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AP US History School > Chapter 01: A New World (7000 BCE → 1680) > Flashcards

Chapter 01: A New World (7000 BCE → 1680) Flashcards

The First Americans Indian Freedom and European Freedom The Expansion of Europe Contact The Spanish Empire The French and Dutch Empires

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1
Q

From who are native Americans descendants and how did they reach the Americas (When)?

A
  • descended from bands of hunters crossed Bering Strait (land bridge) 15,000-16,000 years ago
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2
Q

Why did the Native Americas migrate 11,000 years ago?

A

Heatwaves caused climate change. They migrated to Southern America, and their large mammal prey (mammoths) died out.

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3
Q

When did agricultural development start in the Americas and where? How did this influence their way of life forwards?

A
  • 9,000 > agriculture developed in Andes and Mexico spread → **made settled civilization possible** They became settled civilizations after the development of agriculture due to the increased climate and their food sources dying out
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4
Q

Where was the Aztec Empire located? What was the capital and its population?

A

Location: Mexico Capital: Tenochtitlan population (capital) : 250,000)

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5
Q

Where was the Incan Empire located; what was its population?

A

Location: Peru Population: 12 million

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6
Q

How did the North Americans Indian societies compare to that of the Incan and Aztec Empires?

A

North American Indian societies were not as developed. Perfected techniques of: farming, hunting, fishing, political and religious structures

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7
Q

How long was the road system the Incan’s developed?

A

2000 miles

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8
Q

How did the lack of development in North American societies justify European conquest?

A
  • lacked European technologies - Justification for European conquest: they were “backwards”
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9
Q

Describe the Mississippi River Valley before it was affected by European presence:

A
  • commercial and government center - trade routes > Mississippi & Ohio River valley - mound builders name > for large earthen burial mounds created - *city size larger New York and Philadelphia in 1800s*
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10
Q

Who were the “mound builders”?

A

named for their large earthen burial grounds

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11
Q

How did the city Cahokia compare to New York in the 1800s?

A

Cahokia population: (10-30,000 population) city size larger New York and Philadelphia in 1800s

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12
Q

When was the cultural peak of the Hopi and Zuni people?

A

900-1200

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13
Q

Who were the Western Indians? Did they trade with those in the east?

A

The Hopi and Zuni Indian peoples, who lived in villages (present day Arazona) for about 3000 years. They traded with those in Mexico and Mississippi.

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14
Q

Describe the dwellings build by the Western Indians (Including the parameters for Pueblo Bonita)

A

(Present day Arizona) - large multi-family dwellings - dams and canals forwater - trade with Mississippi and Mexico Largest structures: Pueblo Bonita (Chaco Canyon, New Mexico) Specifications: - 5 stories - 600 rooms

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15
Q

Why did the splendor of the Hopi and Zuni people decline? What was their response?

A

Decline due to drought: - moved south and east - started desert farming

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16
Q

Where did the Pueblo Indians (Hopi and Zuni) get their name?

A

live small villages called Pueblos

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17
Q

Where were the Eastern North American Indians located?

A

The Gulf of Mexico through Canada

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18
Q

What food did the Eastern North American Indians cultivate?

A

Food: - corn, squash, beans - fish, deer, turkeys

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19
Q

What government structure did the Eastern North American Indians have, and how did they interact with tribes around them?

A

Interaction with other groups - trade routes + war & peace - captured, killed people **No centralized authority**

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20
Q

During what time period did the Eastern North American Indians Unify? How was unification achieved?

A

15th century - leagues emerged to bring tribes together - (*Southeast)* Choctaw, Cherokee, and Chickasaw > united villages

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21
Q

What was the Great League of Peace and who was involved?

A

Period of stability in Pennsylvania where 5 Iroquoix people united Mohawk, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, and Onodaga

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22
Q

Describe the process where Indians divulged from being independent diverse people to one group:

A

NA = Very diverse - own political and religious beliefs - hundreds languages Idea of Indians as “One People” invented by Europeans - only adopted later on

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23
Q

What 4 common characteristics were shared by all Indian religious structutes?

