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AP US History School > Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire > Flashcards

Chapter 04: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the Atlantic Slave Trade?

A

slaves were brought from Africa to the new world to work in plantations

Series triangular trade routes

  1. British manufactured goods → Africa & colonies
  2. colonial products to Europe
  3. slaves from Africa to New World
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2
Q

What was the Wool Act (1699)?

A

Prohibit export of American wool outside colonies
- Banned import of non-English wool

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3
Q

What was the Molasses Act (1733)?

A
  • tax on non-English molasses sold in colonies
  • Objective: destroy intercolonial and Spanish trade
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4
Q

Define Salutary neglect:

A

The British not enforce their laws too strictly in the colonies

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5
Q

Which were the major trading ports in 18th century America?

A

Charleston

Savannah

New York

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6
Q

How was the British economy stimulated by the slave trade?

A

ports: Liverpool and Bristol

finance early industrial revolution

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7
Q

How did “freedom” relate to slavery in the 18th century Atlantic world?

A

saw freedom as the right to enslave others

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8
Q

How did African rulers take part in the Atlantic slave trade?

How did they interact with the Europeans?

A
  1. played Europeans off each other
  2. taxed foreigners
  3. capturing slaves under their control

Europeans did not go inland

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9
Q

How did slavery change 18th-century African economies?

A

Changed minor institution

= Central to West African societies

  • wealth
  • power for new Kingdoms
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10
Q

Define “Middle Passage:”

A

Middle Passage: voyage across the Atlantic

  • terrible
  • crammed on vessels > max profit
  • disease: measles and smallpox
  • 1 /5 slave died
    • threw dead overboard
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11
Q

Why did the majority of African slaves go to America (18th century)?

A

For sugar plantations

Brazil and West Indies

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12
Q

What three types of slavery systems existed in North America (18th century)?

A
  1. Tobacco-based plantations (Chesapeake)
  2. Rice-plantations (Carolina and Georgia)
  3. Nonplantation slavery (New England and Middle Colonies)
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13
Q
A
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14
Q

What was the largest type of plantation in North America in the 18th century?

A

Chesapeake’s tobacco-based plantations

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15
Q

What type of policies did Maryland and Virginia have in the 18th century?

A

Mercantilist policies

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16
Q

What jobs were for women and men in 1770s Virginia?

A

Jobs: (men and women)

  • tobacco laborers

Women:

  • cooks
  • seamstresses
  • dairy maids
  • servants (personal)
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17
Q

What was the hierarchy in 18th century Virginia?

A

Based on freedom

  1. Planters
  2. lesser planters and landowners
  3. convicts, indentured servants, slaves
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18
Q

How did white Virginia people see free blacks in the 18th century?

A

Saw free blacks as dangerous

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19
Q

What rights did Free Blacks have in 1750 Virginia?

A
  • not allowed to employ whites
  • not bear arms
  • special taxes
  • punished striking white person
  • 1723: revoked black voting rights
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20
Q

How did rice plantations influence South Carolina’s economy in the 1700s?

A

marketable staple crop → expands economy → increase slavery

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21
Q

What stable crops did South Carolina produce in the 18th century?

A
  1. Rice
  2. Indigo
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22
Q

How did indigo and rice influence South Carolina’s economy in the 18th century, in relation to the work force?

A

Required: large work force

System:

  • Lot of capital investment
  • irrigation systems

Economic advantages = big as possible

Therefore (compared to Virginia)

  • larger plantations and more slaves
  • Leaved plantations hands overseers/slaves
  • mosquitoes
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23
Q

How did South Carolina plantations compare to Virginia plantations?

A

South Carolina has:

  • larger plantations and more slaves (economically advantages to be as big as possible)
  • Leaved plantations hand overseers/slaves
  • mosquitoes
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24
Q

What was the Task System in 18th century South Carolina?

A
  • constant supervision for slaves
  • individual slaves assigned daily tasks

completion > leisure time

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25
Q

What crop did 18th century Georgia cultivate?

