18th century)?
59
Describe the **Country Party** in Britain (18th century)?
group of most closely associated with the ideology
Republican
Base: _gentry_
* writings → little impact in Britain → did in America
* politicians who emphasized the role of landownership
60
What did Liberalism mean in the 18th century?
Liberalism: (then) emphasize _protection of liberty_
* limiting government power
* not interfere with natural rights of citizens
* Very **individual and private**
61
What was *Two Treatises of Government* of 1680 about?
Who: John Locke
Government \> _mutual agreement among equals_ (males)
contract \> men give up a piece of freedom (govern selves) for benefits of a law
still have natural rights
No interference from state: family relations, religion, economic activity
18th century: Lockean ideas = population B&A
62
Who had the exclusive right of liberty in 17th century America?
White, property-owning males
63
Similarities between Liberalism and Republicanism (18th century)?
1. commitment to constitutional government
2. security of property
3. helped divide 18th century America
64
Who could vote and not vote in 18th century America?
Suffrage varied \> _PROPERTY OWNERSHIP_
Purpose:
* men economic stake in society
* independence of judgement
* High distribution of property
50-80% while males in America could vote
5% in Britain
**Who could not vote:**
1. Some colonies Jews, Catholics, Dissenters = not vote
2. free blacks
3. Native Americans
65
How did voting rights compare between 18th century American and Britian
50-80% while males in America could vote
5% in Britain
66
What was the qualification for 18th-century office holding?
1. property ownership (higher normal voting) - all
2. The tradition of "deference"
limited effective choice
67
Explain the British government's policy of SALUTARY NEGLECT (18th century)?
1. allowed American colonies to pursue an **economic and political interest** in _exchange for obedience_
2. **governed themselves**
68
What powers did the Assemblies in the 18th century wants and have?
Elite → more powerful
Assemblies more assertive
1. insisted same rights and powers as House of Commons
2. most successful governers \> allianed with assembly
69
What conflict - economic-based - existed between the government and assemblies in the 18th century?
1. **Scarcity of gold and silver coins** (currency in British Empire)
2. **Printed paper money**
* Opposed by governer and London
* "worthless paper"
70
How did participation in government compare in North American colonies (18th century)?
Of the European settlements in North America, only the British colonies possessed any considerable degree of popular participation in government.
71
How did the expansion of the public sphere take place in the 18th century?
(Boston, New York, Philadelphia)
* clubs → discuss science, philosophy, politics
* men of property
* taverns and coffeehouses \> political debates
72
How did colonial printing expand in the 18th century?
* also pamphelets during elections
* American revolution: 3/4 males read and write
* libraries (acess to knowledge \> books expensive)
**1731**: *Library Company of Philadelphia* established (first library)
73
When and where was the first Library established?
**1731**: Library Company of Philadelphia
74
When was the first newspaper established?
Boston News-Letters (1704)
75
When did the idea of "_freedom of speech"_ originate and how did it compare to "_right of legislators"?_
freedom of expression _not ancient rights of Englishmen_
16th century: _phrase "**freedom of speec**h"originated_
**"right of legislators"** \> member of Parliament express views without reprisal
* no outside protection: (beheaded accusing king or practicing false religion)
76
How did censorship in Britain compare before and after 1695?
Freedom of press: dangerous
Britian:
**Until 1695:** British law required government licensing before publication
**After 1695:** no censorship
Still tied to:
* payed newspapers
* still prosecuted for seditious libel (crime includes defaming government officials)
77
How did 18th century Assemblies discourage freedom of the press?
1. newspaper defended freedom of press
2. printing contrast \> important economic success \> few newspapers attacked
78
What happened during John Peter Zenger's trail (1735)?
**Famous case involving freedom of the press**
1735: John Peter Zenger
* German-born printer \> immigrated to New York
* Newspaper: Weekly Journal
* Financed by opponents of Governor William Cosby
* corruption
* influence pedding
* "tyranny"
Arrested and copies burrned
* Attorney: Andrew Hamilton
* Argument: **not punish publisher but governor**
not found guilty
demonstrated the idea of free expression
79
What did John Peter Zenger's trail illustrate?
Famous case involving freedom of the press
demonstrated the idea of free expression
80
How was the American Enlightenment influenced by the European Enlightenment?
* originated among French thinkers \> spread Britain
* apply scientific method to political and social life
* crossed Atlantic with goods
* emphasized reason
81
Define **Arminianism**?
reason alone capable of establishing essential to religion
82
Define **Deism:**
**Deism** (Enlightenment Atheism):
*God withdrew after creating the world \> leaving it to function according to scientific law*
Things that should be abandoned:
* miracles
* revealed truth of the Bible
* innate sinfulness of mantkind
Who: Benjamin Franklin, Thoman Jefferson
83
Why did concerns emerge regarding "undermining religious devotion" in the 18th century?
