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AP US History School > Chapter 16: The Gilded Age > Flashcards

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age Flashcards

1. What factors combined to make the United States a mature industrial society after the Civil War? 2. How did the economic development of the Gilded Age affect American Freedom? 3. How did reformers of the period approach the problem of industrial society? 4. How was the West transformed economically and socially in this period? 5. Was the Gilded Age political system effective in meeting its goals?

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1
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What caused the Second Industrial Revolution (5)?

A

Early 20th century: US one of most rapid economic expansions ever

Why?

  1. lots natural resources
  2. growing supply of labor
  3. expanding market manufactured goods
  4. capital for investment
  5. federal government sponsorship
    • high tariffs (protect home industry)
    • granted land rail road companies
    • arm remove Indians from western lands
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2
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

How did factories, railroads, and mass production contribute to industrialization?

A

Factories

Heart SIR: region around Great Lakes

facotries: steel, iron, machinery, chemicals, foods

  1. Pittsburgh: world center of iron and steel
  2. Chicago: second largest city

Railroads

Made revolution possible

Spurred:

  1. private investment
  2. land grants + money government

Result:

  • opened areas to commerical farming
  • national market

Mass production

The market for mass production, distribution, and marketing → essential modern industrial economy

New national brands:

  • Ivory Soap
  • Quakers Oats
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3
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

How did the Gilded age challenge the idea of economic independence?

A

Idea of economic independence → obsolete

1890: 2/3 Americas work wages (not own farm or business)

result:

  1. new working class
  2. immigrants
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4
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

Who was Thomas A. Edison?

A

era’s greatest inventor

  • phonograph
  • lightbulb
  • motion picture
  • generating electric power
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5
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What caused the prolonged downturns in the 1870s and 1890s?

A

Fall in prices:

Why?

  1. market flooded goods
  2. federal monetary policies
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6
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What are pools and trusts?

A

Ruthless competition:

Pools:

  • by railroads and other companies
  • oligopolistic structures (divided market and had fixed prices)

Trusts:

legal devices where affairs serveral rival companies managed single director

  • coordinates economic activities “independent” companies
  • short lived
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7
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What did corporations try to do in the Gilded Age?

A

Tried achieve monopolies:

1897-1904: 4,000 firms merged

result: dominataed industries:

Standard Oil

U.S. Steel

International Harvester

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8
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

How did Andrew Carnegie establish a monopoly?

A

Depression in 1873 → C established steel company

  • incorporated vertical integration (controlled all phases of business (raw, transportation, manufacturing, distribution))
  • dominated industry
  • dictorial operation

Philanthropy:

denounced “worship of money”

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9
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

How did John D. Rockefeller establish a monopoly?

A

Began careeer: clerk

Later: dominate oil industry (Standard Oil)

How: cutthroat competition, secret deals, fixing prices

Horizontal Expansion (buying out other oil refineries)

  • established vertical integration monopoly
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10
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

Discribe the wealth distribution in the Gilded Age and how that effected the different classes?

A

Wealth distribution:

Very unequal

Economic independence: rested on technical skills rather than ownership

  • skilled workers → demand higher wages

Most workers:

Economic insecurity → common

  • depression of 1870s-1890s: millions lost jobs
  • high dead rates
  • most working class → very poor and needed income all family members
  • terrible working and living conditions

Top 1 percent:

Money: same total income as bottom half pop + more property than remaining 99%

persued aristocratic lifestyle

  1. build palatial homes
  2. attended exclusive clubs, schools, colleges
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11
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was the center of the public discussion and unrest in the Gilded Age?

A

Public discussion

Who:

  • all people (educated, farmers, reformers)

Result:

  • 1000s books, pamphlets
  • widespread debate social and ethical implications of economic change

Social unrest

Felt something wrong nation’s social development:

  1. “better classes,” “dangerous classes” in public discussion
  2. labor stikes common
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12
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was the relation between Freedom and Equality in the Gilided Age?

A

No longer view: wage labor temporary resting place road to economic independence

Some view: concentration wealth natural, inevitable, justified

  • wages determined law of supply and demand
  • The close link between freedom and equality, forged in the Revolution and reinforced during the Civil War, appeared increasingly out of date.*
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13
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

Charles Darwin’s contribution?

A

1859: On the Origin of Species

theory of evolution

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14
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was Social Darwinism?

A

Oversimplified form Darwin’s Theory Evolution (“natural selection” and “struggle of existance”) entered public

Social Darwinism:

evolution natural process in human society and government not interfere

  • gaint corportations: better adapted environment
  • restrictions → reduce society primitive level
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15
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

Decribe William Graham Sumner’s contribution to Social Darwinsim?