A

Rice

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26
Q

What plan did James Oglethorpe come up with in 1732

A

Plan: improve conditions for imprisoned debtors and abolish slavery

  • a haven for the poor
  • Allowed: buffer between South Carolina and Spanish & Indians in Florida

Ban: [1] slavery and [2] liquor

  • battles with settlers
  • 1740s: colonist wanted “English liberty” of self-government
  • 1751: surrendered colony to crown
  • right to assembly (met in Savannah)
  • repealed ban on slavery
  • repealed limited landholdings of 500 acres
  • Mini version of South Carolina
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27
Q

How did slavery in New England and the Middle Colonies compare to Chesapeake?

A

Less central to the economy than Chesapeake

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28
Q

What jobs did slaves in New England and the Middle Colonies (18th century)?

A
  1. farm hands
  2. artisan shops
  3. personal servants
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29
Q

Explain how Middle Colonies and New England’s slavery laws were less harsh than Chesapeake in the 18th century?

A
  • marriage legal
  • less severe punishment
  • suits to court
  • testify as a witness
  • own property and pass to children
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30
Q

Explain the amount of live of slaves in 18th century New York:

A

Slavery present in New Netherland

  • 1/5 population
  • mostly domestic workers
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31
Q

Did Philadelphia have significant slave presence in the 18 century?

A

Significant presence in 1750

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32
Q

Why were Africans in America in the 18th century no “one people?”

A
  • different places
  • different languages
  • different religions
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33
Q

How did African communities change in the 18th century (after the majority of slaves were American-born)?

A

18th century: majority slaves African born

  • re-Africanized
  • similar to Creoles
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34
Q

In which century were African-Americans considered “one nation?”

A

19th century:

Synthesis: music, art, folklore, language

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35
Q

Explain how African slaves transitioned from traditional religion to Christianity (18th century)?

A

West African religion:

  • no separation between spiritual and secular worlds
  • some from Christian or Islamic countries (mostly traditional African religions)

When adopting Christianity:

  • combined with native beliefs
  • adding Christian god to the pantheon
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36
Q

Explain Chesapeake’s slave culture in the 1700s:

A

The 1740s: slaves reproduce (due to climate)

Exposed to white culture:

  • small plantations
  • a large number of yeomen farmers
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37
Q

Define yeomen farmers:

A

Small landowners that farmed their own land and did not own slaves

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38
Q

Explain the South Carolina slave culture in the 18th century?

A

Rice plantations: dependent slave imports from Africa

harsh conditions and high death rate

little contact with whites

Culture:

  • African houses
  • African names
  • language: Gullah
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39
Q

Explain the Georgia and Savannah slave culture in the 1700s:

A

different from South Carolina

Assimilated quickly into culture:

sexual liaisons = class of free mulattos

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40
Q

Explain the North Colonies’ slave culture in the 18th century:

A

a small part of society → African-American slow to develop

  • more mobility
  • fewer opportunities to create stable families or communities
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41
Q

How did the acquisition of slaves differ in 18th century South Carolina and Chesapeake?

A

Chesapeake: slave reproduced (due to climate)

South Carolina: dependent slave imports from Africa

Rice plantations:

  • harsh conditions and high death rate
  • little contact with whites
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42
Q

How did the assimilation compare between Georgia and Savannah, and South Carolina in the 18th century?

A

South Carolina: little contact between slaves and white people

Georgia and Savannah: assimilated into society

- sexual liaisons

- class of free mulattos

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43
Q

What two components connected slaves (18th century)?

A
  1. experience as slaves
  2. desire for freedom
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44
Q

How did 18th-century slaves resist subordination?

A

lot of runaway slaves (advertisements)

  • Chesapeake: pretended to be free
  • South Carolina and Georgia: Florida, Charleston, and Savannah
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45
Q

What happened in the slave resistance in New York [1712]?

A

Group of slaves

  • set fire to houses
  • killed 9 whites
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46
Q

How did warfare between Europeans and Indians provide the opportunity for slave resistance in 1731 Louisiana?

A

Temporarily halted efforts to introduce a plantation system

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47
Q

When was the Stono Rebellion?

A

1739

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48
Q

What happened during the Stono Rebellion (September 1739)?

