Chapter 03: Creating Anglo-America (1660→1750) Flashcards
Global Competition and Expansion of England Origins of Americans Slavery Colonies in Crisis The Growth of Colonial America Social Classes in the Colonies
1
Q
What are the characteristics of mercantilism?
A
- encourage manufacturing
- monopolies
- Controlled trade
more silver & gold flow into the economy than out
more exports than imports
2
Q
When was the Navigation Act brought into effect?
A
1651
3
Q
Define enumerated goods:
A
most valuable colonial goods (tobacco and sugar)
4
Q
What was the objective of the Navigation Act?
A
Aim: take world trade from Dutch
- transported by English ships
- sold initially in English ports
- could re-exported to foreign markets
5
Q
What was the result of the Navigation Act (1651)?
A
Result: most European goods were transported through England
- increased shipbuilding, merchants
- added tax for the government
- stimulated rise New England’s shipbuilding industry
6
Q
What did Charles 02 do - colonial wise - during his reign?
A
- New period of colonial expansion
- new charter ventures
* Royal African Company* → monopoly on the slave trade - Increase colonies
7
Q
When was New Netherland annexed by the English?
What was the new name?
A
1664
Renamed New York
8
Q
When was the Anglo-Dutch war?
A
1652-1784
9
Q
What happened to New Netherland during the Anglo-Dutch war?
A
Charles 2 gave New Netherland to James (younger brother of Charles and Duke of York)
Renamed: New York
10
Q
What transformation occurred when New Netherland became New York?
A
from minor military base
- important imperial outpost
- seaport trading with Caribbean and Europe
- 1685 population 20,000
11
Q
How did freedom in New York change after it was annexed from the Dutch?
What stayed the same, what changes (for the good and bad)?
A
Stayed the same:
tolerance for religious beliefs
property holding of colony’s ethnic communities
Change:
Bad….
- married women could not conduct business in their name (used to be female traders)
- expelled free blacks from skilled jobs
Good…
immense land grants
1700s: 2 million acers owned 5 families
1. intermarried
2. political influence
3. most tightly knit elites
12
Q
How did the initial English rule strengthen the Iroquois Confederacy?
A
Covenant Chain:
- Iroquois Nations assisted in clearing parts of New York of rival tribes
- assisted in fighting French
13
Q
What was the Covenant Chain?
A
- Iroquois Nations assisted in clearing parts of New York of rival tribes
- assisted in fighting French
Creator: Sir Edmund Andros
after fighting the French in the Caribbean
Reward Indian: recognized land claims up until Ohio River
1680s: Other Indians aligned French
pushed Iroquois to east
14
Q
Who created the Covenant Chain?
A
Sir Edmund Andros
15
Q
What was the Iroquois Confederacy’s stance at the end of the 17th century?
A
- Iroquois people neutral
- profit from fur trade
- played Europeans off one another
16
Q
Why did James of York call an elected assembly in 1683?
A
The New York residents complained about them being denied “liberties of Englishmen”
17
Q
When was the Charter of Liberties and Privileges drafted?
A
1683
18
Q
What was the Charter of Liberties and Privileges?
A
- elections 1/3 years
- electorate: male property owners
- trail by jury
- security of property
- religious toleration Protestants
19
Q
When was Maryland established?
A
1632
20
Q
When was Carolina established?
A
1670
21
Q
Why did Charles 2 give 8 properties away in 1663?
What did these properties result in in 1670?
A
The establishment of Carolina was to cap Spanish expansion
22
Q
Describe the relationship between the Indians and English in late 17th Carolina?
A
Armed some → fight the Spanish
enslaved others
shipped to mainland colonies
1670-1720: Larger amount of slaves exported from Charleston than imported from Africa
23
Q
When was the Yamasee rebellions?
A
1715
24
Q
What happened during the 1715’s Yamasee Uprising?
A
Yamasee and Creek Indians rebelled
stopped → enslaved or driven to Spanish Florida
25
When was the *Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina* established?
1669
26
What were the ***Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina****?* (1669)
1. establish a **feudal society**
hereditary nobility, serfs, slaves
2. **elected assembly**
3. **religious tolerance**
essential to enticing migration
4. **_headright system_**
50 acres to arriving family
100 acres to male servants completed terms
5. Slaveowners **"Absolute power and authority" over slaves**
27
What was the HEADRIGHT SYSTEM?
