Chapter 10: Democarcy in America (1815-1840) Flashcards
1
Q
What are the three central elements of American freedom?
A
[1] Market Revoltion
[2] Territorial Expansion
[3] Political Democracy
problems with property qualifications for the voting → climax in the 19th century
- not a single state entered initial Union (13 states) property qualifications
- Older states in the 1860s:
- 12 no property qualifications
- some barred persons accepting replied (not economically independent)
Era’s individualism:
- not property ownership
- ownership one’s self
2
Q
How did the 19th century’s view of individualism change?
A
Era’s individualism:
- not property ownership
- ownership one’s self
3
Q
Describe Rhode Islands voting qualifications until 1841?
A
Exception to the trend towards democracy
Center of factory production → population propertyless wage owners unable to vote
4
Q
What was the People’s Convention (October 1841)?
A
October 1841: People’s Convention
- proponents democratic conform
- leader: Thomas Dorr
New state constitution
- all white men vote
- Blacks not vote (subsequent referendum, allowed to vote again)
5
Q
How did President John Tyler respond to the People’s Convention in 1841 (Rhode Island)?
A
October 1841: People’s Convention
- proponents democratic conform
New state consitution
- all white men vote
- Blacks not vote (subsequent referendum, allowed to vote again)
Dorr War
Reformers ratified constitution & inaugurated Thomas Dorr (Rhode Island lawyer)
President John Tyler:
- dispatched federal troops
- quashed revolt & Dorr 2 year prison for treason
6
Q
What happened during the Dorr War (1841) and what was the significance?
A
Dorr War
Reformers ratified the constitution & inaugurated Thomas Dorr (Rhode Island lawyer)
President John Tyler:
- dispatched federal troops
- quashed revolt & Dorr 2 year prison for treason
Significance: Passion aroused by continuing exclusion any group of white men from voting
7
Q
Describe the public sphere and suffrage in 1840 America?
A
1840: 90% while, adult males vote
triumphed by the Age of Andrew Jackson
American politics:
- boisterous, violent, highly partisan
- Nation sense of identity: democratic political institution
8
Q
What was Alexis de Tocqueville’s 1830 “Democracy in America” about?
A
Who: French writer
How:
- came the US > study prisons
- realized: to understand America, must understand democracy
- was aristocrat → disliked idea*
What: account society in midst political transformation
- more than voting or institution
- “habit of the heart”
- Culture: encouraging individual initiative, belief equality, the active public sphere
- essential to American freedom
9
Q
What did Tocqueville think about American popular sovereignty?
A
Tocqueville realize: the idea of sovereignty belonged mass ordinary citizens profound shift in political thought
Founders: wanted people to vote & protect from excessive influence
10
Q
What was the Information Revolution?
A
- expansion public sphere
- increased printing
11
Q
What caused the Information Revolution?
A
- Market Revolution
- Political democracy
12
Q
What was the 1840s “Penny Press?”
A
Mass circulated press
“Penny Press”
- application of steam power → increased output
- 1 cent per issue
13
Q
How did mass circulated press create a new style of journalism?
A
A new style of journalism:
Introduced: New York Sun & New York Herald
- appealed mass audience
- Emphasis: sensationalism, crime stories, exposes misconduct
1840s: more circulation than Europe
14
Q
When was Andrew Jackson’s presidency?
A
1829-1837
15
Q
What was Andrew Jackson’s view of democracy during his presidency?
A
axiom: “the people” universally accepted
* opposition: Tocqueville wrote “hid their heads”
Needed defined boundaries of the political nation:
Why: very centrality of democracy to define both [1] freedom and [2] nationality
16
Q
What did “universal suffrage” mean during the Age of Jackson?
A
United States Magazine and Democatic Review (1851): “principle of universal suffrage”
“white males of age constituted the political nation” > not women or blacks
“universal”
intellectual grounds for exclusion shift:
- Form: economic dependence
- To: natural incapacity
white males superior
17
Q
How did intellectual grounds for exclusion from the public sphere shift during the Age of Jackson?
