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AP US History School > Chapter 03: Creating Anglo-America (1660→1750) > Flashcards

Chapter 03: Creating Anglo-America (1660→1750) Flashcards

Global Competition and Expansion of England Origins of Americans Slavery Colonies in Crisis The Growth of Colonial America Social Classes in the Colonies

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1
Q

What are the characteristics of mercantilism?

A
  1. encourage manufacturing
  2. monopolies
  3. Controlled trade

more silver & gold flow into the economy than out

more exports than imports

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2
Q

When was the Navigation Act brought into effect?

A

1651

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3
Q

Define enumerated goods:

A

most valuable colonial goods (tobacco and sugar)

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4
Q

What was the objective of the Navigation Act?

A

Aim: take world trade from Dutch

  • transported by English ships
  • sold initially in English ports
  • could re-exported to foreign markets
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5
Q

What was the result of the Navigation Act (1651)?

A

Result: most European goods were transported through England

  1. increased shipbuilding, merchants
  2. added tax for the government
  3. stimulated rise New England’s shipbuilding industry
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6
Q

What did Charles 02 do - colonial wise - during his reign?

A
  1. New period of colonial expansion
  2. new charter ventures
    * Royal African Company* → monopoly on the slave trade
  3. Increase colonies
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7
Q

When was New Netherland annexed by the English?

What was the new name?

A

1664

Renamed New York

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8
Q

When was the Anglo-Dutch war?

A

1652-1784

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9
Q

What happened to New Netherland during the Anglo-Dutch war?

A

Charles 2 gave New Netherland to James (younger brother of Charles and Duke of York)

Renamed: New York

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10
Q

What transformation occurred when New Netherland became New York?

A

from minor military base

  1. important imperial outpost
  2. seaport trading with Caribbean and Europe
  3. 1685 population 20,000
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11
Q

How did freedom in New York change after it was annexed from the Dutch?

What stayed the same, what changes (for the good and bad)?

A

Stayed the same:

tolerance for religious beliefs

property holding of colony’s ethnic communities

Change:

Bad….

  1. married women could not conduct business in their name (used to be female traders)
  2. expelled free blacks from skilled jobs

Good…

immense land grants

1700s: 2 million acers owned 5 families
1. intermarried
2. political influence
3. most tightly knit elites

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12
Q

How did the initial English rule strengthen the Iroquois Confederacy?

A

Covenant Chain:

  1. Iroquois Nations assisted in clearing parts of New York of rival tribes
  2. assisted in fighting French
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13
Q

What was the Covenant Chain?

A
  1. Iroquois Nations assisted in clearing parts of New York of rival tribes
  2. assisted in fighting French

Creator: Sir Edmund Andros

after fighting the French in the Caribbean

Reward Indian: recognized land claims up until Ohio River

1680s: Other Indians aligned French

pushed Iroquois to east

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14
Q

Who created the Covenant Chain?

A

Sir Edmund Andros

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15
Q

What was the Iroquois Confederacy’s stance at the end of the 17th century?

A
  1. Iroquois people neutral
  2. profit from fur trade
  3. played Europeans off one another
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16
Q

Why did James of York call an elected assembly in 1683?

A

The New York residents complained about them being denied “liberties of Englishmen”

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17
Q

When was the Charter of Liberties and Privileges drafted?

A

1683

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18
Q

What was the Charter of Liberties and Privileges?

A
  1. elections 1/3 years
  2. electorate: male property owners
  3. trail by jury
  4. security of property
  5. religious toleration Protestants
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19
Q

When was Maryland established?

A

1632

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20
Q

When was Carolina established?

A

1670

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21
Q

Why did Charles 2 give 8 properties away in 1663?

What did these properties result in in 1670?

A

The establishment of Carolina was to cap Spanish expansion

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22
Q

Describe the relationship between the Indians and English in late 17th Carolina?

A

Armed some → fight the Spanish

enslaved others

shipped to mainland colonies

1670-1720: Larger amount of slaves exported from Charleston than imported from Africa

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23
Q

When was the Yamasee rebellions?

