Chapter 16: The Gilded Age Flashcards

Question

# Chapter 16: The Gilded Age How did "reformers" try to answer the fears of class warfare and increased concentration capital?

Answer 1

Numerous plans for change: 1. **150 utopian or cataclysic novels** * social conflict end harmoney or catastrophe* 2. **books remedies unequal wealth distribution** century's bestsellers: * Progress and Poverty* (1879) Henry George*The Cooperative Commonwealth* (1884) Laurence Gronlund*Looking Backward* (1888) Edward Belllamy 3. result: clubs

Answer 2

* Progress and Poverty* (**1879**) **Henry George** * * * Problem: growth of squalor and misery Solution: Single Tax

Answer 3

* The Cooperative Commonwealth* (**1884**) **Laurence Gronlund** * * * * First books popularize socialist ideas in A* * socialism mostly confined immigrants → conflict A view freedom and private property Solution: Americanization * process peaceful evolution

Answer 4

* Looking Backward* (**1888**) **Edward Belllamy** * * * Character falls asleep wakes up 2000 → cooperation replace class strife * freedom = social dondition resting on interdependence

Answer 5

protestants major role seeking eradicate sin ***"Christain lobby"*** what: popiltical solution to "moral" probelms raised by: 1. labor conflict 2. growth of cities 3. threats to religious faith by Darwinism

Answer 6

_Pre_: Moral suasion * South against legislation regarding individual _Post_: wanted government **"Christianize government"** → outlaw sinful behavior * outlaw: alcohol, gambing, prostitution, polygamy, birth control * **South** joined in campaign South called **"Bible Belt"** Result: failed: * businesses close Sunday achievement: * **Mann Act of 1910** (banned transportation women across state lines for immoral purposes) * **Prohibition**

Answer 7

*_Social Gospel (late 19th and early 20th century)_* **Social Gospel**: ideals preached liberals → application Christain principles to social problems Began with writings 1. **Walter Rauschenburg** 2. **Washington Gladden** Ideas: * freedom & spirituality = equalization of wealth and power ***_Movement:_*** _Origin_: effort reform Protestant chruches 1. appeal to poor 2. making more attentive social ills _What_: * wellfare programs

Answer 8

Bust independent labor party acitivty most celebrated campaign **1886**: who: **Henry George** United Labor Party Goals: * stopping court barring strikes and jailing unionists * single tax on land Result: finished second (after Roosevelt)

Answer 9

Zulus in SA, Aboriginal in Austaria, American Indians → **pushed asside** _Incorporation west:_ * required federal intervention aquire Indian lands * gov: regulated politics, distribution land & money, railroads, mining _How_: * land sales and treaties * war

Answer 10

**no individual settlers of corporations yet** 20th century: 1. financed irrigation and dams → commercial farming 2. West seen place independence and individualism

Answer 11

**_Agricultural development_** Lots of settlers: land claims: * [Homestead Act](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Fourteen-02948f4d213345f0981439140525abca) of 1863 * speculators and railroad companies Result: **agriculture empire** ***_Agriculture and International economy_*** Few **Bonanza Farms** * thousands miles * employed large amount workers Mostly small farms: orientated to (inter)national market Transactions of goods through railroads _Struggles:_ * struggled last 1/4 19th century * migrated cities

Answer 12

Diverse: *native-born easterners, blacks, immigrants from Canada, Germany, Scandinavia, Great Britain* * * * Farming: not easy * burden fell women invested labor-saving machines for cash → not machines ease women's burden

Answer 13

Economy: *reflected international economy more intergrated* **Prices Decreased:** why? 1. economic depression 2. expanding production in Argentina, Australia, American West

Answer 14

**_Future farming_** What: **gaint agricultural enterprises** * reliant chemicals, irrigation, machinery * *small farmers not afford* **_California_** Preview agricultural future * landowership concentraded large units **late 19th century:** * gaint fruit and veg farms

Answer 15

***_Golden Age_*** 2 decades after CW → golden age cattle Kingdom what: * Abilene, Dodge City, Wichita, Texas * cattle farming who: * whites, blacks, Mexicans * "Cowboys" → symbol life open range ***_Cowboys_*** * low paid * ended in mid-1880 → enclosures more open range with barded-wire 1880s: 2 terrible winters many cattle died \> reorganized land

