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AP US History School > Chapter 10: Democarcy in America (1815-1840) > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Democarcy in America (1815-1840) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three central elements of American freedom?

A

[1] Market Revoltion

[2] Territorial Expansion

[3] Political Democracy

problems with property qualifications for the voting → climax in the 19th century

  • not a single state entered initial Union (13 states) property qualifications
  • Older states in the 1860s:
    1. 12 no property qualifications
    2. some barred persons accepting replied (not economically independent)

Era’s individualism:

  1. not property ownership
  2. ownership one’s self
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2
Q

How did the 19th century’s view of individualism change?

A

Era’s individualism:

  1. not property ownership
  2. ownership one’s self
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3
Q

Describe Rhode Islands voting qualifications until 1841?

A

Exception to the trend towards democracy

Center of factory production → population propertyless wage owners unable to vote

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4
Q

What was the People’s Convention (October 1841)?

A

October 1841: People’s Convention

  • proponents democratic conform
  • leader: Thomas Dorr

New state constitution

  • all white men vote
  • Blacks not vote (subsequent referendum, allowed to vote again)
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5
Q

How did President John Tyler respond to the People’s Convention in 1841 (Rhode Island)?

A

October 1841: People’s Convention

  • proponents democratic conform

New state consitution

  • all white men vote
  • Blacks not vote (subsequent referendum, allowed to vote again)

Dorr War

Reformers ratified constitution & inaugurated Thomas Dorr (Rhode Island lawyer)

President John Tyler:

  • dispatched federal troops
  • quashed revolt & Dorr 2 year prison for treason
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6
Q

What happened during the Dorr War (1841) and what was the significance?

A

Dorr War

Reformers ratified the constitution & inaugurated Thomas Dorr (Rhode Island lawyer)

President John Tyler:

  • dispatched federal troops
  • quashed revolt & Dorr 2 year prison for treason

Significance: Passion aroused by continuing exclusion any group of white men from voting

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7
Q

Describe the public sphere and suffrage in 1840 America?

A

1840: 90% while, adult males vote

triumphed by the Age of Andrew Jackson

American politics:

  • boisterous, violent, highly partisan
  • Nation sense of identity: democratic political institution
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8
Q

What was Alexis de Tocqueville’s 1830 “Democracy in America” about?

A

Who: French writer

How:

  • came the US > study prisons
  • realized: to understand America, must understand democracy
  • was aristocrat → disliked idea*

What: account society in midst political transformation

  • more than voting or institution
  • “habit of the heart”
  • Culture: encouraging individual initiative, belief equality, the active public sphere
  • essential to American freedom
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9
Q

What did Tocqueville think about American popular sovereignty?

A

Tocqueville realize: the idea of sovereignty belonged mass ordinary citizens profound shift in political thought

Founders: wanted people to vote & protect from excessive influence

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10
Q

What was the Information Revolution?

A
  1. expansion public sphere
  2. increased printing
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11
Q

What caused the Information Revolution?

A
  1. Market Revolution
  2. Political democracy
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12
Q

What was the 1840s “Penny Press?”

A

Mass circulated press

“Penny Press”

  • application of steam power → increased output
  • 1 cent per issue
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13
Q

How did mass circulated press create a new style of journalism?

A

A new style of journalism:

Introduced: New York Sun & New York Herald

  • appealed mass audience
  • Emphasis: sensationalism, crime stories, exposes misconduct

1840s: more circulation than Europe

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14
Q

When was Andrew Jackson’s presidency?

A

1829-1837

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15
Q

What was Andrew Jackson’s view of democracy during his presidency?

A

axiom: “the people” universally accepted
* opposition: Tocqueville wrote “hid their heads”

Needed defined boundaries of the political nation:

Why: very centrality of democracy to define both [1] freedom and [2] nationality

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16
Q

What did “universal suffrage” mean during the Age of Jackson?