A

1715

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24
Q

What happened during the 1715’s Yamasee Uprising?

A

Yamasee and Creek Indians rebelled

stopped → enslaved or driven to Spanish Florida

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25
Q

When was the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina established?

A

1669

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26
Q

What were the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina? (1669)

A
  1. establish a feudal society

hereditary nobility, serfs, slaves

  1. elected assembly
  2. religious tolerance

essential to enticing migration

  1. headright system

50 acres to arriving family

100 acres to male servants completed terms

  1. Slaveowners “Absolute power and authority” over slaves
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27
Q

What was the HEADRIGHT SYSTEM?

A
  • 50 acres to arriving family
  • 100 acres to male servants completed terms
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28
Q

How did the early economy of Carolina change after the start of the cultivation of rice?

A

Early economy:

  1. cattle raising
  2. trade Indians

♣ Rice ♣

  • make the wealthiest elite in English North America
  • epicenter for slavery
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29
Q

When was Pennsylvania founded?

A

1681

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30
Q

Who established Pennsylvania and what was his vision?

A

leader: William Penn

Vision:

  • sanctuary religiously prosecuted
  • harmony with Indians
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31
Q

What was the purpose of Pennsylvania’s Society of Friends (Quakers)?

A

refuge for coreligionists

helped purchase half of present day New Jersey from Lord John Berkeley

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32
Q

What was the West Jersey Concessions of 1677?

A
  1. elected assembly
  2. religious liberty
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33
Q
A
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34
Q

Why was Pennsylvania considered a Holy Experiment?

A

“free colony for all mankind that should go hither’

Like Puritans in New England → different

Govern the following Quaker principles:

  • equality for all people before God (women, blacks, Indians)
  • believed liberty was a universal entitlement
  • first abolish slavery

Indian treatment:

  • purchased Indian land
  • refuge tribes driven out other colonies

Why?

Quakers = pacifists (no established military to 1740s)

peace essential

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35
Q

Why was the Pennsylvania government founded on Quaker’s principles?

A

Quakers = pacifists (no established military to 1740s)

peace essential

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36
Q

Who was the electorate in Pennsylvania during the 18th century?

A

Electorate: male taxpayers (“freemen”)

  • owned 100 acres of land for free immigrants
  • 50 acres for previously indentured servants
  • most able to vote
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37
Q

Why was there so much immigration in 17th century Pennsylvania?

A
  1. religious tolerance
  2. healthy climate
  3. inexpensive land
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38
Q

Why did the mass immigration in 18th century Pennsylvania deteriorate the freedom of others?

A
  1. mass immigration interfere benevolent Indian policy
  2. reliance slave labor > less indentured servants
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39
Q

When was the concept of race invented?

What was the result?

A

English > disliked different people

ex: Irish, Native American, African
* pagan
* uncivilized

Concept of RACE

developed 17th century

resulted in racism

  • Anti-black Stereotypes:
  • Very different (religion, color, language)

Indian enslavement, not an option

  • population declined fast
  • ran away
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40
Q

Where did the word “slave” originate?

A

Slaves: Slavic people (15th century)

Word “slave” originated from Slav

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41
Q

Which societies (excluding 17th century Europe) utilized slaves?

A
  1. Greeks
  2. Romans
  3. Mediterranean world
  4. Africans
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42
Q

On what was American slavery based?

A

PLANTATION based

Imbalance: lots of workers for one owner

  • labor more demanding than in Households in Africa
  • association with Race
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43
Q

What did West Indies residents think about slaves?

A
  1. Prejudice against slaves
  2. Convince institutions that slavery was the right way

slave shipping > international business

Labor needed:

  • Indian population wiped out
  • Indentured servants unwilling
  • Sugar plantations labor-intensive
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44
Q

why was labor needed in the West Indies?

A

Labor needed:

  • Indian population wiped out
  • Indentured servants unwilling
  • Sugar plantations labor intensive
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45
Q

What was the first mass-marketed crop in Europe?