A
  1. Farming & hunting related 2. **sacred spirits** found inanimate things (animals, plants, water) 3. **Rites**: harness powerful supernatural forces 4. Some people had “powers” [shamans, medicine men]
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24
Q

What was one characteristic that European Christianity shared with Indian religions?

A

There is one Creator that is on top of the spiritual hierarchy

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25
Q

What role did generosity play in Native American culture (specifically in regard to chieftains)?

A

Chieftains reputation rely on them sharing land

generosity most valued quality

gift giving essential

Trade > elaborate ceremonies of gift giving

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26
Q

How did farming work in pre-European colonization America?

A

Village leaders > gave land for seasonal farming

Hunting grounds claimed by tribes

Communal land

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27
Q

How did gender relations between Native Americans and the Europeans differ?

Define materilineal:

A

Indians:

  1. membership of family important for women
  2. openly engaged premarital sex

European law > man controlled all the property

Indians would move to where the wives lived

Matrilineal:

centered on clans or kinship groups in which children became members of the mother’s family, not the father’s.

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28
Q

Explain what is meant by the observation that European views on the Indians were always in “EXTREME” terms:

A

“noble savages” & friendly & superior in some ways

OR

uncivilized /barbaric

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29
Q

What were the three motivations Europeans had for thinking the Indians were “barbaric”?

A
  1. RELIGION (lacked it or worshiped devil)
  2. LAND USE (Europeans viewed land as potential commodities)
  3. GENDER RELATIONS
  • saw men as weak
  • hunting and fishing, not real work
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30
Q

Explain how the Spanish and [English, Dutch, and French] used “land” as a justification for colonization:

A

Spanish: right of conquest

English, Dutch, French: not actually “used” land - nomadic - since land was communal

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31
Q

What were the two basic components of European “freedom”?

Why did they think the Indians were not “free”?

A
  1. individual autonomy
  2. ownership of property

Reasons for change:

  • Indians no fixed government/laws
  • not follow the European authority model
  • lacked order
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32
Q

How did Indians define freedom?

A

Indian Freedom: freedom in a group

  • kinship ties
  • following spiritual values
  • mutual obligation
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33
Q
A
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34
Q

What moral connotation did Christian - European/Catholic - liberty have?

A

freedom collection distinct rights > enjoyed by few

Ideas > abandon sin in favor for Christ

no religious tolerance

closely tied to economic, political, and social position

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35
Q

What was “Christian” Liberty? How did it tie in with the law?

A

freedom collection distinct rights > enjoyed by few

Ideas > abandon sin in favor for Christ

no religious tolerance

closely tied to economic, political, and social position

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36
Q

How was Christian liberty separated from secular matter?

A

Numerous ideas of freedom (old and new)

  • Moral connotation
  • Religion seperated from secular matters (rights)

Thought superior to Indians

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37
Q

What role did the Chruch play in liberty in Europe?

What as the response to dissident thinkers?

A

Church

  • Religions uniformity essential to public order
  • Prosecuted dissenters
  • decrees about worship and beliefs
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38
Q

What was the hierarchy in Europe during the 17th century?

A
  1. King
  2. Aristocracy
  3. Urban and rural population
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39
Q

What was the relation between freedom and lawfulness (according to religious doctrine in pre-colonization Europe)?

A

Freedom = obedience to the law (of ruler and church)

Therefore: freedom knowing and fulfilling duties of your place in society

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40
Q

How did the lineage of European relationships compare to that of the Indians?

A

Indians → Matrilineal

Europeans: Men authority over women and women give up legal identity after marriage

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41
Q

What was the legal doctrine COVERTURE?