A

United States Magazine and Democatic Review (1851): “principle of universal suffrage”

“white males of age constituted the political nation” > not women or blacks

“universal”

intellectual grounds for exclusion shift:

  • Form: economic dependence
  • To: natural incapacity

white males superior

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17
Q

How did intellectual grounds for exclusion from the public sphere shift during the Age of Jackson?

A

intellectual grounds for exclusion shift:

  • Form: economic dependence
  • To: natural incapacity

white males superior

1920: Women vote

1965: Voting Rights Act

revoked restrictions in Southern states → blacks vote

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18
Q

Explain racism imagery in the theater:

A

Blacks excluded “democracy”

Racist imagery:

  • popular theater

whites in blackface portrayed AA → stupid, dishonest,

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19
Q

How were blacks portrayed in books during the 19th century?

A

American authors portray blacks:

  1. happy, superstitious slaves
  2. long-suffering and Christian
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20
Q

Whose books (the 1800s) were an exception to the rule of portraying blacks as stupid and one-dimensional?

A

Exception: Herman Melville

  • Moby Dick & Benito Cereno*
  • complex black characters
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21
Q

What voting rights did blacks have in Virginia, South Carolina, and Georgia during the early 19th century?

A

not allowed blacks vote

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22
Q

What voting rights did blacks have in northern states during 1800?

A

no northern states barrned voting

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23
Q

What voting rights did blacks have in states entering the union during the early 1800s?

A

States entered union (except Maryland): prohibited suffrage

  • 1799 Kentucky: revoked black suffrage
  • 1801 Maryland: revoked black suffrage

1860: Only 5 New England states blacks vote same as white

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24
Q

What voting rights did immigrants have during the early 19th century?

A

Race: boundary on voting rights

Solidified sense national identity among diverse groups of Europeans

  • white, male immigrants → almost vote immediately
  • Free blacks: not vote
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25
Q

How did the War of 1812 affect American nationalism?

A

War of 1812 and American nationalism

Result of war

  1. outburst nationalistic pride
  2. Show US not truly integrated
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26
Q

How two things proved that America economic integration during the early 1800s?

A

[1] 1811: Bank of United States charter expires

  • lack uniform currency
  • unable to raise funds for the war

primitive state transportation: hard move men and goods

[2] Local goods faced intense competition from cheap, foreign goods

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27
Q

What was the “American System?”

A

American System

December 1815: James Madison State of the Union

blueprint government-promoted economic development

Three pillars:

[1] federal financing of improving roads & canals

important those worried about geographical disunity

[2] New national bank

[3] Tariff important manufactured goods (protect Industry)

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28
Q

How were the three pillars of the American System realized?

A

[1] March 1817:

Congress internal improvement program → vetoed by president eve of retirements

Why: believed exercising powers not mention in the Constitution is dangerous

other parts of plan law

[2] New National Bank (1816)

27 year charter from Congress

[3] Tariff of 1816

  1. protection good not produced the US
    • ex: cheap cotton textiles
  2. Tax-free for products not manufactured in the US

Support:

  • southern states: enable region to develop manufacturing base rival New England
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29
Q

What was the Second Bank of the United States?

A
  • private, for-profit, corporation
  • acted government financial agent

issued money, collected taxes, paid government debts

  • make sure local bank’s currency real value
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30
Q

What was “specie?”

A

Gold or silver

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31
Q

How did the Second Bank of the United States regulate local banks?

A

Local bank paper: notes promising pay bearer on demand specific amount of “specie” (gold or silver)

  • printed more notes than specie in vaults
  • value paper money fluctuated widely

Bank of United States tried to correct a problem → caused resentment

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32
Q

What actions did the banks do to cause the Panic of 1819 after the War of 1812?

A

After War of 1812:

Bank of United States & local banks → economic bubble

Should have done: effectively regulate currency & loans by local banks

What did: helped fever swept US

Bank Printed more money

  1. resumption overseas trade with Europe → huge market for cotton and grain
  2. rapid expansion westwards

Especially had the South → Cotton Kingdom expanded

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33
Q

What caused the Panic of 1819?