A
intellectual grounds for exclusion shift:
- Form: economic dependence
- To: natural incapacity
white males superior
1920: Women vote
1965: Voting Rights Act
revoked restrictions in Southern states → blacks vote
18
Q
Explain racism imagery in the theater:
A
Blacks excluded “democracy”
Racist imagery:
- popular theater
whites in blackface portrayed AA → stupid, dishonest,
19
Q
How were blacks portrayed in books during the 19th century?
A
American authors portray blacks:
- happy, superstitious slaves
- long-suffering and Christian
20
Q
Whose books (the 1800s) were an exception to the rule of portraying blacks as stupid and one-dimensional?
A
Exception: Herman Melville
- Moby Dick & Benito Cereno*
- complex black characters
21
Q
What voting rights did blacks have in Virginia, South Carolina, and Georgia during the early 19th century?
A
not allowed blacks vote
22
Q
What voting rights did blacks have in northern states during 1800?
A
no northern states barrned voting
23
Q
What voting rights did blacks have in states entering the union during the early 1800s?
A
States entered union (except Maryland): prohibited suffrage
- 1799 Kentucky: revoked black suffrage
- 1801 Maryland: revoked black suffrage
1860: Only 5 New England states blacks vote same as white
24
Q
What voting rights did immigrants have during the early 19th century?
A
Race: boundary on voting rights
Solidified sense national identity among diverse groups of Europeans
- white, male immigrants → almost vote immediately
- Free blacks: not vote
25
How did the War of 1812 affect American nationalism?
**[War of 1812](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Eight-812a1a4b2fda474ab65764fabbdf182a)** and American nationalism
_Result of war_
1. outburst nationalistic pride
2. Show US not truly integrated
26
How two things proved that America economic integration during the early 1800s?
**[1] 1811**: **[Bank of United States](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Eight-812a1a4b2fda474ab65764fabbdf182a)** charter expires
* lack uniform currency
* unable to raise funds for the war
primitive state transportation: hard move men and goods
**[2]** Local **goods faced intense competition** from cheap, foreign goods
27
What was the "**American System**?"
**[American System](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Ten-d74af15d51744057b4300b25b006d719)**
**December 1815**: **James Madison** State of the Union
blueprint government-promoted economic development
Three pillars:
**[1]** federal financing of **improving roads & canals**
*important those worried about geographical disunity*
**[2]** **New national bank**
**[3] Tariff important manufactured goods** (protect Industry)
28
How were the three pillars of the [American System](/d74af15d51744057b4300b25b006d719#77cb8957c16e4ca48fff0b60f92d7e4a) realized?
**[1] March 1817:**
Congress internal improvement program → vetoed by president eve of retirements
Why: believed exercising powers not mention in the Constitution is dangerous
*other parts of plan law*
**[2] New National Bank** (**1816**)
27 year charter from Congress
**[3] Tariff of 1816**
1. _protection good not produced the US_
* ex: cheap cotton textiles
2. _Tax-free for products not manufactured in the US_
_Support_:
* southern states: enable region to develop manufacturing base rival New England
29
What was the Second Bank of the United States?
* **private**, for-profit, corporation
* acted government financial agent
issued money, collected taxes, paid government debts
* make sure local bank's currency real value
30
What was "specie?"
Gold or silver
31
How did the Second Bank of the United States regulate local banks?
Local bank paper: notes promising pay bearer on demand specific amount of "**specie**" (gold or silver)
* printed more notes than specie in vaults
* value paper money fluctuated widely
_Bank of United States tried to correct a problem_ → caused resentment
32
What actions did the banks do to cause the Panic of 1819 after the War of 1812?
After **[War of 1812](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Eight-812a1a4b2fda474ab65764fabbdf182a)**:
Bank of United States & local banks → **economic bubble**
_Should have done:_ effectively regulate currency & loans by local banks
_What did_: helped fever swept US
Bank **Printed more money**
1. resumption *overseas trade with Europe* → huge market for cotton and grain
2. rapid *expansion westwards*
*Especially had the South → **[Cotton Kingdom](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Nine-aabe085175e54484b554df94a675d422)** expanded*
33
What caused the Panic of 1819?