A

Motivated by War of Jenkin’s Ear

South Carolina slaves

  • seized store with weapons in Stono
  • marched to Florida
  • killed whites and burned houses
  • shouted “Liberty”

Result:

  • 24 white deaths
  • 200 slaves dead
  • Some reached Florida: Armed by Spanish to attack Georgia
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49
Q

What happened during the War of Jenkin’s Ear?

A

England vs. Spain

50
Q

What happened during 1741 New York City’s rumers?

A

1741: New York City

  • panic and rumors
  • compared Salem witch trails

not sure whether such a plot existed

Rumors:

slaves planned to burn parts

allied with whites

turn New York over to Spanish / kill everyone

Results:

  • 150 blacks and 20 whites arrested
  • 34 (4 white) executed
51
Q

What was 18th century British patriotism based on (2)?

A
  1. Era’s greatest naval and commercial power
  2. powerful Parliament representing aristocracy and merchant
52
Q

How did the 18th-century British war with France influence British nationalism?

A

France: replaced Spain as a rival power

Britain:

  • large military
  • high taxes
  • created Bank of England

War → sharpened colonial and British nationalism

53
Q

What three components made up 18th-century British nationalism?

A
  1. Wealth
  2. Religion
  3. Freedom
54
Q

How did 18th-century Britain compare to France?

A
  • widespread prosperity
  • individual liberty
  • Protestant faith
55
Q

What was the center of the British Consitution?

A

LIBERTY

56
Q

What was the relationship between Power and Liberty (according to the British constitution)?

A

natural antagonists

57
Q

Which ideas flourished in Anglo American politics?

A
  1. Liberty
  2. Republicanism
58
Q

Define “Republicanism” (in the 18th century)?

A
59
Q

Describe the Country Party in Britain (18th century)?

A

group of most closely associated with the ideology

Republican

Base: gentry

  • writings → little impact in Britain → did in America
  • politicians who emphasized the role of landownership
60
Q

What did Liberalism mean in the 18th century?

A

Liberalism: (then) emphasize protection of liberty

  • limiting government power
  • not interfere with natural rights of citizens
  • Very individual and private
61
Q

What was Two Treatises of Government of 1680 about?

A

Who: John Locke

Government > mutual agreement among equals (males)

contract > men give up a piece of freedom (govern selves) for benefits of a law

still have natural rights

No interference from state: family relations, religion, economic activity

18th century: Lockean ideas = population B&A

62
Q

Who had the exclusive right of liberty in 17th century America?

A

White, property-owning males

63
Q

Similarities between Liberalism and Republicanism (18th century)?

A
  1. commitment to constitutional government
  2. security of property
  3. helped divide 18th century America
64
Q

Who could vote and not vote in 18th century America?

A

Suffrage varied > PROPERTY OWNERSHIP

Purpose:

  • men economic stake in society
  • independence of judgement
  • High distribution of property

50-80% while males in America could vote

5% in Britain

Who could not vote:

  1. Some colonies Jews, Catholics, Dissenters = not vote
  2. free blacks
  3. Native Americans
65
Q

How did voting rights compare between 18th century American and Britian

A

50-80% while males in America could vote

5% in Britain

66
Q

What was the qualification for 18th-century office holding?

A
  1. property ownership (higher normal voting) - all
  2. The tradition of “deference”

limited effective choice

67
Q

Explain the British government’s policy of SALUTARY NEGLECT (18th century)?

A
  1. allowed American colonies to pursue an economic and political interest in exchange for obedience
  2. governed themselves
68
Q

What powers did the Assemblies in the 18th century wants and have?

A

Elite → more powerful

Assemblies more assertive

  1. insisted same rights and powers as House of Commons
  2. most successful governers > allianed with assembly
69
Q

What conflict - economic-based - existed between the government and assemblies in the 18th century?

A
  1. Scarcity of gold and silver coins (currency in British Empire)
  2. Printed paper money
  • Opposed by governer and London
  • “worthless paper”
70
Q

How did participation in government compare in North American colonies (18th century)?

A

Of the European settlements in North America, only the British colonies possessed any considerable degree of popular participation in government.