What was considered a luxury good before this?

A

Before sugar:

  1. the market mostly silver and gold
  2. luxury goods (spices and silks)
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46
Q

What colony was the Jewel of the 17th century French Empire?

A

Barbados

More trade - sugar -than all the other colonies combined

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47
Q

Why was North America’s transition to slavery slower than in South America?

A
  1. more expensive than indentured servants
  2. tobacco workers high death rate
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48
Q

What liberties did Spanish slaves have before Columbus’s time?

A

marriage

holding of property

access to freedom

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49
Q

How did North American England’s slavery compare to Spanish slavery?

A

More repressive

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50
Q

When did the first slaves arrive in Virginia?

A

1619

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51
Q

Why were Chesapeake, specifically Virginian, slave laws about freedom ambiguous?

A

Began as slaves → still opportunity to be freed

Still discrimination

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52
Q

When was tax imposed on African women in Virginia?

A
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53
Q

What privileges did slaves have in Virginia and Maryland in the early 17th century?

A
  1. allowed testify in court
  2. some acquired land and purchase white slaves
  3. worked with whites in tobacco fields and ran away together
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54
Q

Why did Chesapeake create explicit slavery laws in the 1660s?

A
  1. increase demand labor
  2. white and black servant statues diverged

Virginia impression of being a death trap

black freedom opportunities receded

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55
Q

What laws about children with mixed ancestry were brought into place in 1662 (Chesapeake)?

A

Statues of the offspring followed the mother’s

  • reversed European practice
  • make sexual abuse profitable > children owner property
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56
Q

What law did the Virginia House of Burgesses pass in 1667, related to religious conversion and slavery?

A

The religious conversion did not release slave from bondage

  • Christians own other Christians
  • mixed children = illegitimate
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57
Q
A
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58
Q
A
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59
Q

What was the main reason for the fast transition between white indentured servants and African slaves? (In Virginia)

A

Bacon’s Rebellion

60
Q

Who was William Berkeley? Why did he cause tension in the 1670s?

A

William Berkeley governor 30 years

  • corrupt (circle wealthiest tobacco plantation owners)
  • land grants to allies
  • resulted in poverty (comparable with England)
  • Voting rights: only landowners
  • Peaceful Indian relations
61
Q

What did the settlers want during Becon’s Rebellion (1676)? How did Berkeley respond?

A

Social tension and resentment

Settlers demand:

  1. extermination or removal of colony’s Indians
  2. Berkeley refused
  3. Indian massacre presided > rebellion
62
Q

Who was the settlers’ leader in Bacon’s Rebellion?

A

Nathaniel Bacon

Reason for support: (blacks, indentured servants, farmers)

  1. call for removal of Indians
  2. reduction of taxes
  3. end to rule of “grandees”
  4. promised freedom and Indian lands
63
Q

What did Nathaniel Bacon demand in Bacon’s Rebellion?

A
  1. call for removal of Indians
  2. reduction of taxes
  3. end to rule of “grandees”
  4. promised freedom and Indian lands
64
Q

What happened during Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)?

A

1676: Burned Jamestown

  1. Berkeley fled
  2. Nathaniel Bacon ruler

English warship restored order

October 1976: Bacon died

65
Q

How did the British respond (in England) to Nathaniel Bacon’s overthrow of Berkeley?

A

Sent warships to restore order

October 1676: Nathaniel died

66
Q

How did Bacon’s Rebellion frighten the elite; what was their response?

A
  1. restoration of voting rights
  2. reduced taxes
  3. more aggressive Indian policy
67
Q

How did the Bacon Rebellion influence the type of labor?

A

Would switch to African Slaves

68
Q

Why did slave labor surpass indentured servants between 1680 and 1700 in Chesapeake? [3]

A
  1. Bacon’s rebellion
  2. the death rate fell → more profitable for slaves
  3. Royal African Company’s monopoly of slaves ended

reduced prices

69
Q

How did the percentage of Black people in Virginia change from 1700 to 1750?