A
  • most influential Social Darwinist
  • prof at Yale

> Freedom required acceptance of inequality

Society two alternatives:

  1. liberty, inequality, survival of the fittest
  2. not-liberty, equality

Role of government:

protect property of men and the honor of women and nothing else

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16
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

How did the Gilded Age appraoch free labor and “the contract?”

A

SD: “negative” idea of freedom as limited government and an unrestrained free market

  • central: idea of contract

labor relations freely governed by contracts freely sign → not interfere union or government

Free labor:

was: celebration independent, small producers in social of equality and social harmony

now: defense of unrestained operations of capitalist market

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17
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

How were courts influenced by Social Darwinism?

A

struck down laws regulating enterprise

generally sided with businesses

1885: Courts of Appeals invalided state law prohibiting manufacture cigars

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18
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

1895: United States v. E.C. Kights Co.

A

Ruled: Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 not use break up sugar refining monopoly

Act: barred combinations in the restaint of trade

  • intended prevent business mergers stifled competition

why: Constitution empowered Congress regulate commerce not manufacturing

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19
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

1905: Lochner v. New York

A

almost as notorious as Dred Scott

what: voided state law established 10h work for bakers

why: violation of “personal liberty”

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20
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was the Great Railroad Stike of 1877?

A

Slavery controversy:

> The Overwhelming Labor Question

seen 1877:

end Reconstruction & frist national labor walkout (Great Railroad Strike)

  • protest labor cuts & burned railroad
  • paralized rail road traffic much country
  • Rutherford ordered army into North

Illustrated:

  1. strong sense solidarity among workers **
  2. close ties between Republic Party and class of industrialists

Result:

  • government contructed armeries major cities

Shift role national power: not protect beleaguered former slaves but guarantee rights of property

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21
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What did the Great Railraod Stike represent about the shifting role of the government?

A

Shift role national power: not protect beleaguered former slaves but guarantee rights of property

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22
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

Who were the Knights of Labor?

What were their plans of reform?

A

1880s: wave new labor organizations

Knights of Labor

Leader: Terence V. Powderly

What:

  • first organize unskilled workers & skilled ones (biracial and bisexual)
  • peek 1886: 800,000
  • stikes, boycotts, political actions

Labor reform Gilded Age

New programs:

  1. 8-hour day
  2. public employment
  3. reform
  4. anachism
  5. vaguely defining cooperate commonwealth
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23
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What labor surges took place in 1886?

A

Establish Statue of Liberty

Also: upsurge labor activity

May 01, 1886: 350,000 workers demostrated 8-hour day

Origin: May Day (01 May)

  • became annual day for parades
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24
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was the Haymarket Affair in 1886?

A

1886

Establish Statue of Liberty

Also: upsurge labor activity

May 01, 1886: 350,000 workers demostrated 8-hour day

Origin: May Day (01 May)

  • became annual day for parades

Haymarket Protests

Chicago → most dramatic

  • natives and immigrants
  • May 03: 4 killed police
  • May 04: rally Haymarket Square → bomb in crowd → killed policeman
    panic: (1) shots and (2) railds of leaders
    • *

Employers: used event show labor movemebts dangerous

25
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

How did “reformers” try to answer the fears of class warfare and increased concentration capital?

A

Numerous plans for change:

  1. 150 utopian or cataclysic novels
    * social conflict end harmoney or catastrophe*
  2. books remedies unequal wealth distribution

century’s bestsellers:

  • Progress and Poverty* (1879) Henry GeorgeThe Cooperative Commonwealth (1884) Laurence GronlundLooking Backward (1888) Edward Belllamy
    3. result: clubs
26
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was Progress and Poverty (1879) by Henry George?

A
  • Progress and Poverty* (1879) Henry George
    • *

Problem: growth of squalor and misery

Solution: Single Tax

27
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

The Cooperative Commonwealth (1884) by Laurence Gronlund?

A
  • The Cooperative Commonwealth* (1884) Laurence Gronlund
    • *
  • First books popularize socialist ideas in A*
  • socialism mostly confined immigrants → conflict A view freedom and private property

Solution: Americanization

  • process peaceful evolution
28
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was Looking Backward (1888) by Edward Belllamy?

A
  • Looking Backward* (1888) Edward Belllamy
    • *

Character falls asleep wakes up 2000 → cooperation replace class strife

  • freedom = social dondition resting on interdependence
29
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was the “Christian Lobby?”