A

When women married:

  • When married women give up legal identity > covered by the husband
  • women not own poperty
  • not control wages
  • not divorce
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42
Q
A
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43
Q

What were the requirements to be part of the electorate in 17th century Europe?

A
  1. male
  2. own property
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44
Q

Explain how Europeans freedom in the 17th century rooted from the “freedom” in the Middle Ages?

A

Freedom from Middle Ages:

  • “liberties”
  • formal privileges

Ex:

  • self-government
  • exemption from tax
  • royal decree
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45
Q

Give a short review of freedom and authority in Europe during the 17th century? (women, law, and privileges)

A

SUMMARY: In Europe, freedom was synonymous with being obedient to the law and respecting your place in the hierarchy. The electorate was property owning males. Men had authority over women and the family; after marriage, women went in to coverture. The “freedom” in Europe was derived from the middle age idea of privileges.

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46
Q

What was the reason for European expansion (from a traders perspective)?

A
  1. quest for route to China (for silk, tea, spices, porcelain)
  2. Wanted to eliminate Islamic middlemen
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47
Q

Explain the naval expansions of Admiral Zheng He?

How many voyages, men, and ships?

A

1405-1433: Admiral Zheng He

  • 7 naval expansions
  • Explored East African coast

First voyage:

  • 62 ships
  • 225 support vessels
  • 25000 men
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48
Q

Why did the Chinese government see fit to stop overseas expansion in the 15th century?

A

The Chinese government not need overseas expansion > stopped

  • Had enough resources inland
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49
Q

What was Portugal’s motivation for exploring the Atlantic?

A

Wanted to get to Asia

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50
Q

Explain the significance of the following dates (In relation to Portuguese expansion)?

  1. 1434
  2. 1485
A

1434: Rased the West African coast

1485: Reached Benin

  • big city
  • created trading poset
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51
Q

Which new technologies assisted in Portuguese expansion in the 15th century?

A
  1. Caravels (new ships)
  2. Compass
  3. Quadrants
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52
Q

When and which Europeans explorer found the Cape of Good Hope?

A

1487: Bartholomeu Dias

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53
Q

Who was the first European to sail all the way to Indian & when?

A

1498: Vasco da Gama

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54
Q

Who were typical African slaves before the Europeans arrived?

A
  • criminals
  • debtors
  • captives of war
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55
Q

What basic rights did African slaves have in the 15th century?

A

Property ownership and the right to marry

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56
Q

How many African slaves did the Portuguese buy from 1450-1500?

A

Around 100, 000

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57
Q

Why did Columbus sail west?

A

Reason for sailing: sailing westwards could reach Asia

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58
Q

Which two sources did Columbus rely on for information for his voyage across the Atlantic?

A

Sources:

  1. Marco Polo’s account visit to China
  2. Bible
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59
Q

What were Columbus’s motivations for trying to find China? (2)

A
  1. Religious
  2. Commercial
60
Q

Why was religion one of Columbus’s motivation for sailing?

A

Wanted to convert Asians to Christinaity

Enlist people for the crusade for Jerusalen (from Muslims)

61
Q

Who provided financial support for Columbus’s journey? Why?

A

King Fe

Marriage: (1469)

  • united warring kingdoms of Aragon and Castile
    1492: Reconquista
  • wanted to reconquer Spain from Moors, African Muslims
62
Q

When was the Reconquista?

A

1492

63
Q

Who were the first people (from Europe) to reach America?

A

Vikings: Sailed from Greenland to Newfoundland around 1000 - established Vinland (mostly forgotten)

64
Q

When did Columbus arrive at the Bahamas?

A

October 12, 1492

65
Q

What was La Isabella and when was it established?

A

1493: La Isabella

Returned 17 ships and 1000 men = establish an outpost

Settlement failed

66
Q

What did Nicolas de Ovando (and when) do for the Spanish expansion in America?

A

1502: Nicolas de Ovando > permanent base

fist center of the Spanish empire in America

67
Q

Who figured out that the “Indians” were not Asian?