A

1700: Black = 10% population
1750: Black = 50% population

70
Q

What new slaves laws were passed in the House of Burgesses in 1705?

A

Society with slaves → slave society

  • Slaves = property
  • subject to white community
  • Bought, sold, leased, passed on
  • Blacks _ not own white people
71
Q

When was King Philips war?

A

1675-1676

72
Q

When was the Glorious Revolution?

A

1688

73
Q

What was the results of the Glorious Revolution?

A
  1. Established Parliament supremacy
  2. Protestant succession
74
Q

When did Charles the second die and who was his successor?

A

Death: 1685

Successor: James 2 (Duke of York)

75
Q

How did James the 2nd’s rule serve as catalysts for the Glorious Revolution?

How did his son’s birth in 1686 further increase tension?

A
  1. Catholic & believed in absolutism
  2. decreed religious tolerance

Son: alarming thoughts of a Catholic succession

76
Q
A
77
Q

Who were the opposing sides in the Glorious Revolution?

A

James 2nd vs the Parliament

78
Q

What was William of Orange’s part in the Glorious Revolution?

A

Aristocrats invited Dutch nobleman → William of Orange → throne of “English Liberty”

  • Husband to James Protestant daughter Mary

Revolution:

  • Anglican Church with William
  • James 2 fled
  • Overthrow James
  • entrenched notion of liberties of birthright to English
79
Q

When did the Mercantilism system become popular in Europe?

A

17th century

80
Q

What was the English Bill of Rights (1689)?

A

Listed parliamentary powers:

  • taxation
  • rights of individuals (trail by jury)
81
Q

What was the Toleration Act of 1689?

A
  • Free worship Protestant Dissenters (not Catholics)
  • Only Anglicans hold office
82
Q

How was the Glorious Revolution’s policy results mirrored in the British colonies?

A
  1. Protestants domination
  2. discrimination against Catholics and dissenters
83
Q

Name three colonies that were proprietory in the 1670s:

A
  1. New York
  2. Maryland
  3. Carolina
84
Q

What happened with the Lords of Trade questioned the Massachusetts government in 1678?

A

They responded that the laws did not apply to them because they had no representation in government

85
Q

How did the English government try to reduce colonial autonomy in the 1680s?

A

King James II created: The Dominion of New England

  1. Massachusetts
  2. Maine
  3. New Hampshire
  4. New York
  5. Vermont
  6. New Jersey
  7. Connecticut
  8. Rhode Island
86
Q

Who was the governor of The Dominion of New England?

A

Sir Edmund Andros

87
Q

Why was Sir Edmund Andros seen as the enemy?

A
  • Ended community authority
  • End certain Laws → Puritanism in Massachusetts
  • Tries to bring the colonies under firm control
  • Thought colonists do not have the same rights as English
88
Q

Explain what happened during the Rebellion in 1689?

April in Boston…

A

April 1689: Boston militia seized Edmund Andros and other officials

established original colonial governments

Lobbied for charters in England

1691: charter absorbed Plymouth into Massachusetts

transformation

  • Town governments intact
  • governer chosen in England
  • Property ownership (not chruch membership) allowed voting rights
  • required to abide by English Toleration Act

Results: tension

  • raids by French and Indians
  • religious tention
89
Q

Explain what happened during the Rebellion in 1689:

May in New York…

A

Captain Jacob Leisler + militia

  • established Committee of Safety
  • took control of New York

Unintentional: divided colony along ethnic lines

  • Dutch took control
  • William refuse acknowledge → sent troops and new governor
  • Leisler executed
90
Q

When was Plymouth absorbed into Massachusetts?

A

1691

91
Q

Explained what happened during the Rebellion of 1691:

July in Maryland …

A

July 1698: Maryland’s Protestant Association

overthrew Lord Baltimore (catholic)

William revoked charter

1715: Baltimore converted Anglicanism → restored

  • transformed government
  • ended religious tolerance
92
Q

Who were “witches” according to 17th century Europeans and Americas?