_Event 01_: European demand American products declined normal level
_Event 02_: Bank US (and state banks) **ask for payments for loans**
* not able to repay debts
* unemployment rose eastern cities
34
How did the [Panic of 1819](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Ten-d74af15d51744057b4300b25b006d719#dddc9bc9b8904f90addb2a79403eea8e) affect western states?
suspended collection of debts
*Kentucky*: established state bank
* flooded state paper money
* creditors had to accept
_Result:_
1. ease burden farmers; injured creditors
2. deepened American distrust Banks
3. undermined reputation SBUS
Retaliation: (some) states taxes local branches
35
What happened in the supreme court case *McCulloch v. Maryland* (1819)?
*One of **[John Marshall's](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Eight-812a1a4b2fda474ab65764fabbdf182a)** landmark Supreme Court decision*
_What_: Maryland wanted Tax SBUS
_Result_: declared **Bank legitimate exercise of congressional authority**
_Why_: Consitution's clause allowed Congress pass "necessary and proper" laws
***Contradicted "strict construction" view limited Congress to power specifically granted in Consitution***
36
What was the **Era of Good Feeling**?
**1816**: **James Monroe** president
* last Virginia president
**1820**: Federalists only electoral tickets 2 states
* Monroe carried the entire country
* 2 terms
_"One-Party" government_
37
What was the result of no competing parties during the Era of Good Feelings?
political organization along competing sectional interests → **sectionalism**
38
What was James Tallmadge's response when Missouri wanted to entire the union in 1819? What was the result?
wanted further slaves prohibited & children freed 25
Result:
* 2-year controversy
* Republicans split sectional lines
Passed House
* support from northern congressmen
Senate: **died**
39
What was Senator Jesse Thomas's compromise about accepting Missouri into the Union in 1819?
compromise
Missouri accepted without Tallmadge's restriction
**[1]** Maine (restricted slavery) accepted as well
* the sectional balance between free and slave states
**[2]** Slavery prohibited all remaining territory within **[Louisiana Purchase](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Eight-812a1a4b2fda474ab65764fabbdf182a)** [north latitude 36°30']
40
What was the **Missouri Compromise** (1819)?
**1819**: Missouri draft consitution be accepted into Union
Slave population: 10,000
* * *
**James Tallmadge:** (NY)
wanted further slaves prohibited & children freed 25
Result:
* 2 year controvery
* Republicans split sectional lines
Passed House
* support from northern congressmen
Senate: **died**
* * *
**Senator Jesse Thomas** (Illinois)
compromise
Missouri accepted without Tallmadge's restriction
**[1]** _Maine (restricted slavery) accepted as well_
* the sectional balance between free and slave states
**[2]** _Slavery prohibited all remaining territory within **[Louisiana Purchase](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Eight-812a1a4b2fda474ab65764fabbdf182a)** [north latitude \*\*\*36°30'\*\*\*]_
41
What new Latin American republics gained independence between 1810 and 1822?
**1810-1822**: Spain's Latin American colonies rebelled → independent nations
1. MEXICO
2. VENEZUELA
3. ECUADOR
4. PERO
**1825**: Spanish empire: [1] _Cuba_ & [2] _Puerto Rico_
42
How did politics in America reflect the sympathy Americans felt towards the rebellions in LA?
**1822**: Monroe administration first government _extend diplomatic recognition to LA republics_
43
What were the parallels between the Spanish and American revolutions?
**[1]** Launched by sovereign wanting them to contribute more financially to empire
**[2]** Local elites demanded status same residents imperial power
[**3]** Borrowed **[Declarations of Independence](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Five-c9512ec3ff094eb7ad15a58803c01b6c)** from the US
**1811**: (first) "United Provinces" of Venezuela → similar language Jefferson
44
How did the American War of Independence and LA wars compare?
* more destructive
* lasted longer
more difficult to be economically developed
45
How did the constitution of the Latin American republics compare to the America's?
**MORE democratic than US**
* tried to create diverse "people" (different types of people in the Spanish Empire)
* Suffrage: _Indians and free black_
* Gradual abolition of slavery
46
What was the **Monroe Doctrine** of 1823?