* 50 acres to arriving family
* 100 acres to male servants completed terms
28
How did the early economy of Carolina change after the start of the cultivation of rice?
Early economy:
1. cattle raising
2. trade Indians
♣ Rice ♣
* make the _wealthiest elite in English North America_
* epicenter for slavery
29
When was Pennsylvania founded?
1681
30
Who established Pennsylvania and what was his vision?
leader: **_William Penn_**
Vision:
* sanctuary religiously prosecuted
* harmony with Indians
31
What was the purpose of Pennsylvania's ***Society of Friends (Quakers)***?
refuge for coreligionists
helped purchase half of present day New Jersey from Lord John Berkeley
32
What was the ***West Jersey Concessions*** of 1677?
1. elected assembly
2. religious liberty
33
34
Why was Pennsylvania considered a *Holy Experiment?*
*"free colony for all mankind that should go hither'*
Like Puritans in New England → different
_Govern the following Quaker principles:_
* equality for all people before God (women, blacks, Indians)
* believed liberty was a universal entitlement
* first abolish slavery
_Indian treatment:_
* purchased Indian land
* refuge tribes driven out other colonies
Why?
Quakers = pacifists (no established military to 1740s)
peace essential
35
Why was the Pennsylvania government founded on Quaker's principles?
Quakers = **pacifists** (no established military to 1740s)
peace essential
36
Who was the electorate in Pennsylvania during the 18th century?
Electorate: **male taxpayers ("freemen")**
* owned 100 acres of land for free immigrants
* 50 acres for previously indentured servants
* most able to vote
37
Why was there so much immigration in 17th century Pennsylvania?
1. religious tolerance
2. healthy climate
3. inexpensive land
38
Why did the mass immigration in 18th century Pennsylvania deteriorate the freedom of others?
1. mass immigration interfere benevolent Indian policy
2. reliance slave labor \> less indentured servants
39
When was the concept of *race* invented?
What was the result?
English \> disliked different people
ex: Irish, Native American, African
* pagan
* uncivilized
Concept of RACE
**developed 17th century**
resulted in racism
* Anti-black Stereotypes:
* Very different (religion, color, language)
**Indian enslavement, not an option**
* population declined fast
* ran away
40
Where did the word ***"slave"*** originate?
Slaves: Slavic people (15th century)
Word "slave" originated from Slav
41
Which societies (excluding 17th century Europe) utilized slaves?
1. Greeks
2. Romans
3. Mediterranean world
4. Africans
42
On what was American slavery based?
PLANTATION based
Imbalance: lots of workers for one owner
* labor more demanding than in Households in Africa
* association with Race
43
What did West Indies residents think about slaves?
1. Prejudice against slaves
2. Convince institutions that slavery was the right way
slave shipping \> international business
_Labor needed:_
* Indian population wiped out
* Indentured servants unwilling
* Sugar plantations labor-intensive
44
why was labor needed in the West Indies?
Labor needed:
* Indian population wiped out
* Indentured servants unwilling
* Sugar plantations labor intensive
45
What was the first mass-marketed crop in Europe?
What was considered a luxury good before this?
Before sugar:
1. the market mostly silver and gold
2. luxury goods (spices and silks)
46
What colony was the Jewel of the 17th century French Empire?
Barbados
More trade - sugar -than all the other colonies combined
47
Why was North America's transition to slavery slower than in South America?
1. more expensive than indentured servants
2. tobacco workers high death rate
48
What liberties did Spanish slaves have before Columbus's time?
marriage
holding of property
access to freedom
49
How did North American England's slavery compare to Spanish slavery?
More repressive
50
When did the first slaves arrive in Virginia?
1619
51
Why were Chesapeake, specifically Virginian, slave laws about freedom ambiguous?
Began as slaves → _still opportunity to be freed_
Still discrimination
52
When was tax imposed on African women in Virginia?
53
What privileges did slaves have in Virginia and Maryland in the early 17th century?
1. allowed testify in court
2. some acquired land and purchase white slaves
3. worked with whites in tobacco fields and ran away together
54
Why did Chesapeake create explicit slavery laws in the 1660s?
1. increase demand labor
2. white and black servant statues diverged
Virginia impression of being a death trap
black freedom opportunities receded
55
What laws about children with mixed ancestry were brought into place in 1662 (Chesapeake)?