A
  • women (occasionally men)
  • entered into a pact with devil → supernatural powers
  • miscarriages or stillborn = witch work
93
Q

Which type of women were generally executed because of witchcraft?

A
  • women beyond childbearing age
  • outspoken, economically independent, not married
  • violated traditional gender norms
94
Q

When was the Salem Witch Trails?

A

1692

95
Q

What happened during the Salem Witch Trails (1692)?

A

Couple of young girls had nightmares → why? witches

  • 3 “witches” identified
  • Tituba → Indian from Caribbean → slave one girl’s house

The only way avoid prosecution → give the name of other

middle 1692: a hundred neighbors accusing each other

14 women and 5 men hanged

96
Q

What did the Salem Witch Trails indicate about the Salem justice system?

A

Evidence → something wrong Salem justice system

  • Massachusetts governor dissolved Salem court
  • released remaining prisoners
97
Q

What was the most striking characteristic of 18th century America?

A

DIVERSITY!!

98
Q

Who were the largest group of migrants in 18th century America?

A

Germans (85,000)

99
Q

Why did so many Germans migrate to America in the 18th century?

A

18th century Germany:

  • smaller states
  • ruled price → determined official religion
  • Prosecution for those who did not

Reason for emigration:

  1. Religious prosecution
  2. agricultural crises
100
Q

What was the Redemptioners system?

A

The passage in exchange for working off debt in America

  • rural New York and Penn
  • farming communities → German dominant language
101
Q

In which way was America not a “melting pot” of religious diversity?

A
  1. lived separate communities
  2. more diverse than Briain → especially religiously
102
Q

How was Christianity ingrained in New Jersey, Rhode Island, and Pennsylvania?

A
  1. no separation of chruch and state
  2. taxes to pay minister’s salary
  3. barred Catholics and Jews voting/holding office **
103
Q

Why was the Indian population almost entirely gone in the 18th century?

A
  1. Disease
  2. Warfare
104
Q

(18th century) How were the remaining Indian society integrated into the Western communities?

A
  • fought in imperial wars
  • not live with whites
  • use technologies

Alcohol → Social chaos

105
Q

How did the following parties view the Indians: (18th century)

A. Traders

B. Officials

C. Farmers

A

Traders: potential profits

Officials: allies against French and Spanish

Farmers: obstacles to land

106
Q
A
107
Q

What was the Walking Purchase of 1737?

A

Pennsylvania → Influx German and Scott immigration

William Penn constructed peaceful relations with Indians

WP > fraudulent dealings like other colonies

Lenni Lenape Indians → agreed to give land bounded by the distance man could walk in 36 hours

  • Governor James Logan → hired a team of runners
  • exceeded expectations
  • 1760: Relations become hostile
108
Q

How did Indian relations with William Penn (and Pennsylvania) change after the Walking Purchase of 1737?

A

William Penn had peaceful relations with Indians, but relations turned hostile after the Walking Purchase

109
Q

How did the standard of living to compare in the Middle Colonies in the 18th century compare to that of Europe?

A

A higher standard of living that in Europe

110
Q

When did Great Britain overtake the Dutch as the leading producer and trader?

A

18th century

111
Q

Which goods made Britain the leading trading empire in the 18th century?

A
  • coffee and tea
  • manufactured goods (linen, metalware, pins, ribbons, glassware)
112
Q

What did consumerism mean in 18th century America?

A
  • modest farmers owned books, plates, cutlery, silk and cotton
  • tea: now necessity of life (was luxury)
113
Q

What made Philadelphia the British Empire’s third-largest port in 1770?

A

gathering places goods for imported items

expansion of trade → increased population (artisans and merchants)

  • farm goods
  • suppliers to rural storekeepers
  • credit to consumers
  • flour, bread, meat exports

Population:

  • artisans, jewelers, silversmiths
  • Influx British goods → American craftsmen benefited from expanding market
114
Q

Where were British manufactured goods go in the 18th century?

A
  1. America
  2. West Indies
115
Q

Where did America export its various farm goods in the 18th century?