A

Amerigo Vespucci

68
Q

Who invented the printing press (when)?

A

Johannes Gutenberg (1430)

69
Q

Who founded Newfoundland and when?

A

1497: John Cabot

70
Q

Who claimed Brazil for Portugual?

A

1500: Pedro Cabral

71
Q

What were the three things that inspired Spanish expansionism?

A
  1. wealth
  2. national glory
  3. spreading Catholicism
72
Q

Who was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean?

A

1513: Vasco Nunez de Balboa

73
Q

Who was the first person who sailed around the World?

A

1522: Ferdinand Magellan

74
Q

When did Hernán Contres conquer the Aztecs?

A

1519

75
Q

Why were the Aztecs alienated from their neighbors?

A

Aztecs: violent and sacrificed captives > alienated neighbors

76
Q

What three things allowed Contres to conquer the Aztecs?

A
  1. superior military tech
  2. enlisted aid some Aztecs
  3. Disease
77
Q

Who conquered the Incan Kingdom ?

A

Francisco Pizarro

78
Q

What is the Columbian Exchange?

What goods when and came?

A

Columbian Exchange:

the transatlantic flow of goods and people

Goods:

  • plants
  • animals
  • cultures

From America to Europe:

  • corn, potatoes, tomatoes, peanuts, tabacco

From Old World:

  • wheat, rice, sugarcone, horses, cattle, pigs, sheep
79
Q

How and which diseases influenced the Native Americas?

A

Europeans introduced disease:

  • smallpox
  • influenza
  • measles

When from 90 million to 2-5 million

  • no antibodies
  • Death 80 million people
80
Q

How large was the Spanish Empire?

A

Size of the Roman Empire:

Andes Mount. > Mexico > Caribbean > Florida

Capital: Mexico City

ruins Aztec Tenochtitalan

churches, hospitals, first university NA

81
Q

What was the governing style of the Spanish Empire (In theory)?

how did this deviate in practice?

A

(Theory) Absolutist rule

power declined 17th century > local elite more authority

82
Q

What was the Spanish Empire’s Hierarchy?

A
  1. King - central authority
  2. Council of Indies (body Spanish colonial administration)
  3. Viceroys in Mexico and Peru

Catholic Church → important role

83
Q

Who were the Royal appointees in the Spanish Empire?

A

Creoles:

  • person born in the colonies with European ancestry
84
Q

Who served as the labor force in the Spanish Empire?

A

Native population large enough to serve as a labor source

  • outnumbered Spanish
  • large area under Indian control
85
Q

What are haciendas?

A

Large-scale farms in New World.

86
Q

How did the New World serve as an opportunity for social advancement (for the Spanish)?

A

Many Spanish came from Europe

  • live of luxury
  • Most men (single)

Opportunity for social advancement

255,000 16th century

total: 750,000

Jobs:

  • officials
  • priests
  • professionals
  • minor aristocrats
87
Q

Why did Indian women and Spanish men marry? What was the result?

Why did the Crown approve of this?

A

There were not enough women for the men

Children: Mestizos → Person mixed origins

  • Crown ordered Spanish women to marry single men
  • Intermixing more common

*Evolved hybrid Culture

(African, Spanish, Indians)

  • Single faith, language, and government
  • large area under Indian control

1514: Crown approved interracial marriages

  • Way to bring Christianity to natives

1600: Mestizos

  • large part population
88
Q

How did Europeans - especially Spanish - express that their culture was superior?

A

Europeans > thought own culture superior

Methods:

  1. Violence
  2. Missionary zeal

wanted Indians abandon own beliefs

Failures = uncivilized (heathens)

89
Q

What order did Pope Alexander VI give in 1493?

A

ordered non-Christian divided between Spain and Portugal

90
Q

When did Martin Luther write the Ninety-Five Theses and what was it about?