Statues of the offspring followed the mother's
* reversed European practice
* make sexual abuse profitable \> children owner property
56
What law did the Virginia House of Burgesses pass in 1667, related to religious conversion and slavery?
**The religious conversion did not release slave from bondage**
* Christians own other Christians
* mixed children = illegitimate
57
58
59
What was the main reason for the fast transition between white indentured servants and African slaves? (In Virginia)
Bacon's Rebellion
60
Who was William Berkeley? Why did he cause tension in the 1670s?
William Berkeley governor 30 years
* corrupt (circle wealthiest tobacco plantation owners)
* land grants to allies
* resulted in poverty (comparable with England)
* Voting rights: only landowners
* Peaceful Indian relations
61
What did the settlers want during Becon's Rebellion (1676)? How did Berkeley respond?
Social **tension** and **resentment**
Settlers demand:
1. extermination or removal of colony's Indians
2. Berkeley refused
3. Indian massacre presided \> rebellion
62
Who was the settlers' leader in Bacon's Rebellion?
Nathaniel Bacon
Reason for support: (blacks, indentured servants, farmers)
1. call for removal of Indians
2. reduction of taxes
3. end to rule of "grandees"
4. promised freedom and Indian lands
63
What did Nathaniel Bacon demand in Bacon's Rebellion?
1. call for removal of Indians
2. reduction of taxes
3. end to rule of "grandees"
4. promised freedom and Indian lands
64
What happened during Bacon's Rebellion (1676)?
1676: **Burned Jamestown**
1. Berkeley fled
2. Nathaniel Bacon ruler
English warship restored order
October 1976: Bacon died
65
How did the British respond (in England) to Nathaniel Bacon's overthrow of Berkeley?
Sent warships to restore order
October 1676: Nathaniel died
66
How did Bacon's Rebellion frighten the elite; what was their response?
1. restoration of voting rights
2. reduced taxes
3. more aggressive Indian policy
67
How did the Bacon Rebellion influence the type of labor?
Would switch to African Slaves
68
Why did slave labor surpass indentured servants between 1680 and 1700 in Chesapeake? [3]
1. Bacon's rebellion
2. the **death rate fell** → more profitable for slaves
3. Royal African Company's **monopoly of slaves ended**
reduced prices
69
How did the percentage of Black people in Virginia change from 1700 to 1750?
1700: Black = **10% population**
1750: Black = **50% population**
70
What new slaves laws were passed in the House of Burgesses in 1705?
*Society with slaves → slave society*
* Slaves = property
* subject to white community
* Bought, sold, leased, passed on
* Blacks _ not own white people
71
When was King Philips war?
1675-1676
72
When was the Glorious Revolution?
1688
73
What was the results of the Glorious Revolution?
1. Established Parliament supremacy
2. Protestant succession
74
When did Charles the second die and who was his successor?
Death: 1685
Successor: James 2 (*Duke of York)*
75
How did James the 2nd's rule serve as catalysts for the Glorious Revolution?
How did his son's birth in 1686 further increase tension?
1. Catholic & believed in absolutism
2. decreed religious tolerance
Son: alarming thoughts of a _Catholic succession_
76
77
Who were the opposing sides in the Glorious Revolution?
James 2nd vs the Parliament
78
What was William of Orange's part in the Glorious Revolution?
Aristocrats invited Dutch nobleman → William of Orange → _throne of "English Liberty"_
* Husband to James Protestant daughter Mary
**Revolution**:
* Anglican Church with William
* James 2 fled
* Overthrow James
* entrenched notion of liberties of birthright to English
79
When did the Mercantilism system become popular in Europe?
17th century
80
What was the **English Bill of Rights** (1689)?
Listed parliamentary powers:
* taxation
* rights of individuals (trail by jury)
81
What was the **Toleration Act** of 1689?
* Free worship Protestant Dissenters (not Catholics)
* Only Anglicans hold office
82
How was the Glorious Revolution's policy results mirrored in the British colonies?
1. Protestants domination
2. discrimination against Catholics and dissenters
83
Name three colonies that were proprietory in the 1670s:
1. New York
2. Maryland
3. Carolina
84
What happened with the Lords of Trade questioned the Massachusetts government in 1678?
They responded that the laws did not apply to them because they had no representation in government
85
How did the English government try to reduce colonial autonomy in the 1680s?