A

Event 01: European demand American products declined normal level

Event 02: Bank US (and state banks) ask for payments for loans

  • not able to repay debts
  • unemployment rose eastern cities
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34
Q

How did the Panic of 1819 affect western states?

A

suspended collection of debts

Kentucky: established state bank

  • flooded state paper money
  • creditors had to accept

Result:

  1. ease burden farmers; injured creditors
  2. deepened American distrust Banks
  3. undermined reputation SBUS

Retaliation: (some) states taxes local branches

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35
Q

What happened in the supreme court case McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)?

A

One of John Marshall’s landmark Supreme Court decision

What: Maryland wanted Tax SBUS

Result: declared Bank legitimate exercise of congressional authority

Why: Consitution’s clause allowed Congress pass “necessary and proper” laws

Contradicted “strict construction” view limited Congress to power specifically granted in Consitution

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36
Q

What was the Era of Good Feeling?

A

1816: James Monroe president

  • last Virginia president

1820: Federalists only electoral tickets 2 states

  • Monroe carried the entire country
  • 2 terms

“One-Party” government

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37
Q

What was the result of no competing parties during the Era of Good Feelings?

A

political organization along competing sectional interests → sectionalism

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38
Q

What was James Tallmadge’s response when Missouri wanted to entire the union in 1819? What was the result?

A

wanted further slaves prohibited & children freed 25

Result:

  • 2-year controversy
  • Republicans split sectional lines

Passed House

  • support from northern congressmen

Senate: died

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39
Q

What was Senator Jesse Thomas’s compromise about accepting Missouri into the Union in 1819?

A

compromise

Missouri accepted without Tallmadge’s restriction

[1] Maine (restricted slavery) accepted as well

  • the sectional balance between free and slave states

[2] Slavery prohibited all remaining territory within Louisiana Purchase [north latitude 36°30’]

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40
Q

What was the Missouri Compromise (1819)?

A

1819: Missouri draft consitution be accepted into Union

Slave population: 10,000

James Tallmadge: (NY)

wanted further slaves prohibited & children freed 25

Result:

  • 2 year controvery
  • Republicans split sectional lines

Passed House

  • support from northern congressmen

Senate: died

Senator Jesse Thomas (Illinois)

compromise

Missouri accepted without Tallmadge’s restriction

[1] Maine (restricted slavery) accepted as well

  • the sectional balance between free and slave states

[2] Slavery prohibited all remaining territory within Louisiana Purchase [north latitude ***36°30’***]

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41
Q

What new Latin American republics gained independence between 1810 and 1822?

A

1810-1822: Spain’s Latin American colonies rebelled → independent nations

  1. MEXICO
  2. VENEZUELA
  3. ECUADOR
  4. PERO

1825: Spanish empire: [1] Cuba & [2] Puerto Rico

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42
Q

How did politics in America reflect the sympathy Americans felt towards the rebellions in LA?

A

1822: Monroe administration first government extend diplomatic recognition to LA republics

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43
Q

What were the parallels between the Spanish and American revolutions?

A

[1] Launched by sovereign wanting them to contribute more financially to empire

[2] Local elites demanded status same residents imperial power

[3] Borrowed Declarations of Independence from the US

1811: (first) “United Provinces” of Venezuela → similar language Jefferson

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44
Q

How did the American War of Independence and LA wars compare?

A
  • more destructive
  • lasted longer

more difficult to be economically developed

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45
Q

How did the constitution of the Latin American republics compare to the America’s?

A

MORE democratic than US

  • tried to create diverse “people” (different types of people in the Spanish Empire)
  • Suffrage: Indians and free black
  • Gradual abolition of slavery
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46
Q

What was the Monroe Doctrine of 1823?