A

(Additionally) 1517: Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther posted Ninety-Five Theses

  • “List of moral grievances against Catholic church”

wanted cleanse church of indulgences

people should read the bible themselves

91
Q

Which two occurrences in Europe ignited the Spanish’s Holy War and served as a “missionary purpose” for colonization?

A
  1. Spanish Inquisition [1492]
  2. Protestant Reformation [1517]
92
Q

What was the Spanish Inquisition?

A

Missionary purpose for Colonization: HOLY WAR

1492: Spanish Inquisition

  • holy war with Islam
  • forced all Muslims and Jews to convert or leave Spain
93
Q

Who - and when - outlawed Indian slavery (in the Spanish Empire)?

A

1537: Pope Paul III

  • outlawed Indian enslavement
94
Q

Who wrote “A Very Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies?”

What was the content?

What influence did it have?

A

1552: Bartolome de Las Casas

wrote: “A Very Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies.”

Casas writing:

  • denounced Spain - causing death
  • details about “shocking cruelties” by Christians
  • thought African labor save Indians
  • Spread “The Back Legend”

Spain as uniquely brutal colonizer

Justification other Europeans to colonize

95
Q

What new laws were passed in the Spanish Empire in 1542?

A

1542: New Law
* Brutally improved*

[1] Indians no longer enslaved

[2] abandoned encomienda system

  • explorers take Indian lands

[3] established repartimiento system

  • residents of Indian villages legally free
  • entitled to wages
  • still fixed amount of work per year
96
Q

What was the encomienda system?

A

explorers take Indian lands

97
Q

What was the repartimiento system?

A
  • residents Indian villages legally free
  • entitled to wages
  • still fixed amount of work per year
98
Q

When and where was the first European settlement in the US established? By whom?

A

1508: First settlement in US - Puerto Rico

Leader: Ponce de Leon

Motivation: Gold

99
Q

When did the Spanish invade Florida? What was their motivations and the Indian’s response?

A

1513: Ponce de Leon went to Florida

Repelled by Indians

Motivations Florida:

  • wealth
  • slaves
100
Q

Explain Hernando de Soto’s expansions in the 1530s and 1540s:

A

1530s and 1540s: Hernando de Soto > Gulf region and Southwest

  • particularly brutal
  • rape, torture, kills
  • search for Mexico-like place
  • not successful

Expeditions:

  • priests, slaves, livestock
  • brought disease, devastation
101
Q

Why did the Spanish explain into Florida in the 16th century? (2)

A
  1. wanted establish military base > combat pirates
  2. forestall French expeditions
102
Q

When was Jacksonville established?

A

1562

103
Q

Who was at Fort Caroline in the 1560s?

A

French Hugonoutes

104
Q

What mission did Pedro Menendez de Aviles go on in 1565?

Who was the beneficiary?

Why did the military base fail?

A

destroyed Fort Caroline

1562: Established Jacksonville

other settlements:

  • St. Simons Island
  • Georgia
  • St. Augustine

1763: Only 4000 Spanish inhabitants

Failure: Isolated military base

105
Q

What expansion - of the Spanish - took place in 1598 to the Southwest?

Who was the leader?

A

Longer colonize Southwest:

1598: Juan de Oñate

  • led 400 soldiers from Mexico to establish settlement
  • Reasons: precious metals
106
Q
A
107
Q

Explain the course of events in New-Mexico (1598) between Juan de Onate and the Acoma Indians:

A

At New-Mexico

  • Inhabitants of Acoma attacked
  • killed nephew and 14 soldiers

2-Day Siege:

  • killed and captured people
  • cut off foot of adult men

1610: Back Spain

punished treatment Indians

108
Q

When was New Mexico established?

A

1680

109
Q

Why was the relationship between the Spanish and Indians bad in New Mexico (1680s)? [2]

A
  1. try take Indians lands
  2. tried convert to Catholicism (violence)
  3. Inquisition in Spain > more killing of non-Catholics
110
Q

Who was the leader of the Pueblo Revolt?