King James II created: **The Dominion of New England**
## Footnote
1. Massachusetts
2. Maine
3. New Hampshire
4. New York
5. Vermont
6. New Jersey
7. Connecticut
8. Rhode Island
86
Who was the governor of The Dominion of New England?
Sir Edmund Andros
87
Why was Sir Edmund Andros seen as the enemy?
* Ended community authority
* End certain Laws → Puritanism in Massachusetts
* Tries to bring the colonies under firm control
* Thought colonists do not have the same rights as English
88
Explain what happened during the Rebellion in 1689?
*April in Boston...*
April 1689: _Boston militia seized Edmund Andros and other officials_
established **original colonial governments**
Lobbied for charters in England
**1691**: charter absorbed Plymouth into Massachusetts
transformation
* Town governments intact
* governer chosen in England
* Property ownership (not chruch membership) allowed voting rights
* required to abide by English Toleration Act
Results: **tension**
* raids by French and Indians
* religious tention
89
Explain what happened during the Rebellion in 1689:
*May in New York...*
Captain Jacob Leisler + militia
* established **Committee of Safety**
* took control of New York
Unintentional: _divided colony along ethnic lines_
* Dutch took control
* William refuse acknowledge → sent troops and new governor
* Leisler executed
90
When was Plymouth absorbed into Massachusetts?
1691
91
Explained what happened during the Rebellion of 1691:
*July in Maryland ...*
July 1698: **Maryland's Protestant Association**
overthrew _Lord Baltimore_ (catholic)
William revoked charter
**1715**: Baltimore converted Anglicanism → restored
* transformed government
* ended religious tolerance
92
Who were "witches" according to 17th century Europeans and Americas?
* women (*occasionally men)*
* entered into a pact with devil → supernatural powers
* miscarriages or stillborn = witch work
93
Which type of women were generally executed because of witchcraft?
* women beyond childbearing age
* outspoken, economically independent, not married
* violated traditional gender norms
94
When was the Salem Witch Trails?
1692
95
What happened during the Salem Witch Trails (1692)?
Couple of young girls had nightmares → why? witches
* 3 "witches" identified
* Tituba → Indian from Caribbean → slave one girl's house
The only way avoid prosecution → give the name of other
middle 1692: a hundred neighbors accusing each other
**14 women and 5 men hanged**
96
What did the Salem Witch Trails indicate about the Salem justice system?
Evidence → **something wrong Salem justice system**
* Massachusetts governor dissolved Salem court
* released remaining prisoners
97
What was the most striking characteristic of 18th century America?
DIVERSITY!!
98
Who were the largest group of migrants in 18th century America?
Germans (85,000)
99
Why did so many Germans migrate to America in the 18th century?
18th century Germany:
* smaller states
* ruled price → determined official religion
* Prosecution for those who did not
_Reason for emigration:_
1. **Religious prosecution**
2. **agricultural crises**
100
What was the ***Redemptioners*** system?
The passage in exchange for working off debt in America
* rural New York and Penn
* farming communities → German dominant language
101
In which way was America not a "melting pot" of religious diversity?
1. lived separate communities
2. more diverse than Briain → especially religiously
102
How was Christianity ingrained in New Jersey, Rhode Island, and Pennsylvania?
1. no separation of chruch and state
2. taxes to pay minister's salary
3. barred Catholics and Jews voting/holding office \*\*
103
Why was the Indian population almost entirely gone in the 18th century?
1. Disease
2. Warfare
104
(18th century) How were the remaining Indian society integrated into the Western communities?
* fought in imperial wars
* not live with whites
* use technologies
Alcohol → Social chaos
105
How did the following parties view the Indians: (18th century)
A. **Traders**
B. **Officials**
C. **Farmers**
**Traders**: potential profits
**Officials**: allies against French and Spanish
**Farmers**: obstacles to land
106
107
What was the **Walking Purchase** of 1737?
Pennsylvania → Influx German and Scott immigration
William Penn constructed peaceful relations with Indians
WP \> fraudulent dealings like other colonies
**Lenni Lenape Indians** → agreed to give land bounded by the distance man could walk in 36 hours
* Governor James Logan → hired a team of runners
* exceeded expectations
* **1760**: Relations become hostile
108
How did Indian relations with William Penn (and Pennsylvania) change after the Walking Purchase of 1737?