71
Q

How did the expansion of the public sphere take place in the 18th century?

A

(Boston, New York, Philadelphia)

  • clubs → discuss science, philosophy, politics
  • men of property
  • taverns and coffeehouses > political debates
72
Q

How did colonial printing expand in the 18th century?

A
  • also pamphelets during elections
  • American revolution: 3/4 males read and write
  • libraries (acess to knowledge > books expensive)

1731: Library Company of Philadelphia established (first library)

73
Q

When and where was the first Library established?

A

1731: Library Company of Philadelphia

74
Q

When was the first newspaper established?

A

Boston News-Letters (1704)

75
Q

When did the idea of “freedom of speech” originate and how did it compare to “right of legislators”?

A

freedom of expression not ancient rights of Englishmen

16th century: phrase “freedom of speech”originated

“right of legislators” > member of Parliament express views without reprisal

  • no outside protection: (beheaded accusing king or practicing false religion)
76
Q

How did censorship in Britain compare before and after 1695?

A

Freedom of press: dangerous

Britian:

Until 1695: British law required government licensing before publication

After 1695: no censorship

Still tied to:

  • payed newspapers
  • still prosecuted for seditious libel (crime includes defaming government officials)
77
Q

How did 18th century Assemblies discourage freedom of the press?

A
  1. newspaper defended freedom of press
  2. printing contrast > important economic success > few newspapers attacked
78
Q

What happened during John Peter Zenger’s trail (1735)?

A

Famous case involving freedom of the press

1735: John Peter Zenger

  • German-born printer > immigrated to New York
  • Newspaper: Weekly Journal
  • Financed by opponents of Governor William Cosby
  • corruption
  • influence pedding
  • “tyranny”

Arrested and copies burrned

  • Attorney: Andrew Hamilton
  • Argument: not punish publisher but governor

not found guilty

demonstrated the idea of free expression

79
Q

What did John Peter Zenger’s trail illustrate?

A

Famous case involving freedom of the press

demonstrated the idea of free expression

80
Q

How was the American Enlightenment influenced by the European Enlightenment?

A
  • originated among French thinkers > spread Britain
  • apply scientific method to political and social life
  • crossed Atlantic with goods
  • emphasized reason
81
Q

Define Arminianism?

A

reason alone capable of establishing essential to religion

82
Q

Define Deism:

A

Deism (Enlightenment Atheism):

God withdrew after creating the world > leaving it to function according to scientific law

Things that should be abandoned:

  • miracles
  • revealed truth of the Bible
  • innate sinfulness of mantkind

Who: Benjamin Franklin, Thoman Jefferson

83
Q

Why did concerns emerge regarding “undermining religious devotion” in the 18th century?

What was the response?

A

Concerned undermining religios devotion:

  1. westwards expansion
  2. commercial development
  3. growth Enlightenment rationalism

Fears > inspire revivals swept through colonial beginnings

GREAT AWAKENING:

84
Q

What was the Great Awakening?

A
  1. series of local events > tied commitment to “religion of the heart”
  2. more emotional and personal Christianity

18th century: revival of religious fundamentalism

  • response to rationalism
  • desire of greater religious purity
85
Q

What religious fundamentalism occurred in the 18th century?

A

18th century: revival of religious fundamentalism

  • response to rationalism
  • desire of greater religious purity

Ex:

Wahhabism: call return to early days of Islam

Methodism: religious enthusiasm in Europe

86
Q

Who was Theodore Frelinghuysen?

A

1720s-1730s: New emotional style of preaching

New Jersey Dutch Reformed clergyman: Theodore Frelinghuysen

  • neighbor William and Gilbert Tennent
  • Massachusetts Congregationalist Jonathan Edwards
  • sermons popular: Sinners in the Hand of the Angry God
  • Only “new birth” save from eternal damnation
87
Q

Who sparked the Great Awakening?

A

George Whitefield

88
Q

Describe the new preaching style of George Whitefield?

A

declared “the whole world his parish”

  • arrived in America 1739: brought highly emotional brand of preaching
  • rather than being predestined for damnation > save through repentance
  • thousands went to Whitefield’s sermons

Lots of Evangelist in wake

89
Q

How did 1760s religious revivals change religion?