A

1823: Monroe Doctrine

drafted section president’s annual message to Congress

Three Principles:

~ 1 ~ US oppose any further efforts at colonization by Europe power in Americas

~ 2 ~ US abstain involvement war from Europe

~ 3 ~ Warned Europe not involve LA

Monroe Doctrine → called “Diplomatic Declaration of Independence”

  • decades cornerstone US foreign policy
  • US role of dominant power in Western Hemisphere
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47
Q

Why was the Monroe Doctrine (1823) called the Diplomatic Declaration of Independence?

A

Monroe Doctrine → called “Diplomatic Declaration of Independence”

  • decades cornerstone US foreign policy
  • US role of dominant power in Western Hemisphere
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48
Q

Define sectionalism:

A

An exaggerated devotion to the interests of a region over those of a country as a whole.

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49
Q

Who were the Andrew Jackson supporters during the 1824 Election?

A

support:

not policy → loved for military victories: Battle of New Orleans

  • Who: mostly New England (North in general, wanted presidency from south)
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50
Q

Who were the candidates in the 1824 Election?

A
  1. Andrew Jackson
  2. John Quincy Adams (Secretary of State)
  3. William H. Crawford (Georgia)
  4. Henry Clay (Kentucky → support in West)
51
Q

What was the result of the 1824 Election?

A

Jackson: 153,544 votes

none majority electoral vote

  • Clay (last): eliminated
  • Choice: House of Representatives
52
Q

What led up to the “Currupt Bargain” and what was it?

How did it affect Clay’s career?

A

Clay and the creation of paries

Henry Clay Support: John Quincy Adams

Why:

  • Adams: most qualified and promote American System
  • electing Jackson (westerner) impede own chances

Result: Adams elected

“Corrupt Bargain;”

  • Clay became Secretary of State
  • bartering critical votes for the office

clung rest career → never President

53
Q

Who won the Election of 1824?

A

John Quincy Adams

54
Q

How did the Election of 1824 lay the groundwork for the new political parties?

A
  1. Democratic Party: Jackson and Crawford
  2. Whig Party: Clay and Adams
55
Q

Described the pre-presidential career of John Quincy Adams:

A

One of the most distinguished pre-presidential career:

  1. Witnessed Battle of Bunker Hill (age 8)
  2. (age 14) interpreter American envoys in Europe
  3. Ambassador Prussia, Netherlands, Britain, Russia
56
Q

What was John Quincy Adams’s personality?

A

Cold, foreboding man

57
Q

What was John Quincy Adams’s political views on home and abroad?

A

Home: supported American System

Abroad:

  1. encourage American commerce
  2. Monroe Doctrine: increase power in Western Hemisphere
  3. Believed America absorb Canada, Cuba, Mexico
58
Q

How did Adam’s view of a more expansive nation government affect his message to Congress in December 1825?

Who did his views alarm?

A

View of federal power: more expansive contemporaries

December 1825: message Congress → plan program activist national state

  1. legislation promoting agriculture, commerce, manufacturing
  2. establish national university + astronomical observatory + naval academy

Americans fear governmental authority threat to freedom:

Adam’s response: “LIBERTY IS POWER”

Result: Alarmed strict constructionists

59
Q

What were 2 of Adams’s administration’s achievements?

A

[1] Spend more on internal improvements than 5 predecessors combines

[2] 1828: Steep increase tariffs

Rest ambitions little support Congress

60
Q

How did Jackson supporters respond to Adams’s election in 1824?

A

Adam’s program: political rivals as a weapon

Jackson’s supporters began organizing election in 1828 → soon Adams took office

  • Supervisor: Martin Van Buren (NY)
61
Q

How did the clash between Adams and Van Buren represent the democratic change in the election of 1828?

A

Representation: democracy changing

Adams:

  • typified old politics
  • (Like Madison & Jefferson) sterling intellectual accomplishment
  • after president

Van Buren:

  • New political era
  • Talented party manager (not of great vision or intellect)
  • father of tavern keeper
62
Q

How did Martin Van Buren view political parties?