William Penn had peaceful relations with Indians, but relations turned hostile after the Walking Purchase
109
How did the standard of living to compare in the Middle Colonies in the 18th century compare to that of Europe?
A higher standard of living that in Europe
110
When did Great Britain overtake the Dutch as the leading producer and trader?
18th century
111
Which goods made Britain the leading trading empire in the 18th century?
* coffee and tea
* manufactured goods (linen, metalware, pins, ribbons, glassware)
112
What did consumerism mean in 18th century America?
* modest farmers owned books, plates, cutlery, silk and cotton
* tea: now necessity of life (was luxury)
113
What made Philadelphia the British Empire's third-largest port in 1770?
gathering places goods for imported items
expansion of trade → increased population (artisans and merchants)
* farm goods
* suppliers to rural storekeepers
* credit to consumers
* flour, bread, meat exports
Population:
* artisans, jewelers, silversmiths
* Influx British goods → American craftsmen benefited from expanding market
114
Where were British manufactured goods go in the 18th century?
1. America
2. West Indies
115
Where did America export its various farm goods in the 18th century?
America: export of farm goods (**Britain** and **West Indies**)
* except for tobacco (enumerated under the Navigation Act)
* Bread and flour → West Indies
116
Where was Tobacco sold and resold in the 18th century?
enumerated
marketed in Britain → re-exported by British merchants
117
How did regulations enforced by the British (such as the Navigation Act) help the American colonists (18th century)?
1. trade enrich colony and motherland
2. Navigation Act → smuggling flourished
118
What "type" of America Elite emerged in 18th century America?
* dominated politics
* planters and rulers of proprietary colonies
* not as wealthy/powerful aristocracy England
* no tilted aristocracy
119
Who were the Elite in 1750 Middle Colonies (Chesapeake and Lower South)?
* slave plantations
* staple crops
* Planter: very wealthy
120
Why were the Virginian upper class nicknamed a "cousinocracy?"
Virginia**: elite tightly knit and intermarried**
"cousinocracy"
* nearly all achievements \> family connections
* Used control to gain land
121
Which colony had the riches planters in 18th century America?
Which Urban center did they spend most of their time?
**Carolina Planter:** richest
Lavish lifestyles
Spent most time: _Charleston_
* only urban area south of Philadelphia
* richest city in British North America
122
Which city was the richest in 18th century North America?
**Charleston**
123
How did the British (18th century) view colonists?
English: wanted to create an "English" identity
Saw colonists:
1. convicts, dissidents, servants
2. made people assert claim to British identity
Saw **Indians and Africans as lesser**
* Different from other Europeans
* not include Indians in colonial identity
* limited intermarriage
124
How did British views on Indians and African compare to other Europeans powers?
Saw Indians and Africans as lesser
1. Different from other Europeans
2. not include Indians in colonial identity
3. limited intermarriage
125
How did colonial trade with the British compare to that of other colonies? (18th century)
More trade with the British than between colonies
126
How did Anglicization contribute to trade between Britain and America?
* model lives on British etiquette
* imported London fashions and literature
* sent sons to Britain for education
127
How did the "Right to Rule" influence elites in 18th century America?
"Right to rule"
1. hierarchy of talents
2. statues revealed in dress
128
How did poverty in America in the 18th century compare to that of Britain in the 16th century? Why?
**slaves**: impoverished conditions
**free Americas**: poor as in Britain
Why:
1. land diminished
2. people forced work in city or other colonies
129
How did elites respond to increased poverty in 18th century America?
Similar to in Britain
* Elite saw poor as: lazy and responsible for own situation
* poor people sent to labor houses
130
How did 18th century America's middle class compare to Britain?
Distinguished from Europe: middle class
**2/3 free males owned own land**
Culture:
* saw land ownership as a right
* resented those who tried to take it away
* dislike personal dependent _ widespread
131
How was the American economy (18th century) centered?
family centered
132
How did small farmers retain a sense of independence in 18th century America?
depended on labor or dependent **women** and **children**
133
What happened in 18th century America when the population grew and the death rate decreased, in relation to the female's role in marriage?