A
  1. configurations of colonies
  2. enlarged boundries of liberty

Congregations split factions:

  • Old Lights (traditionalists)
  • New Lights (revivalists)

Baptists, Methodist, Pesbyterian

criticized colonial practice of levying taxes

thought religious freedom = natural right

90
Q

How did the Great Awakening question forms of authority?

A
  1. critized commerical society
  2. criticized worldliness of wealthy planters and sinful activities
  3. (some) condemned slavery

especially in Chesapeake

revivals brought numerous slaves into the Christian fold

91
Q

What happened during the reign of Carlos 2 and Carlos 3 (Spanish Reformers)?

A

Hoped:

  1. apply scientific method to society = progress
  2. preserve absolute monarchy and Empire
  3. condemned Spain’s past treatment of Indians

NO conclusive policy adopted

92
Q

Why was Mexico City placed under heavy military control in 1776?

A

strengthened Spain’s hold northern part of empire

Not succeed in eliminating Indian power > Comanche and Apache dominate

Failure:

small size settled population (more Indians)

manpower demanded → impossible meet local commanders command for more troops

93
Q

Why did Spain establish Texas in the 19th century?

A

colonized 18th century: buffer prevents French commercial influence

established complexes:

  • religious missions
  • presidios

few settlers

94
Q

Why did Moscow establish forts in Alaska and California? (1812)

A

Moscow Ambitions:

  1. challenge Spain
  2. fur trade, minerals, and ports

Established:

  • series of forts in Alaska
  • moved to California
  • 1812: founded Fort Ross (100 miles north San Francisco)
95
Q

Why did the Spanish launch the “Sacred Experiment” in 1769?

A

Russian expansion alarmed Spain

launched “Sacred Experiment”

take control of San Diego → prevent foreigners

1774: Juan Baustista de Anza

  • led expedition > discovered route from northern Mexico to California
  • 1781: Native American uprising > took land route
  • given distance between California and Mexico → established complexes

Results:

  • farming
  • converted Indians into Spaniards
96
Q

What is the Other name for the “Seven Years War?”

A

French and Indian War

97
Q

What happened during the beginning of the Seven Years War (1753-1754)?

A

1753: George Washington dispatched mission

1754: Tried to dislodge France from forts in western Pennsylvania

2 years of war:

inhumane treatment on both sides

Mission: persuade French to abandon fort

unsuccessful

1754: Washington and Men with soldiers

  • failed
  • Washington surrendered
  • Then:
  • Edward Braddock (against Fort Duquesne [Pittsburgh]) → ambushed French
98
Q

What happened in September 1757 (during Seven Years War)?

A

September 1757: French defeated

  • took control of nearly all of the French Caribbean & Indians
  • Turned to the tide of the war

Captured:

  • Fort Duquesne
  • Fort Ticonderoga
  • Fort Louisburg
99
Q

How did the British victory of the Seven Years War shift world power?

A

18th century: Britain emerge world’s leading empire

  • After wars with France and Spain
  • 1750s: Britain reach across the globe
  • warfare > global
100
Q

What happened during the Peace of Paris (1763)?

A

France:

  • France ceded Canada to Britain
  • France got (from Britain): sugar islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique

Spain:

  • ceded Florida to Britain
  • got (from Britain): Philippines and Cuba
  • got (France): Louisiana

Entire North America under British control

101
Q

How did the Seven Years War strain France and Britain?

A

Famine crisis in France

sparked French Revolution 3 decades later

Britain:

tried to gain back wealth by increasing taxes in America

102
Q

How did the Seven Years War change the Indian Identity?

A

Identity in the past:

  • kinship
  • language
  • geography
  • no well formed ideas about nation or race

Warfare and atrocities towards Indians:

created pan-Indian identity

103
Q

How did The Seven Years War create religious unity among Indians?

A

Prophets encouraged Indians to unite based on shared conflict with Anglo-Americas

104
Q

How did the departure of France affect the power balance amount Indians?