A
  • Not (like founders believed) dangerous
  • Necessary and desirable

Why:

1. provided checks on power
2. gave voters choices
63
Q

When and by who was the Democratic Party established?

A

1828: Democratic Party

  1. established by Van Buren
  2. local and state units: wanted Andrew Jackson as president
64
Q

What was Jackson’s base in the election of 1828? What was the oppostition’s points?

A

Support:

  • view campaign promisses
  • relied candidate’s popularity

Praised Jackson: frontier manliness

Rediculed Adams: intellectual attainments

Opponents:

  • muderer: killed army deserters and men in duels
  • questioned morality of wife (Rachel) → married before previous devorce final
65
Q

Wh

A
66
Q

What was the result of Jackson’s win in 1828?

A

Jackson resounding victory

  • carried entire South and West
  • entered the Age of Jackson

Demonstrated:

  1. advent universal white, male voting
  2. national political parties
67
Q

How can the Age of Jackson be characterized?

A

Age of Jackson politics:

  • spectacle
  • mass entertainment
  • daily lives

People:

  • millions took parts in parades
  • nicknames
    1. Jackson: Old Hickory
    2. Clay Harry of the West
    3. Van Buren the Little Magician (or Sly Fox)
  • partook debates
68
Q

What was the principle of rotation introduced by Jackson?

A

opponents called: spoil system

What_: loyalist to party main qualifications for jobs_

69
Q

What role did newspaper play during the Age of Jackson?

A

Greater role politics

towns: Dem & Whig papers
* not report news but party’s position

70
Q

What was Jackson’s “Kitchen Cabnet?”

A

an informal group of advisers who helped to write his speeches and supervise communication between the White House and local party officials

71
Q

What achievements did the Jackson’s presidency have? (5)

What was the restul?

A

Jackson’s Presidency:

  1. reduce expenditure
  2. lowered tariffs
  3. killed national bank
  4. refused please federal aid
  5. 1835: payed off national debts

Result:

  • states replace gov as main economic actors
  • states planned canals, roads, and charters
72
Q

Who were the “Democrats” in the Jacksonian age?

  1. Issues
  2. Beliefs
  3. Who
A

~ Jacksonian politics ~

Issues:

  1. market revolution
  2. tension between national and sectional loyalists

Beliefs:

  1. alarmed widening socioeconomic gap
    said: “nonproducers” (bankers, merchants) use government enhance wealth to disadvantage “producing class” (farmers, laborers)
  2. Government:
    • hand-off approach
    • not award special favors enhance economic interest → fair-opportunity

Who:

  • aspiring entrepreneurs
  • farmers

poorer farmer regions tended to vote dem

  • city-workers
  • slave-owners
73
Q

Who were the “Whigs” in the Jacksonian age?

  1. Geographical support
  2. Beliefs
  3. Who
A

~ United behind American System ~

Beliefs:

  1. protective tariffs
  2. national bank
  3. aid international improvement
  4. guide economic development

Georgraphical Support:

  • Northwest (modernizing area)
  • Great Lakes
  • Upstate NY → stronghold

Who:

  • businessmen
  • bankers
  • large southern planters
74
Q

What was the public battle (politics) during the Jacksonian age about “private” and “public” ?

A

“private” and “public” definitions of American freedom and its relation to the government

75
Q

What was the democratic view about “public life” and “private life” during the Jacksonian age?

A

Private Life

> Individual morality private matter

  • opposed attempts at unified moral vision
    ex: Temperance legislation
    • attempts outlaw liquor
    • prohibit entertainment Sundays

Liberty:

76
Q

What was the whigs view about “public life” and “private life” during the Jacksonian age?

A

Private Life:

> Government must interfere private matters

  • Government install certain moral + character traits in individual
  • needed for societal function

Liberty:

  • Liberty and Power reinforced earth other
  • government create secure and balanced economy

Supporters of Views:

Evangelical Protestants

Government induce “principals of morality”

  • public education
  • building schools and asylums
  • temperance legislation
77
Q

How did the government try to shape morals during the Jacksonian era?