**1823**: **Monroe Doctrine**
drafted section president's annual message to Congress
_Three Principles:_
**~ 1 ~** US oppose any further efforts at colonization by Europe power in Americas
**~ 2 ~** US abstain involvement war from Europe
**~ 3 ~** Warned Europe not involve LA
Monroe Doctrine → called "***Diplomatic Declaration of Independence***"
* decades cornerstone US foreign policy
* US role of dominant power in Western Hemisphere
47
Why was the Monroe Doctrine (1823) called the Diplomatic Declaration of Independence?
Monroe Doctrine → called "*Diplomatic Declaration of Independence*"
* decades cornerstone US foreign policy
* US role of dominant power in Western Hemisphere
48
Define sectionalism:
## Footnote
*An exaggerated devotion to the interests of a region over those of a country as a whole.*
49
Who were the Andrew Jackson supporters during the 1824 Election?
**support:**
not policy → **loved for military victories**: **[Battle of New Orleans](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Eight-812a1a4b2fda474ab65764fabbdf182a)**
* Who: mostly New England (*North in general, wanted presidency from south)*
50
Who were the candidates in the 1824 Election?
1. **Andrew Jackson**
2. **John Quincy Adams** (Secretary of State)
3. **William H. Crawford** (Georgia)
4. **Henry Clay** (Kentucky → support in West)
51
What was the result of the 1824 Election?
Jackson: 153,544 votes
***none majority electoral vote***
* Clay (last): eliminated
* Choice: House of Representatives
52
What led up to the ***"Currupt Bargain***" and what was it?
How did it affect Clay's career?
Clay and the creation of paries
Henry Clay Support: *John Quincy Adams*
*Why:*
* Adams: most qualified and promote American System
* electing Jackson (westerner) impede own chances
*Result*: **Adams elected**
***"Corrupt Bargain;"***
* Clay became Secretary of State
* *bartering critical votes for the office*
clung rest career → never President
53
Who won the Election of 1824?
John Quincy Adams
54
How did the Election of 1824 lay the groundwork for the new political parties?
1. ***_Democratic Party_:*** **Jackson** and **Crawford**
2. ***_Whig Party_:*** **Clay** and **Adams**
55
Described the pre-presidential career of John Quincy Adams:
**One of the most distinguished pre-presidential career:**
1. Witnessed **[Battle of Bunker Hill](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Five-c9512ec3ff094eb7ad15a58803c01b6c)** (age 8)
2. (age 14) interpreter American envoys in Europe
3. Ambassador Prussia, Netherlands, Britain, Russia
56
What was John Quincy Adams's personality?
Cold, foreboding man
57
What was John Quincy Adams's political views on home and abroad?
_Home_: supported [American System](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Ten-d74af15d51744057b4300b25b006d719)
_Abroad_:
1. encourage American commerce
2. Monroe Doctrine: increase power in Western Hemisphere
3. Believed America absorb Canada, Cuba, Mexico
58
How did Adam's view of a more expansive nation government affect his message to Congress in December 1825?
Who did his views alarm?
View of federal power: **more expansive contemporaries**
**December 1825**: message Congress → plan **program activist national state**
1. legislation promoting agriculture, commerce, manufacturing
2. establish national university + astronomical observatory + naval academy
Americans fear governmental authority threat to freedom:
Adam's response: "_LIBERTY IS POWER"_
Result: **Alarmed strict constructionists**
59
What were 2 of Adams's administration's achievements?
**[1]** Spend more on internal improvements than 5 predecessors combines
**[2] 1828**: Steep increase tariffs
*Rest ambitions little support Congress*
60
How did Jackson supporters respond to Adams's election in 1824?
Adam's program: _political rivals as a weapon_
Jackson's supporters began organizing election in **1828** → soon Adams took office
* Supervisor: **Martin Van Buren** (NY)
61
How did the clash between Adams and Van Buren represent the democratic change in the election of 1828?
Representation: **democracy changing**
**Adams:**
* typified _old politics_
* (Like Madison & Jefferson) sterling intellectual accomplishment
* *after president*
**Van Buren:**
* _New political era_
* Talented party manager (not of great vision or intellect)
* *father of tavern keeper*
62
How did Martin Van Buren view political parties?