Answer 16

Began: [California Gold Rush](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Thirteen-4ae546c53e8d440eb5883919cfe54588) (**1840s**) * unattached men 1870s: * Chinese families * 3./4 California What: 1. mines 2. domestic workers 3. factories

Answer 17

***Desert*** **1840s**: moved Great Salt Lake Value * wanted religous freedom * called empire "*Desert*" ***Conflict*** Unpopular: polygamy & connection between church and state conflict settlers * Tension with land issues * federal toops in Salt Lake City **1857**: **Mountain Meadows Massacre** mormons attack wagon train of non-mormons * 100 people dead * * * **1880s**: Utah banned polygamy (wanted accepted into Union)

Answer 18

**1857**: **_Mountain Meadows Massacre_** mormons attack wagon train of non-mormons * 100 people dead

Answer 19

West and Plain Indians Incorporation West in nation → doom Indians _before CW_: less hostility → trade _after CW_: conflict

Answer 20

Short-lived "Peace Policy" **1869**: Grant announced "**_peace policy_**" * short lived Set out destrou foundation Indian life

Answer 21

**1871**: Congree eliminted treaty system of revolutionary eara *government negotiated with Indians as if Independent nation* Established: *_Bureau Indian Affairs_* * assualt Indian culture 1. boarding schools Indian children (turn white)

Answer 22

crucial step _attacking "tribalism":_ 1. broke up land nearly all tribes to be distributed Indian families 2. Indians become American become full-fledged American citizens Result: disaster 1. loss indian land 2. erosion culture

Answer 23

Many laws and treaties = offered Indians right become American citizens 1. left tribal setting 2. assimilate into American society Reality: strong tribal ties → few Indians became citizens * * * western courts ruled rights of **Reconstruction Amendments** → **not apply**

Answer 24

Supreme court agreed western ruling (*Reconstruction Amendments not apply Indians)* _Who_: **John Elk** (gave up tribal status and moved Omaha; worked & pay tax) _What_: claim voting rights and citizenship rejected appeal * * * By **1900**: 53,000 Indians American citizens **1901**: 100,000 Indians ctiizenship

Answer 25

**Religious revitalization campaign** * foretold day whites would disappear, bufflo return, practice customs * Gatherings: singing, dancing, religious stuff

Answer 26

Response: feared uprising → sent troops **December 29, 1890**: **_Wounded Knee Massacre_** * open fire Ghost Dances * 150-200 dead Response: * appaud press * exonerated troops & 20 Medal of Honor Relevance **Marked end 4 centuries armed conflict**

Answer 27

**December 29, 1890**: **_Wounded Knee Massacre_** * open fire Ghost Dances * 150-200 dead Response: * appaud press * exonerated troops & 20 Medal of Honor

Answer 28

* global process * moved boldly into interior region where: Argentina, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, USA ***"Settler Societies"*** 1. immigratns oversease quickly outnumbered natives 2. displaced original peoples

Answer 29

Disrupted view American freedom as populat seld-goverment * * * **1873**: Wisconsin Supreme Court: > Power threatened american democracy: "Which Shall Rule, wealth or man?" why: * lobbying common as much power as elected chamber * West: lawmakers stocks in large companies

Answer 30

most notorious example corruption _Crédit Mobilier_: formed ring Union Pacific Railroad stockholders * oversea government-assisted construction what: * allowed participants sign contracts with selve and make profit

Answer 31

**Republicans:** * industrial North * Midwest and agrarian West * Strong in revivalist churches * Protestand immigrants * Blacks 1870s: Supported High Tariff protect industry high fiscal policy 1. reducted national debt 2. withdrawing reenbacks Favored eastern industrialists and banker's interst * disadvantage west and south * opposed High tariff * * * **Democrats:** * South * Catholics (Irish-Americans)

Answer 32

what: created merit system federal employees * first step establish official civil service

Answer 33

**Civil Service Act of 1883** what: created merit system federal employees * first step establish official civil service Regulating Economy **1887**: **Interstate Commerce Commission** (ICC) why: response public outcries railroad practices what: transportation rates "reasonable" * little impact * * * **1890**: **Sherman Antitrust Act** what: banned combination and practices restained free trade * vague * impossible enforce

Answer 34

_why_: response public outcries railroad practices _what_: transportation rates "reasonable" * little impact

Answer 35

what: banned combination and practices restained free trade * vague * impossible enforce