A

Laws, ordinances, and regulations:

  1. banning prostitution
  2. banned consumption alcohol
  3. regulated other personal behavior
78
Q

How did Jackson’s views during his precideny become clear?

A

> More principles when left than when he came

Elected: military hero

During presidency: forced define stances

  • commitment to state rights
  • battled uphold supremecy of federal over state law
79
Q

What was Tariffs of Abominations? Why did it have opposition in the South?

A

What: Tariff of 1828

Why:

  • raised taxes imported manufacturing goods (wool & iron)

Opposition South:

  • impossible compete with North industrywise
  • South Carolina: called “Tariffs of Abominations”

State leaders:

Argument:

taxes benefited North and not South

Response:

Would nullify it in their own states

80
Q

Why did the South oppose the Tariff of 1828?

A
  1. Economic complaints
  2. Federal government must be weakened → not take actions against slavery
81
Q

How did South Carolina oppose the Tariff of 1819?

A
  • South Carolina:*
  • largest slave population

Controlled tightly knit group planters

grip state power

  1. State constitutions: greater representation than planter population warranted
  2. High property qualifications for voting

Why opposition to Tariffs:

  1. Economic complaints
  2. Federal government must be weakened → not take actions against slavery
82
Q

What is John C. Calhoun’s background before becomming VP in 1828?

A

1812: powerful defender of southern sectionalism

South fall behind rest of the country (population)

83
Q

Why was John C. Calhoun in the background after he became a VP in 1828?

A

Why: secretly drafted Exposition and Protest

  • South Carolina legislature justified nullification
  • Response Tariff of 1819
  • *1833**: Nullification Doctrine
  • national government:

agreement among sovereign states

each right prevent enforcement within borders

84
Q

What was the Nullification Doctrine (1833)?

A

1833: Nullification Doctrine

Calhoun

national government:

  • agreement among sovereign states
  • each right prevent enforcement within borders
85
Q

How did the actions of Floride Calhoun turn Calhoun and Jackson against eachother?

A

Few weeks after inauguration:

Leader: (Calhoun’s wife) Floride Calhoun

What:

  • Washington society women → ostracized Peggy Eaton
  • wige secretary of war & “easy virtue”

Jackson: related to the abuse of Rachel during campaign 1828

86
Q

What was the Webster-Hayne Debate (January 1830) and what was the effects?

A

Webster-Hayne Debate (January 1830)

Daniel Webster (Response to Roberty Y. Hayne, Calhoun supporter)

> people, not the state, created Constitution; federal government sovereign over states

nullification illegal

Result: divided Jackson & Calhoun

White House diner (few days later) → disagreement

1831: Calhoun publicly emered leading theorist of states’ rights.

87
Q

What was the (2) Nullification issue?

A

[1] not purely sectional issue

[2] South Carolina - alone in nullification crisis

  • several southern states passes resolutions condemed actions
  • compact theory of Constitution: well developed political philosophy
88
Q

What was Jackson’s view on Nullification?

A

> Nullification amount to disunion

  • dismissed Calhoun’s argument about constitution
89
Q

What was the Nullification Crisis (1832)? What was Jackson’s response?

A

1832:Tariff of 1832

  • South Carolina declare null and void

Jackson:

presuaded Congress pass Force Act

  • use army and navy to get custom duties

Henry Clay: (Calhoun assistance)

1833: reduced duties

  • wanted avert confrontation
90
Q

What was the result of the Nullification Crisis (1832)?

A
  1. Rescinded ordinance of nullification
  2. “nullify” Force Act
91
Q

What was the effect of the Nullifaction Crisis on Calhoun?

A
  • became Whigs
  • with Clay and Webster → formidable trio political leaders
  • only agreed on hostility toward Jackson*
92
Q

How did Jackson treat the Indians during his presidency?