* Not (like founders believed) dangerous
* **Necessary and desirable**
Why:
1. provided checks on power
2. gave voters choices
63
When and by who was the Democratic Party established?
**1828**: Democratic Party
1. established by _Van Buren_
2. local and state units: wanted Andrew Jackson as president
64
What was Jackson's base in the election of 1828? What was the oppostition's points?
_Support_:
* view campaign promisses
* relied candidate's popularity
Praised Jackson: **frontier manliness**
Rediculed Adams: **intellectual attainments**
_Opponents_:
* **muderer**: killed army deserters and men in duels
* **questioned morality of wife** (Rachel) → married before previous devorce final
65
Wh
66
What was the result of Jackson's win in 1828?
**Jackson resounding victory**
* carried entire *South and West*
* entered the ***Age of Jackson***
_Demonstrated_:
1. advent universal white, male voting
2. national political parties
67
How can the Age of Jackson be characterized?
Age of Jackson politics:
* spectacle
* mass entertainment
* daily lives
People:
* **millions** took parts in parades
* nicknames
1. Jackson: ***Old Hickory***
2. ***Clay Harry of the West***
3. ***Van Buren the Little Magician*** (or ***Sly Fox***)
* partook debates
68
What was the principle of rotation introduced by Jackson?
opponents called: ***spoil system***
What_: loyalist to party main qualifications for jobs_
69
What role did newspaper play during the Age of Jackson?
Greater role politics
towns: **Dem & Whig papers**
* not report news but party's position
70
What was Jackson's "Kitchen Cabnet?"
an informal group of advisers who helped to write his speeches and supervise communication between the White House and local party officials
![]()
71
What achievements did the Jackson's presidency have? (5)
What was the restul?
_Jackson's Presidency:_
1. reduce expenditure
2. lowered tariffs
3. killed national bank
4. refused please federal aid
5. **1835**: payed off national debts
_Result_:
* states replace gov as main economic actors
* states planned canals, roads, and charters
72
Who were the "Democrats" in the Jacksonian age?
1. Issues
2. Beliefs
3. Who
**~ *Jacksonian* politics ~**
_Issues_:
1. market revolution
2. tension between national and sectional loyalists
_Beliefs_:
1. **alarmed widening socioeconomic gap**
said: "nonproducers" (bankers, merchants) use government enhance wealth to disadvantage "producing class" (farmers, laborers)
2. **Government:**
* hand-off approach
* not award special favors enhance economic interest → fair-opportunity
_Who_:
* aspiring entrepreneurs
* farmers
poorer farmer regions tended to vote dem
* city-workers
* slave-owners
73
Who were the "Whigs" in the Jacksonian age?
1. Geographical support
2. Beliefs
3. Who
**~ United behind [American System](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Ten-d74af15d51744057b4300b25b006d719) ~**
_Beliefs_:
1. protective tariffs
2. national bank
3. aid international improvement
4. guide economic development
_Georgraphical Support:_
* Northwest (modernizing area)
* Great Lakes
* Upstate NY → stronghold
_Who_:
* businessmen
* bankers
* large southern planters
74
What was the public battle (politics) during the Jacksonian age about "private" and "public" ?
**"private" and "public" definitions of American freedom and its relation to the government**
75
What was the _democratic_ view about "public life" and "private life" during the Jacksonian age?
***_Private Life_***
> Individual morality private matter
* opposed attempts at unified moral vision
ex: **Temperance legislation**
* attempts outlaw liquor
* prohibit entertainment Sundays
***_Liberty_:***
* set private rights
* beast secured local government
* ***[Seperation of Powers](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Seven-1159d6d140c245358589491886df17cd)*** important
76
What was the _whigs_ view about "public life" and "private life" during the Jacksonian age?
***_Private Life:_***
> Government must interfere private matters
* Government install certain moral + character traits in individual
* needed for societal function
***_Liberty:_***
* Liberty and Power reinforced earth other
* government create secure and balanced economy
_Supporters of Views:_
**Evangelical Protestants**
Government induce "principals of morality"
* public education
* building schools and asylums
* temperance legislation
77
How did the government try to shape morals during the Jacksonian era?