A

protestants major role seeking eradicate sin

“Christain lobby”

what: popiltical solution to “moral” probelms raised by:

  1. labor conflict
  2. growth of cities
  3. threats to religious faith by Darwinism
30
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

How did Christian lobbing change pre- and post-Civil War?

What were the results?

A

Pre: Moral suasion

  • South against legislation regarding individual

Post: wanted government “Christianize government” → outlaw sinful behavior

  • outlaw: alcohol, gambing, prostitution, polygamy, birth control
  • South joined in campaign

South called “Bible Belt”

Result:

failed:

  • businesses close Sunday

achievement:

  • Mann Act of 1910 (banned transportation women across state lines for immoral purposes)
  • Prohibition
31
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was the Social Gospel Movement?

A

Social Gospel (late 19th and early 20th century)

Social Gospel: ideals preached liberals → application Christain principles to social problems

Began with writings

  1. Walter Rauschenburg
  2. Washington Gladden

Ideas:

  • freedom & spirituality = equalization of wealth and power

Movement:

Origin: effort reform Protestant chruches

  1. appeal to poor
  2. making more attentive social ills

What:

  • wellfare programs
32
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What are the Henry George’ Labor campaign?

A

Bust independent labor party acitivty

most celebrated campaign

1886:

who: Henry George

United Labor Party

Goals:

  • stopping court barring strikes and jailing unionists
  • single tax on land

Result: finished second (after Roosevelt)

33
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

How did the government attempt to “incorporate” the Indians in the West?

A

Zulus in SA, Aboriginal in Austaria, American Indians → pushed asside

Incorporation west:

  • required federal intervention aquire Indian lands
  • gov: regulated politics, distribution land & money, railroads, mining

How:

  • land sales and treaties
  • war
34
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

How did the economy in the West change in the 20th century?

A

no individual settlers of corporations yet

20th century:

  1. financed irrigation and dams → commercial farming
  2. West seen place independence and individualism
35
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What argicultural development took place in the West? How did the farmers integrate with the international econmy?

A

Agricultural development

Lots of settlers:

land claims:

Result: agriculture empire

Agriculture and International economy

Few Bonanza Farms

  • thousands miles
  • employed large amount workers

Mostly small farms:

orientated to (inter)national market

Transactions of goods through railroads

Struggles:

  • struggled last 1/4 19th century
  • migrated cities
36
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

who were the farmers in Trans-Mississippi West?

A

Diverse: native-born easterners, blacks, immigrants from Canada, Germany, Scandinavia, Great Britain

Farming:

not easy

  • burden fell women

invested labor-saving machines for cash → not machines ease women’s burden

37
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

How did the economy of Trans-Mississippi illustrate global integration?

A

Economy: reflected international economy more intergrated

Prices Decreased:

why?

  1. economic depression
  2. expanding production in Argentina, Australia, American West
38
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

How did the furture of farming in the west look and how was California a preview of this during the Gilded Age?

A

Future farming

What: gaint agricultural enterprises

  • reliant chemicals, irrigation, machinery
  • small farmers not afford

California

Preview agricultural future

  • landowership concentraded large units

late 19th century:

  • gaint fruit and veg farms
39
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was the “Golden Age” of the corporate West? Who were the cowboys?

A

Golden Age

2 decades after CW → golden age cattle Kingdom

what:

  • Abilene, Dodge City, Wichita, Texas
  • cattle farming

who:

  • whites, blacks, Mexicans
  • “Cowboys” → symbol life open range

Cowboys

  • low paid
  • ended in mid-1880 → enclosures more open range with barded-wire
    1880s: 2 terrible winters many cattle died > reorganized land
40
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

Describe Chinese immigration to America in the Gilded Age:

A

Began: California Gold Rush (1840s)

  • unattached men

1870s:

  • Chinese families
  • 3./4 California

What:

  1. mines
  2. domestic workers
  3. factories
41
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

Describe the Mormon society in the “Desert?” What conflict took place there?

A

Desert

1840s: moved Great Salt Lake Value

  • wanted religous freedom
  • called empire “Desert”

Conflict

Unpopular: polygamy & connection between church and state

conflict settlers

  • Tension with land issues
  • federal toops in Salt Lake City

1857: Mountain Meadows Massacre

mormons attack wagon train of non-mormons

  • 100 people dead
    • *

1880s: Utah banned polygamy (wanted accepted into Union)

42
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was the Mountain Meadows Massacre (1857)?