A

Excluded Indians from era’s assertive democratic nationalism

Final act in centuries-long conflict between white Americans and Indians

  • east of Mississippi River
  • expanding cotton plantations → pressure Indians
93
Q

What was the Indian Removal Act of 1830?

A

What: funds uprooted Five Civilized Tribed

Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole

94
Q

How did Jackson view the Indian Removal Act, and was his actions towards Indians?

A

Jackson view: “civilized” Indians assimilate into society

Tribes make an effort:

Cherokee:

  • establish schools, written laws, consitution modeled on US
  • farmers (owned slaves)

Jackson actions:

  1. refered “savages”
  2. supported Georgia’s effort seize Cherokee lands
95
Q

What did the Creek Indians say in their momorial to Congress in 1832?

A

1832: sent memorial to Congress

  1. dwelled meaning freedom
  2. oppression by Alabama’s lawmakers → land taken

Wanted:

  • place in nation’s life
  • own identity came before American identity

Freedom meant maintaining cultural independence, required keeping possession of ancestral lands

96
Q

How did the Cherokee Indians try to combat removal?

A

Went to court:

protect rights garunteed government

Result: force Supreme Court clarify unique status of American Indians

97
Q

Johnson v. M’Intosh (1832)?

A

Court: Indians not owners of their land only *“right of occupancy”*

Chief Justice John Marshall

> From early colonial era, hunters & nomads not farmers

Serious blow agianst Indian efforts retain lands

98
Q

1831: Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

A

Marshall:

> Indians “wards” federal government

  • deserved paternal regard and protection
  • lacked standing citizens
99
Q

1832: Worcester v. Georgia

A

Marshall belief: supremacy of federal government over states

In case: change mind

What:

> Indians distinct people right maintain seprate political identity

  • Indians deal direct federal government
  • Georgia’s actions violated Cherokees’ treaties with Washington
100
Q

What was the Trail of Tears?

A

1838-1839: Trail of Tears

Federal soldiers removed Ross’s Indians

During Martin Van Buren’s presidency

18,000 Cherokees → forced move west (Georgia to Okhaloma)

  • 1/4 died
101
Q

What happened during the Second Seminole War (1835-1842)?

A

(Florida)

  • 1500 Americans & 1500 Indians dead
  • 3,000 Indians & 500 blacks forced move west
  • small population remained*
102
Q

What was the result of the Indian Removals?

A

Reinforced racial definition of American nationhood & freedom

1840: eyes whites east of Mississippi River

  • Indian relic of past
  • Trans-Mississippi West*: Indians dominant
  • still presistant westwards movement
103
Q

How was Jackson’s opposition to the UBUS central to his presidency?

A

Central political struggle Age of Jackson: president’s war on SBUS

symbolized hopes & fears market revolution

  1. Finance economic development
  2. distrusted as “nonproducers”

bank over-issued money → deterioration in value reduced wages

104
Q

What did Nicholas Biddle (the Head of Pennsylvania Bank) do in 1820s?

A
  1. use power curb overissued money by local banks
  2. create stable currency throughout the nation
105
Q

What happened when Congress wanted to extend the SBUS charter in 1832?

A

1832:

> Ability to “destroy” any local bank

Democrats: not think anyone should possess such power

Banks charter:

supposed end 1836

Biddle convince Congress extend another 20 years

  • Force Jackson to sign the bill
  • vetoed
106
Q

What was the central document to Jackson’s presidency?

A

Veto on extended bank charter

> Congress not create source central power and economic privilege unaccountable to the people

  • charter would widen wealth gap
107
Q

What was the implications on Jackson’s presidency and the Whigs of the Bank War?

A

Reflected: Jackson enhanced power of presidency

  • symbol representative of all people
  • first president use veto power:
    1. major weapon
    2. appeal to public for political support

Whigs:

  • denounced him
  • usurper power of legislature

1832: Jackson sweeping victory

108
Q

Who supported Jackson’s veto?