_Laws, ordinances, and regulations:_
1. **banning prostitution**
2. **banned consumption alcohol**
3. **regulated other personal behavior**
78
How did Jackson's views during his precideny become clear?
> More principles when left than when he came
Elected: **military hero**
During presidency: forced define stances
* commitment to state rights
* ***battled uphold supremecy of federal over state law***
79
What was **Tariffs of Abominations**? Why did it have opposition in the South?
_What_: **[Tariff of 1828](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Ten-d74af15d51744057b4300b25b006d719)**
_Why_:
* **raised taxes imported manufacturing goods (wool & iron)**
**_Opposition South:_**
* impossible compete with North industrywise
* *_South Carolina_*: called "*Tariffs of Abominations"*
State leaders:
_Argument_:
taxes benefited North and not South
_Response_:
Would **nullify it in their own states**
80
Why did the South oppose the Tariff of 1828?
1. Economic complaints
2. Federal government must be weakened → not take actions against slavery
81
How did South Carolina oppose the Tariff of 1819?
* South Carolina:*
* largest slave population
Controlled tightly knit group planters
**grip state power**
1. State constitutions: greater representation than planter population warranted
2. High property qualifications for voting
_Why opposition to Tariffs:_
1. Economic complaints
2. Federal government must be weakened → not take actions against slavery
82
What is John C. Calhoun's background before becomming VP in 1828?
_1812_: powerful defender of southern sectionalism
South fall behind rest of the country (population)
83
Why was John C. Calhoun in the background after he became a VP in 1828?
Why: secretly drafted **Exposition and Protest**
* South Carolina legislature justified nullification
* **Response Tariff of 1819**
* *_1833_**_: **Nullification Doctrine**_
* national government:
agreement among sovereign states
each right prevent enforcement within borders
84
What was the Nullification Doctrine (1833)?
1833: **_Nullification Doctrine_**
Calhoun
national government:
* agreement among sovereign states
* each right prevent enforcement within borders
85
How did the actions of Floride Calhoun turn Calhoun and Jackson against eachother?
_Few weeks after inauguration:_
_Leader: (Calhoun's wife) **Floride Calhoun**_
_What_:
* Washington society women → ostracized **Peggy Eaton**
* *wige secretary of war & "easy virtue"*
Jackson**: related to the abuse of Rachel during campaign 1828**
86
What was the Webster-Hayne Debate (January 1830) and what was the effects?
***Webster-Hayne Debate*** (**January 1830**)
**Daniel Webster** (*Response to Roberty Y. Hayne, Calhoun supporter)*
> people, not the state, created Constitution; federal government sovereign over states
nullification illegal
_Result_: divided Jackson & Calhoun
White House diner (few days later) → disagreement
**1831**_: Calhoun publicly emered leading theorist of states' rights._
87
What was the (2) Nullification issue?
**[1]** _not purely sectional issue_
**[2]** South Carolina - _alone in nullification crisis_
* several southern states passes resolutions condemed actions
* compact theory of Constitution: well developed political philosophy
88
What was Jackson's view on Nullification?
> **Nullification amount to disunion**
* dismissed Calhoun's argument about constitution
89
What was the Nullification Crisis (1832)? What was Jackson's response?
**1832**:**_Tariff of 1832_**
* South Carolina declare null and void
_Jackson_:
presuaded Congress pass **Force Act**
* use army and navy to get custom duties
**Henry Clay**: (Calhoun assistance)
**1833**: reduced duties
* wanted avert confrontation
90
What was the result of the Nullification Crisis (1832)?
1. Rescinded ordinance of nullification
2. "nullify" **Force Act**
91
What was the effect of the Nullifaction Crisis on Calhoun?
* became ***Whigs***
* with Clay and Webster → formidable trio political leaders
* only agreed on hostility toward Jackson*
92
How did Jackson treat the Indians during his presidency?
**Excluded** Indians from _era's assertive democratic nationalism_
Final act in centuries-long conflict between white Americans and Indians
* *east of Mississippi River*
* expanding cotton plantations → pressure Indians
93
What was the Indian Removal Act of 1830?