What was the response?
Concerned undermining religios devotion:
1. westwards expansion
2. commercial development
3. growth Enlightenment rationalism
Fears \> inspire _revivals swept through colonial beginnings_
**GREAT AWAKENING:**
84
What was the **Great Awakening?**
1. series of local events \> tied commitment to "religion of the heart"
2. more emotional and personal Christianity
18th century: _revival of religious fundamentalism_
* response to rationalism
* desire of greater religious purity
85
What religious fundamentalism occurred in the 18th century?
18th century: revival of religious fundamentalism
* response to rationalism
* desire of greater religious purity
Ex:
_Wahhabism_: call return to early days of Islam
_Methodism_: religious enthusiasm in Europe
86
Who was Theodore Frelinghuysen?
1720s-1730s: **New emotional style of preaching**
New Jersey Dutch Reformed clergyman: **_Theodore Frelinghuysen_**
* neighbor William and Gilbert Tennent
* Massachusetts Congregationalist Jonathan Edwards
* sermons popular: Sinners in the Hand of the Angry God
* Only "new birth" save from eternal damnation
87
Who sparked the Great Awakening?
George Whitefield
88
Describe the new preaching style of George Whitefield?
declared "the whole world his parish"
* arrived in America 1739: brought highly emotional brand of preaching
* rather than being predestined for damnation \> save through repentance
* thousands went to Whitefield's sermons
Lots of **_Evangelist_** in wake
89
How did 1760s religious revivals change religion?
1. configurations of colonies
2. enlarged boundries of liberty
*_Congregations split factions:_*
* **Old Lights** (traditionalists)
* **New Lights** (revivalists)
Baptists, Methodist, Pesbyterian
criticized colonial practice of levying taxes
thought religious freedom = natural right
90
How did the Great Awakening question forms of authority?
1. critized commerical society
2. criticized worldliness of wealthy planters and sinful activities
3. (some) condemned slavery
especially in Chesapeake
revivals brought numerous slaves into the Christian fold
91
What happened during the reign of Carlos 2 and Carlos 3 (*Spanish Reformers)?*
Hoped:
1. apply scientific method to society = progress
2. preserve absolute monarchy and Empire
3. condemned Spain's past treatment of Indians
NO conclusive policy adopted
92
Why was Mexico City placed under heavy military control in 1776?
strengthened **Spain's hold northern part of empire**
Not succeed in eliminating Indian power \> Comanche and Apache dominate
Failure:
small size settled population (more Indians)
manpower demanded → impossible meet local commanders command for more troops
93
Why did Spain establish Texas in the 19th century?
colonized 18th century: **buffer prevents French commercial influence**
established complexes:
* religious missions
* presidios
few settlers
94
Why did Moscow establish forts in Alaska and California? (1812)
Moscow Ambitions:
1. **challenge Spain**
2. **fur trade, minerals, and ports**
Established:
* series of forts in Alaska
* moved to California
* **1812**: founded _Fort Ross_ (100 miles north San Francisco)
95
Why did the Spanish launch the "Sacred Experiment" in 1769?
Russian expansion alarmed Spain
launched **"Sacred Experiment"**
take control of San Diego → prevent foreigners
1774: _Juan Baustista de Anza_
* led expedition \> discovered route from northern Mexico to California
* 1781: Native American uprising \> took land route
* given distance between California and Mexico → established complexes
Results:
* farming
* converted Indians into Spaniards
96
What is the Other name for the "Seven Years War?"
French and Indian War
97
What happened during the beginning of the Seven Years War (1753-1754)?
**1753**: George Washington dispatched mission
**1754**: Tried to dislodge France from forts in western Pennsylvania
_2 years of war:_
inhumane treatment on both sides
_Mission_: *persuade French to abandon fort*
unsuccessful
1754: **Washington and Men with soldiers**
* failed
* Washington surrendered
* Then:
* Edward Braddock (against Fort Duquesne [Pittsburgh]) → ambushed French
98
What happened in September 1757 (during Seven Years War)?
September 1757: **French defeated**
* took control of nearly all of the French Caribbean & Indians
* Turned to the tide of the war
Captured:
* Fort Duquesne
* Fort Ticonderoga
* Fort Louisburg
99
How did the British victory of the Seven Years War shift world power?
18th century: **Britain emerge world's leading empire**
* After wars with France and Spain
* 1750s: Britain reach across the globe
* warfare \> global
100
What happened during the ***Peace of Paris*** (1763)?