A
  1. State bankers
    * free themselves from Biddle’s regulations*

wanted to print more soft money and hard money

  1. Opposed all banks

hard money only real currency

109
Q

How did Jackson end the SBUS?

A

Not want to wait for charter to expire in 1836

Removed federal bank

  • federal funds removed
  • transfer to local banks
110
Q

What was “pet banks” and how did it play into the ending of the SBUS?

A

Local banks of choice: pet banks

  • chosen for personal connections

Result:

two secretaties refuse transfer funds:

  • law creating the Bank specified government funds not removed except for good cause

Jacksone Response:

Appointed Attorney General Roger B. Taney

  • carried out order
  • 1835: (John Marshall died) Taney chief justice
111
Q

What Speculative Boom occured sue to the SBUS?

A

[1] Without funds: SBUS lost ability to regulate activities of state bank

[2] Note circulation rose

  1. “read wages” declined
    • multiple labor unions emerged
  2. tried to cash in rising land prices
    • bought lots of land
    • resold to farmers or eastern purchasers
112
Q

What was the Specie Circular after the collapse of the Speculative Boom?

A

Speculative Boom collapsed

1836: 20 million acres of federal land (10 times more than 1830)

July 1836: Specie Circular

> Only accept gold or silver as payment for public land

Same time: Bank of England

demanded American merchants pay creditors in London gold or silver

113
Q

What caused the Panic of 1837?

A
  1. Economic downturn in Britain → dampened demand for American cotton (major export)
  2. Speculative Boom
114
Q

What was the result of the Panic of 1837?

A

Result:

  1. Panic of 1837
  2. Depression that lasted to 1843

Implications:

  • businesses failed
  • many farmers lost land
  • 10,000s urban workers jobs disappear
  • Labor movements collapsed
  • surplus unemployment labor*
115
Q

Who won the election of 1836?

A

1836: Martin Van Buren elected

3 Whig candidates lost

Views:

  • hard-money
  • anti-bank wing of Dem party
116
Q

What was the “Independent Treasury”, what caused its creation? How did the Treasury change from 1840 - 1846?

A

1837:

  1. wanted removed federal funds from pet banks
  2. hold in Treasury Department in Washington

under government controlseparated federal government from nations’s banking system

1841: repealed

Whigs returned to power

1846: reinstated

President James K. Polk

117
Q

What was the political setup during the Election of 1840?

Who were the candidates?

A

Van Buren: not hold party together without Jackson’s popularity

1840: Whig use techniques previously mastered by Buren

Used: economic depression to win

Candidates:

abandoned: Henry Clay

New: William Henry Harrison

  • claim to fame → military success in War of 1812
118
Q
A
119
Q

What was William Henry Harrison’s platform during the election of 1840?

A

Harrison → no platform

Flood of publication:

  • banners, parades, mass meetings
  • “log cabin” canidate→ champion of the common man

very effective:

not realistic: wealthy man

120
Q

What was John Tyler’s platform during the election of 1840?

A
  • states-right Democrats
  • Virginia
  • became Whig after nullification (with Calhoun)
  • Views opposed other Whigs → wanted expand base in South
121
Q

What happened during the election of 1840?

A

1840s: Mass democratic politics of Age of Jackson → absorbed logic of marketplace

Had to “sell” the candidates

highly organized parties competed nationally

  • 80% voter turnout

Result: Harrison WON

122
Q

What did Harrison do in office?

A

Immediately in office: Harrison contracted pneumonia

  • died month later
  • John Tyler successor
123
Q

What did John Tyler do in office?

A

Whig majority Congress: tried to pass American System

Tyler vetoes nearly every measure

Ex:

  • national bank
  • higher tariffs

Result:

  • most cabinet resigned
  • party repudiated him

Time in office:

barley any acomplishments

124
Q

What did the election of 1840 symbolize?

A

Harrison’s election: flourishing system American system

Tyler’s lack of success: political parties become central government

AP US History School (21 decks)

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