A

America: export of farm goods (Britain and West Indies)

  • except for tobacco (enumerated under the Navigation Act)
  • Bread and flour → West Indies
116
Q

Where was Tobacco sold and resold in the 18th century?

A

enumerated

marketed in Britain → re-exported by British merchants

117
Q

How did regulations enforced by the British (such as the Navigation Act) help the American colonists (18th century)?

A
  1. trade enrich colony and motherland
  2. Navigation Act → smuggling flourished
118
Q

What “type” of America Elite emerged in 18th century America?

A
  • dominated politics
  • planters and rulers of proprietary colonies
  • not as wealthy/powerful aristocracy England
  • no tilted aristocracy
119
Q

Who were the Elite in 1750 Middle Colonies (Chesapeake and Lower South)?

A
  • slave plantations
  • staple crops
  • Planter: very wealthy
120
Q

Why were the Virginian upper class nicknamed a “cousinocracy?”

A

Virginia: elite tightly knit and intermarried

“cousinocracy”

  • nearly all achievements > family connections
  • Used control to gain land
121
Q

Which colony had the riches planters in 18th century America?

Which Urban center did they spend most of their time?

A

Carolina Planter: richest

Lavish lifestyles

Spent most time: Charleston

  • only urban area south of Philadelphia
  • richest city in British North America
122
Q

Which city was the richest in 18th century North America?

A

Charleston

123
Q

How did the British (18th century) view colonists?

A

English: wanted to create an “English” identity

Saw colonists:

  1. convicts, dissidents, servants
  2. made people assert claim to British identity

Saw Indians and Africans as lesser

  • Different from other Europeans
  • not include Indians in colonial identity
  • limited intermarriage
124
Q

How did British views on Indians and African compare to other Europeans powers?

A

Saw Indians and Africans as lesser

  1. Different from other Europeans
  2. not include Indians in colonial identity
  3. limited intermarriage
125
Q

How did colonial trade with the British compare to that of other colonies? (18th century)

A

More trade with the British than between colonies

126
Q

How did Anglicization contribute to trade between Britain and America?

A
  • model lives on British etiquette
  • imported London fashions and literature
  • sent sons to Britain for education
127
Q

How did the “Right to Rule” influence elites in 18th century America?

A

“Right to rule”

  1. hierarchy of talents
  2. statues revealed in dress
128
Q

How did poverty in America in the 18th century compare to that of Britain in the 16th century? Why?

A

slaves: impoverished conditions

free Americas: poor as in Britain

Why:

  1. land diminished
  2. people forced work in city or other colonies
129
Q

How did elites respond to increased poverty in 18th century America?

A

Similar to in Britain

  • Elite saw poor as: lazy and responsible for own situation
  • poor people sent to labor houses
130
Q

How did 18th century America’s middle class compare to Britain?

A

Distinguished from Europe: middle class

2/3 free males owned own land

Culture:

  • saw land ownership as a right
  • resented those who tried to take it away
  • dislike personal dependent _ widespread
131
Q

How was the American economy (18th century) centered?

A

family centered

132
Q

How did small farmers retain a sense of independence in 18th century America?

A

depended on labor or dependent women and children

133
Q

What happened in 18th century America when the population grew and the death rate decreased, in relation to the female’s role in marriage?

A

Free women:

  • expected to being wives and mothers
  • opportunities that existed in the beginning receded
  • work: cooking, cleaning, sewing
  • Low infant mortality: more time raising children
134
Q

Describe mid-18th century America?

A

diverse

  • elites central power
  • large access to freedom
  • high birth rate
  • expanding demand for consumer goods

freedom:

  1. voting rights
  2. acquiring lands
  3. religious freedom
135
Q

When did England become Great Britian?