A

Popé (little known)

111
Q

What was the Pueblo Revolt about?

A

Spanish: Assumed Indians would never unite

1680: Indians united (2000)

Destroyed century of colonizers work

Pueblo Revolt:

  • most complete victory for natives
  • Leader: Popé (little known)
  • Aim: remove Spanish

United:

  • destroyed farms
  • killed 400 colonists

most complete victory for natives

112
Q

What happened amongst the Indians after Popé’s death in 1690?

A

Warfare among villages

113
Q

What session the Spanish learn from the Pueblo Revolt? [1]

A
  1. Spanish more tolerant towards traditional religious practices
  2. demanded less labor
114
Q

What relationship did the fur trade demand between Indians and the French (16th century)?

A

relied friendly relations with Indians

more humane than rivals

most enduring alliances in colonial history

115
Q

What was Samuel de Champlain attitude towards the Indians?

A
  1. denied Indians interior to French
  2. wanted peace
116
Q

What liberties were granted to Indians in French Canadia in the 16th century if they converted to Christianity?

A

Allowed Christian Indians high degree independence

  • not want to oppress all traditions
  • Converted Indians = full citizenship
117
Q

What three changed came to Indian life after the French took over in the 16th century?

A
  1. Disease
  2. new commodities = transformation from hunting into quest marketable stuff
  3. Rivalries among empires
118
Q

Who were the Métis?

A

Children of Indian women and French men

119
Q

What was the relationship between the French and the Indians at the Great Lakes?

What was it called?

A

“Middle Ground” > Great lakes

relative equality

120
Q

When was New Netherlands founded? By whom, and what were their motivations?

A

1609: Henry Hudson

  • Search way to Asia
  • Found: New York Harbor

New Netherlands

121
Q

Who was Henry Hudson’s beneficiary in 1609?

A

Englishman from the Dutch East India Company

122
Q

Who dominated international commerce in the early 17th century?

A

The Dutch

The Dutch East Indian Company - VOC - monopoly on trade with America

123
Q

Why was Amsterdam the center of the Dutch trading empire?

A

Shipping and banking system

124
Q

What two “freedoms” did the 17th century the Netherlands have that was not present anywhere else in Europe at the time?

A
  1. Freedom of press
  2. Private Religious practices
125
Q

New Netherlands had an elected assembly or town council

True

False

A

False

126
Q

What did “half-freedom” mean in New Netherlands?

A

pay free company & work

given lands

127
Q

How did freedom for married women in the Dutch Empire compare with that of the Spanish and English in the 16th century?

A

Independence (in comparison)

married women: still legal identity, borrow money, go court

128
Q

How was the Dutch religiously tolerant?

A
  1. no exclusion based on religion
  2. private worship
  3. not have to attend church
129
Q

What was the official religious body of the Dutch (16th century)?

A

Dutch Reformed Church

130
Q

Explain what happened when 23 Jews arrived in New Amsterdam in 1654:

A

Governor Petrus Stuyvestan - refused

1654: 23 Jews arrive New Amsterdam > told to leave

  1. company overruled him
  2. Jews invested lots of money
131
Q

When was New Sweden established?

What happened in 1655?

A

1638: Outpost Delaware - New Sweden

claimed operating Swedish flag

1655: New Netherlands seized the colony

132
Q

What was the Dutch’s incentive to TRADE with the Indians rather than conquer them?

A

Won Independence from Spain

  • long war
  • thought Indians fellow victims of Spain
133
Q

Define “Borderlands”?

A

Borderlands: Were no one had complete sovereignty

134
Q

Describe the cultural and political dynamics that existed in Borderlands:

A

“a meeting place of peoples where geographical and cultural borders are not clearly defined.”

  1. Hybrid cultures
  2. Power unstable > continuous struggle establish authority
135
Q

What are the three drivers of history?