Free women:
* expected to being wives and mothers
* opportunities that existed in the beginning receded
* work: cooking, cleaning, sewing
* Low infant mortality: more time raising children
134
Describe mid-18th century America?
diverse
* elites central power
* large access to freedom
* high birth rate
* expanding demand for consumer goods
**freedom**:
1. voting rights
2. acquiring lands
3. religious freedom
135
When did England become Great Britian?
1707: became Great Britain after union of England and Scotland
136
Explain indentured servitude in America:
Indenture:
1. needed to pay passage across the Atlantic → to expensive for the majority
2. **HEADRIGHT SYSTEM**
Virginia: 50 acres of land on completion of indentured service
* encouraged rapid development and increased settlements
Reasons people willing to give out land:
* increased English "land claims"
* buffer against imperial rivals
* * *
England
1707: became Great Britain after union of England and Scotland
Reasons English peasants agreed to indenture:
1. land
2. decreasing opportunity in England
17th century: 1/2 population IS
* * *
**Conditions:**
some say worse than slavery
1. high death rate
2. poor living conditions
3. physical punishment
4. unreasonable expectations
137
What was a *Redemptioner? `*
***Received passage from a ship captain in return for the value of the indenture contract***
* negotiated after the journey
* depended on finding indenture contract *after* arrival and owning money to captain
* no way to returning to England
138
What 4 reasons did the English turn to slavery rather than indenture?
1. Plentry of land and the drive to put it to use → bolster imperial claims
2. Shortage of indentured servants (*due to aweful conditions)*
3. No way of enslaving Native Americans (diminished numbers)
4. Europe's growing demand for commoditiy items (sugar and tobacco)
## Footnote
*similar to Spain's reasons*
139
How did laws solve the problems that arose due to slavery?
Problems:
1. **Uncomfortable with enslaving Christians (many slaves converted)**
2. **Children born to enslaved women**
**1660s**: Laws eliminate problems
Other: **baptism not impact a person's conditions** of being enslaved or free
**1662**: **Marilineal** inheritance
* mother slave → all her children slaves
* Many white slaveowners encouraged have children with female slaves
increased labor force with little investment
sexual abuse more common
Response:
* running away
* attacking slaveowners or overseers
* destruction
140
Describe the New England Colonies during 1660-1760?
* fishing, rum, shipbuilding, subsistence farming
* "City on the Hill"
* healthier climate, longer life expectancy
* Mayflower Compact
* Royal governor and town meetings
* More homogeneous society (Puritans)
* Schools important
141
Describe the Middle Colonies during 1660-1760?
* few enslaved people or indenture
* cereal crops
* diverse religious, ethnically, and demographically
* Purchase land from NA
* Proprietary colonies, royal governors, and colonial assemblies
142
Describe the Southern and Caribbean Colonies during 1660-1760?
* high mortality rate
* Bacon's Rebellion revealed frustration between rich and poor
* Joint-stock companies
* House of Burgesses
* Reliance on indenture and enslavement
* Buffer to Spanish colonialism
* Headright system
* Yeoman farmers
* large-scale production of staple crops and cash crops
143
What commonalities excisted between the British colonies during 1660-1760?
* Slavery (until American Revolution)
* Access to Atlantic Ocean
* Temperate climates and adequate rainfall for agricultural production
* Dependence manufactured goods (imported from Britain)
* High value placed on land-ownership
* Dominance of Christianity
* Expectation of men and women to marry and raise families
144
What happened in the Beaver Wars in the 1620s?
1620s:
* Iroquois dependent European goods
* exchanged fur with French
Beaver population declined → ranged farther for hunting
* into territories of other groups (Huron Confederacy)
* Decades of war between tribes
Results:
1. most Huron's died
2. captured
3. dispersed into groups
145
What was the result of King Philip's War?
_Death Rate:_
* 5% English pop
* 40% Indian pop
* 60-80% of Plymouth
_Results_:
* Last major Indian Conflict
* Captives sold into slavery (including Metacom's son)
* Allies and Wampanoag Indians destroyed
* Left Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island open
* Small, but not significant, rebellions
146
What happened during 1675 in King Philip's War?
Violence: assassination of three Pokanoket Indians convicted for murdering a "praying Indians"
* Metacom allied with 2/3 area's Indians
First Attack: Swansea, Massachusetts
147
What happened during 1676 in King Philip's War?
* Killed hundreds of people
* destructed 12/90 towns
Both sides: brutal tactics
* setting fires to drive out people
* mounting them on the side of the road