A

1707: became Great Britain after union of England and Scotland

136
Q

Explain indentured servitude in America:

A

Indenture:

  1. needed to pay passage across the Atlantic → to expensive for the majority
  2. HEADRIGHT SYSTEM

Virginia: 50 acres of land on completion of indentured service

* encouraged rapid development and increased settlements

Reasons people willing to give out land:

  • increased English “land claims”
  • buffer against imperial rivals

England

1707: became Great Britain after union of England and Scotland

Reasons English peasants agreed to indenture:

  1. land
  2. decreasing opportunity in England

17th century: 1/2 population IS

Conditions:

some say worse than slavery

  1. high death rate
  2. poor living conditions
  3. physical punishment
  4. unreasonable expectations
137
Q

What was a Redemptioner? `

A

Received passage from a ship captain in return for the value of the indenture contract

  • negotiated after the journey
  • depended on finding indenture contract after arrival and owning money to captain
  • no way to returning to England
138
Q

What 4 reasons did the English turn to slavery rather than indenture?

A
  1. Plentry of land and the drive to put it to use → bolster imperial claims
  2. Shortage of indentured servants (due to aweful conditions)
  3. No way of enslaving Native Americans (diminished numbers)
  4. Europe’s growing demand for commoditiy items (sugar and tobacco)

similar to Spain’s reasons

139
Q

How did laws solve the problems that arose due to slavery?

Problems:

  1. Uncomfortable with enslaving Christians (many slaves converted)
  2. Children born to enslaved women
A

1660s: Laws eliminate problems

Other: baptism not impact a person’s conditions of being enslaved or free

1662: Marilineal inheritance

  • mother slave → all her children slaves
  • Many white slaveowners encouraged have children with female slaves

increased labor force with little investment

sexual abuse more common

Response:

  • running away
  • attacking slaveowners or overseers
  • destruction
140
Q

Describe the New England Colonies during 1660-1760?

A
  • fishing, rum, shipbuilding, subsistence farming
  • “City on the Hill”
  • healthier climate, longer life expectancy
  • Mayflower Compact
  • Royal governor and town meetings
  • More homogeneous society (Puritans)
  • Schools important
141
Q

Describe the Middle Colonies during 1660-1760?

A
  • few enslaved people or indenture
  • cereal crops
  • diverse religious, ethnically, and demographically
  • Purchase land from NA
  • Proprietary colonies, royal governors, and colonial assemblies
142
Q

Describe the Southern and Caribbean Colonies during 1660-1760?

A
  • high mortality rate
  • Bacon’s Rebellion revealed frustration between rich and poor
  • Joint-stock companies
  • House of Burgesses
  • Reliance on indenture and enslavement
  • Buffer to Spanish colonialism
  • Headright system
  • Yeoman farmers
  • large-scale production of staple crops and cash crops
143
Q

What commonalities excisted between the British colonies during 1660-1760?

A
  • Slavery (until American Revolution)
  • Access to Atlantic Ocean
  • Temperate climates and adequate rainfall for agricultural production
  • Dependence manufactured goods (imported from Britain)
  • High value placed on land-ownership
  • Dominance of Christianity
  • Expectation of men and women to marry and raise families
144
Q

What happened in the Beaver Wars in the 1620s?

A

1620s:

  • Iroquois dependent European goods
  • exchanged fur with French

Beaver population declined → ranged farther for hunting

  • into territories of other groups (Huron Confederacy)
  • Decades of war between tribes

Results:

  1. most Huron’s died
  2. captured
  3. dispersed into groups
145
Q

What was the result of King Philip’s War?

A

Death Rate:

  • 5% English pop
  • 40% Indian pop
  • 60-80% of Plymouth

Results:

  • Last major Indian Conflict
  • Captives sold into slavery (including Metacom’s son)
  • Allies and Wampanoag Indians destroyed
  • Left Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island open
  • Small, but not significant, rebellions
146
Q

What happened during 1675 in King Philip’s War?

A

Violence: assassination of three Pokanoket Indians convicted for murdering a “praying Indians”

  • Metacom allied with 2/3 area’s Indians

First Attack: Swansea, Massachusetts

147
Q

What happened during 1676 in King Philip’s War?

A
  • Killed hundreds of people
  • destructed 12/90 towns

Both sides: brutal tactics

  • setting fires to drive out people
  • mounting them on the side of the road

AP US History School (21 decks)

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