A
  1. Forces / “Great Causes”

things outside individual control

ex: religion
2. Accidents and coincidences
ex: disease
3. Human design
ex: war

136
Q

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas? (1494)

A

Spanish-born Pope Alexander VI:

  • degree all new land discovered west of 46 degrees → Spain

1494: *Treaty of Tordesillas*

  • Spanish and Portuguese monarchs adjusted
    1. Most South America: Spanish speaking
    2. Brazil: Portuguese
137
Q

What begun the Columbian exchange?

A

Columbus: sent Taíno Indians to Spain

  • beginning trans-Atlantic movement

Important aspects of conquest:

  1. (accidental) disease
  2. weapons
138
Q

What did the conquistadors want?

A
  1. Wealth
  2. Conversion to Christianity
139
Q

What was the economienda system?

A

Economienda:

  1. native laborers
  2. tracts of land

Encomenderos: person under said system

Plantation Based Agriculture:

  • sugar harvests in Caribbean
  • natives resist > look to African labor
  • Portuguese intermediaries between African and New Spain*
140
Q

What was the caste system in the early spanish empire?

A
  1. Spanish born
  2. Mestizos
  3. Indain
  4. African slaves
141
Q

How did the New World alter the nature of the European economy?

A

European gains:

  1. new foods and items produced in colonies
  2. growth of European economy

Shift from feudalism > capitalist system

142
Q

Who was Bartolome de Las Casas? How did his views change in 1514?

A

Originally encomendero then missionary

  • originally, thought natives have to abandon heathen ways

1514 views changed:

  • disturbed treatment of Indians
  • not force to covert to Christianity
  • wanted to change requerimiento system
143
Q

What was the requerimiento system, as posed by Las Casas? How did it work in practice?

A

Requerimiento: ultimatum read to natives

  1. submit to Spain
  2. convert to Christianity

1542: Repartimiento system replaced encomienda

  1. Spanish Indians free by law
  2. Right to wages
  3. Still required to give to set amount of labor

Little change: Las Casas believe:

  • right to choose to convert
  • right to govern themselves
  • writings > revolts*
144
Q

What was the Valladolid Debate in 1550-1551?

A

called by monarch Charles V

1550-1551: Las Casas captive audience

  • support from Spanish monarch and Catholic Church

Opposite side: Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda

  • support: colonizers and businessmen
  • not been to America
  • respected philosopher

Sources for argumentation:

  • Bible
  • ancient writers (Aristotle)
145
Q

What were Sepulveda’s arguments, Las Casas arguments, and what did they both agree on?

A

Sepúlveda - War is Just

  1. Barbaric and “natural slaves”
  2. Indians committed crimes that violated natural law
    • cannibalism
    • human sacrifice
  3. Killed other Indians
  4. Indians infidels > must be taught Christianity
    • bible supports forced conversion

Both

[1] drew on Bible and other ancient sources for support

[2] Believed Indians should be taught about Christianity

Las Casas - War is Wrong

  1. Indians rational human beings
    • capable of learning and accepting Christianity
    • less developed than Europeans
  2. Pagans due to ignorance; not heretics
    • peacefully persuaded to accept Christianity
  3. Spain not right to punish people outside of Spain
  4. Indians complex language; number practicing human sacrifice is small
146
Q

What was Las Casas suggestion to replace NA captivitiy and enslavement?

A

African slaves not granted same rights

1543: Las Casas suggested African slaves replace natives

147
Q

How did syncretism happen in the Spanish Empire?

A

Native Americans and Africans adopted European views in different ways → hybrid cultures

West Indies: combined Christianity and Yoruba beliefs

result: Santería

  • African traditions
  • Roman Catholicism

Similarities:

  • Single supreme being
  • Africans believed in prayer to lesser gods (Orishas) → linked to Catholic saints

AP US History School (21 decks)

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