A

1857: Mountain Meadows Massacre

mormons attack wagon train of non-mormons

  • 100 people dead
43
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

How did the attitute towards the Indians change post Civil War?

A

West and Plain Indians

Incorporation West in nation → doom Indians

before CW: less hostility → trade

after CW: conflict

44
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was the “Peace Policy” of 1869?

A

Short-lived “Peace Policy”

1869: Grant announced “peace policy”

  • short lived

Set out destrou foundation Indian life

45
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was the Beureau of Indian Affairs?

A

1871: Congree eliminted treaty system of revolutionary eara

government negotiated with Indians as if Independent nation

Established: Bureau Indian Affairs

  • assualt Indian culture
    1. boarding schools Indian children (turn white)
46
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was the Dawes Act of 1887?

A

crucial step attacking “tribalism”:

  1. broke up land nearly all tribes to be distributed Indian families
  2. Indians become American become full-fledged American citizens

Result:

disaster

  1. loss indian land
  2. erosion culture
47
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was the plan for Indian assimilation in the Gilded Age?

A

Many laws and treaties = offered Indians right become American citizens

  1. left tribal setting
  2. assimilate into American society

Reality: strong tribal ties → few Indians became citizens

western courts ruled rights of Reconstruction Amendments → not apply

48
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

1884: Elk v. Wilkins:

A

Supreme court agreed western ruling (Reconstruction Amendments not apply Indians)

Who: John Elk (gave up tribal status and moved Omaha; worked & pay tax)

What: claim voting rights and citizenship

rejected appeal

By 1900: 53,000 Indians American citizens

1901: 100,000 Indians ctiizenship

49
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was the Ghost Dance?

A

Religious revitalization campaign

  • foretold day whites would disappear, bufflo return, practice customs
  • Gatherings: singing, dancing, religious stuff
50
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

How did the whites respond to the Ghost Dance? How was this contextually relevent?

A

Response:

feared uprising → sent troops

December 29, 1890: Wounded Knee Massacre

  • open fire Ghost Dances
  • 150-200 dead

Response:

  • appaud press
  • exonerated troops & 20 Medal of Honor

Relevance

Marked end 4 centuries armed conflict

51
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was the Wounded Knee Massacre (1890)?

A

December 29, 1890: Wounded Knee Massacre

  • open fire Ghost Dances
  • 150-200 dead

Response:

  • appaud press
  • exonerated troops & 20 Medal of Honor
52
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What were “Settler Societies?”

A
  • global process
  • moved boldly into interior region
    where: Argentina, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, USA

“Settler Societies”

  1. immigratns oversease quickly outnumbered natives
  2. displaced original peoples
53
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

How did corporations influence politics in the Gilded Age?

A

Disrupted view American freedom as populat seld-goverment

1873: Wisconsin Supreme Court:

> Power threatened american democracy: “Which Shall Rule, wealth or man?”

why:

  • lobbying common

as much power as elected chamber

  • West: lawmakers stocks in large companies
54
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was the Crédit Mobilier Scandal?

A

most notorious example corruption

Crédit Mobilier: formed ring Union Pacific Railroad stockholders

  • oversea government-assisted construction

what:

  • allowed participants sign contracts with selve and make profit
55
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

How do the Republicans and Democrats compare during the Gilded Age?

A

Republicans:

  • industrial North
  • Midwest and agrarian West
  • Strong in revivalist churches
  • Protestand immigrants
  • Blacks

1870s:

Supported High Tariff

protect industry

high fiscal policy

  1. reducted national debt
  2. withdrawing reenbacks

Favored eastern industrialists and banker’s interst

  • disadvantage west and south
  • opposed High tariff

Democrats:

  • South
  • Catholics (Irish-Americans)
56
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What was the Civil Service Act of 1883?

A

what: created merit system federal employees
* first step establish official civil service

57
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

What reform legislation took place in the Gilded Age?

A

Civil Service Act of 1883

what: created merit system federal employees
* first step establish official civil service

Regulating Economy

1887: Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

why: response public outcries railroad practices
what: transportation rates “reasonable”
* little impact
* * *

1890: Sherman Antitrust Act

what: banned combination and practices restained free trade

  • vague
  • impossible enforce
58
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

1887: Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

A

why: response public outcries railroad practices

what: transportation rates “reasonable”

  • little impact
59
Q

Chapter 16: The Gilded Age

1890: Sherman Antitrust Act

A

what: banned combination and practices restained free trade

  • vague
  • impossible enforce

AP US History School (21 decks)

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