**France**:
* France ceded Canada to Britain
* France got (from Britain): sugar islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique
**Spain**:
* ceded Florida to Britain
* got (from Britain): Philippines and Cuba
* got (France): Louisiana
Entire *_North America under British control_*
101
How did the Seven Years War strain France and Britain?
**Famine crisis in France**
sparked French Revolution 3 decades later
**Britain:**
tried to gain back wealth by increasing taxes in America
102
How did the Seven Years War change the Indian Identity?
Identity in the past:
* kinship
* language
* geography
* no well formed ideas about nation or race
Warfare and atrocities towards Indians:
**created pan-Indian identity**
103
How did The Seven Years War create religious unity among Indians?
Prophets encouraged Indians to unite based on shared _conflict with Anglo-Americas_
104
How did the departure of France affect the power balance amount Indians?
* eliminated power balance allowed **Iroquois to remain autonomy**
* **Treaty of Paris:** Indians dependent on British
* Period of **confusion**:
land, fur trade, and tribal relations
105
What happened during *Pontiac's Rebellion (1763)?*
1763: **Indians in Ohio valley and Great Lakes rebelled**
Named after _Ottawa war leader_
However, rebellion more to **do with Neolin** (Delaware religious prophet)
* reject European technology
* free from commercial ties and dependence of alcohol
* clothe like ancestors
* drive away British (friendly French could remain)
Neolin: believed _the pan-Indian movement_
106
What directly influenced the Proclamation of 1763?
1763: **Indians besieged Detroit and other forts**
* killed hundreds of settlers
* Indians: Ottawas and Hurons
* British counterattack
tribes made peace
107
What was the *Proclamation of 1763?*
1. Prohibited colonial settlements further than Appalachian Mountains
2. banned sale of Native American lands to individuals
**Motivations?**
* not to protect Indians
* stabilize situation and avoid conflict
**Results**: _Settlers mad_
* ignored proclamation
* George Washington ordered agents to buy up land
* **Further exacerbated relations**
108
How did the Seven Years War affect Pennsylvania?
conflict _scared rule of Quakers_
the final blow to the colony's policy of accommodation for Indians
* citizens demanded a more aggressive stance
* governor: raised militia, declared war on Delawares, bounties for Indian scalps
* Many of the assembly's pacifist Quakers resigned
* ending control on Penn politics
109
How did December 1763 end *Pennsylvania's Holy Experiment?*
1. 50 Scotch-Irish farmers from Penn
2. an attacked Indian village of Conestoga
3. marched on Philadelphia (intending to attack Moravian Indians)
Ended Pennsylvania's Holy Experiment
110
What was the ***Albany Plan of Union*** (1754)?
Drafted: _Benjamin Franklin_
* envisioned creation of a Grand Council
* delegated each colony
* power levy taxes and deal with Indian relations
Rejected assemblies \> _would be curtail for power_
111
How did Participation in the Seven Years War affect American Patriotism?
**1. Strengthened pride**
* Americans never more British than in 1763*
2. Defeat Catholic French: **enforce Protestantism and freedom**
112
113
What were the two results of Pontiac's Rebellion (1763)?
1. Proclamation of 1763
2. promise meet Treaty of Easton
114
How did the Seven Years War effect American-British Relationships going forwards?
Increased conflict
1. _widespread smuggling_ → British saw as lack of loyalty
2. _British dealings with Indians_ → Americans angry
Some historians mark 1763 as a t**urning point in colonists loyalty to British**
_Americans_:
* America's tie Britian: feared French and Indian alliance
* France gone → no need Britian
_British_:
* King Goerge III thought Americans help pay for war
115
How did the American-Indian dealings show American disregard for Indians after the Seven years War?
1. Regened gift-giving traditions
2. Went agianst Treaty of Easton
116
Why did most Indians ally with the French in the Seven Years War?
Been pushed back by Anglo-English
France not settling vast tracts of land
117
What was the Iroquois Confederacy's contribution to the Seven Years War?
Some Iroquois Confederacy → **enemies with French (due to Beaver War)**
few actually fight
1763:
American leaders loosing side
Indians wanted return roots (sided with visionary Neolin)
118
How did the Ohio Company set off the Seven years War in 1749?
Ohio Company → **massive land grant** (to southern border of Lake Erie)
* few whites era
**France**:
* refusal recognize British claim to area
* Send Canadian troops
* Indians unhappy
119
What was the "Plan of Union" posed by Benjamin Franklin?
_Who_: Benjamin Franklin
Approved Albany Conference
**Unite colonies under elected assembly with British-approved leaders**
* rejected colonial leaders
120
What was the **Treaty of Easton**? Was it ever enforced?
British succeed steal some of the Indian support for France
Why: **promise "clear and fix boundaries" between white and Indian land**
* After war: neglected keeping promise
121