A
  • eliminated power balance allowed Iroquois to remain autonomy
  • Treaty of Paris: Indians dependent on British
  • Period of confusion:

land, fur trade, and tribal relations

105
Q

What happened during Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)?

A

1763: Indians in Ohio valley and Great Lakes rebelled

Named after Ottawa war leader

However, rebellion more to do with Neolin (Delaware religious prophet)

  • reject European technology
  • free from commercial ties and dependence of alcohol
  • clothe like ancestors
  • drive away British (friendly French could remain)

Neolin: believed the pan-Indian movement

106
Q

What directly influenced the Proclamation of 1763?

A

1763: Indians besieged Detroit and other forts

  • killed hundreds of settlers
  • Indians: Ottawas and Hurons
  • British counterattack

tribes made peace

107
Q

What was the Proclamation of 1763?

A
  1. Prohibited colonial settlements further than Appalachian Mountains
  2. banned sale of Native American lands to individuals

Motivations?

  • not to protect Indians
  • stabilize situation and avoid conflict

Results: Settlers mad

  • ignored proclamation
  • George Washington ordered agents to buy up land
  • Further exacerbated relations
108
Q

How did the Seven Years War affect Pennsylvania?

A

conflict scared rule of Quakers

the final blow to the colony’s policy of accommodation for Indians

  • citizens demanded a more aggressive stance
  • governor: raised militia, declared war on Delawares, bounties for Indian scalps
  • Many of the assembly’s pacifist Quakers resigned
  • ending control on Penn politics
109
Q

How did December 1763 end Pennsylvania’s Holy Experiment?

A
  1. 50 Scotch-Irish farmers from Penn
  2. an attacked Indian village of Conestoga
  3. marched on Philadelphia (intending to attack Moravian Indians)

Ended Pennsylvania’s Holy Experiment

110
Q

What was the Albany Plan of Union (1754)?

A

Drafted: Benjamin Franklin

  • envisioned creation of a Grand Council
  • delegated each colony
  • power levy taxes and deal with Indian relations

Rejected assemblies > would be curtail for power

111
Q

How did Participation in the Seven Years War affect American Patriotism?

A

1. Strengthened pride

  • Americans never more British than in 1763*
    2. Defeat Catholic French: enforce Protestantism and freedom
112
Q
A
113
Q

What were the two results of Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)?

A
  1. Proclamation of 1763
  2. promise meet Treaty of Easton
114
Q

How did the Seven Years War effect American-British Relationships going forwards?

A

Increased conflict

  1. widespread smuggling → British saw as lack of loyalty
  2. British dealings with Indians → Americans angry

Some historians mark 1763 as a turning point in colonists loyalty to British

Americans:

  • America’s tie Britian: feared French and Indian alliance
  • France gone → no need Britian

British:

  • King Goerge III thought Americans help pay for war
115
Q

How did the American-Indian dealings show American disregard for Indians after the Seven years War?

A
  1. Regened gift-giving traditions
  2. Went agianst Treaty of Easton
116
Q

Why did most Indians ally with the French in the Seven Years War?

A

Been pushed back by Anglo-English

France not settling vast tracts of land

117
Q

What was the Iroquois Confederacy’s contribution to the Seven Years War?

A

Some Iroquois Confederacy → enemies with French (due to Beaver War)

few actually fight

1763:

American leaders loosing side

Indians wanted return roots (sided with visionary Neolin)

118
Q

How did the Ohio Company set off the Seven years War in 1749?

A

Ohio Company → massive land grant (to southern border of Lake Erie)

  • few whites era

France:

  • refusal recognize British claim to area
  • Send Canadian troops
  • Indians unhappy
119
Q

What was the “Plan of Union” posed by Benjamin Franklin?

A

Who: Benjamin Franklin

Approved Albany Conference

Unite colonies under elected assembly with British-approved leaders

  • rejected colonial leaders
120
Q

What was the Treaty of Easton? Was it ever enforced?

A

British succeed steal some of the Indian support for France

Why: promise “clear and fix boundaries” between white and Indian land

  • After war: neglected keeping promise
121
Q
A

AP US History School (21 decks)

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