What**: funds uprooted Five Civilized Tribed**
## Footnote
*Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole*
94
How did Jackson view the Indian Removal Act, and was his actions towards Indians?
**Jackson view:** _"civilized" Indians assimilate into society_
Tribes make an effort:
Cherokee:
* establish schools, written laws, consitution modeled on US
* farmers (owned slaves)
**Jackson actions**:
1. refered "savages"
2. supported Georgia's effort seize Cherokee lands
95
What did the Creek Indians say in their momorial to Congress in 1832?
**1832**: sent memorial to Congress
1. dwelled meaning freedom
2. oppression by Alabama's lawmakers → land taken
_Wanted_:
* place in nation's life
* own identity came before American identity
***Freedom meant maintaining cultural independence, required keeping possession of ancestral lands***
96
How did the Cherokee Indians try to combat removal?
**Went to court:**
protect rights garunteed government
Result: _force Supreme Court clarify unique status of American Indians_
97
*Johnson v. M'Intosh* (1832)?
Court: _Indians not owners of their land only ***"right of occupancy"***_
**Chief Justice John Marshall**
> From early colonial era, hunters & nomads not farmers
Serious blow agianst Indian efforts retain lands
98
1831: *Cherokee Nation v. Georgia*
Marshall:
> Indians "wards" federal government
* deserved paternal regard and protection
* lacked standing citizens
99
1832: *Worcester v. Georgia*
Marshall belief: **supremacy of federal government over states**
In case: change mind
**What**:
> Indians distinct people right maintain seprate political identity
* Indians deal direct federal government
* Georgia's actions violated Cherokees' treaties with Washington
100
What was the Trail of Tears?
**1838-1839**: **Trail of Tears**
Federal soldiers removed Ross's Indians
*During Martin Van Buren's presidency*
18,000 _Cherokees_ → **forced move west** (Georgia to Okhaloma)
* 1/4 died
101
What happened during the Second Seminole War (1835-1842)?
(*Florida*)
* 1500 Americans & 1500 Indians dead
* 3,000 Indians & 500 blacks **forced move west**
* small population remained*
102
What was the result of the Indian Removals?
Reinforced **racial definition of American nationhood & freedom**
**1840**: *eyes whites east of Mississippi River*
* Indian relic of past
* Trans-Mississippi West*: Indians dominant
* still presistant westwards movement
103
How was Jackson's opposition to the UBUS central to his presidency?
Central political struggle Age of Jackson: _president's war on SBUS_
symbolized hopes & fears market revolution
1. **Finance economic development**
2. **distrusted as "nonproducers"**
bank over-issued money → deterioration in value reduced wages
104
What did Nicholas Biddle (the Head of Pennsylvania Bank) do in 1820s?
1. use power curb overissued money by local banks
2. create stable currency throughout the nation
105
What happened when Congress wanted to extend the SBUS charter in 1832?
**1832:**
> Ability to "destroy" any local bank
Democrats: _not think anyone should possess such power_
Banks charter:
supposed end **1836**
Biddle convince Congress **extend another 20 years**
* Force Jackson to sign the bill
* **vetoed**
106
What was the central document to Jackson's presidency?
Veto on extended bank charter
> Congress not create source central power and economic privilege unaccountable to the people
* charter would widen wealth gap
107
What was the implications on Jackson's presidency and the Whigs of the Bank War?
_Reflected_: Jackson enhanced power of presidency
* symbol representative of all people
* first president use veto power:
1. major weapon
2. appeal to public for political support
_Whigs:_
* denounced him
* usurper power of legislature
**1832**: **Jackson sweeping victory**
108
Who supported Jackson's veto?
1. **State bankers**
* free themselves from Biddle's regulations*
wanted to print more soft money and hard money
2. **Opposed all banks**
hard money only real currency
109
How did Jackson end the SBUS?
*Not want to wait for charter to expire in 1836*
**Removed federal bank**
* federal funds removed
* transfer to local banks
110
What was "pet banks" and how did it play into the ending of the SBUS?
Local banks of choice: **pet banks**
* *_chosen for personal connections_*
_Result_:
two secretaties refuse transfer funds:
* law creating the Bank specified government funds not removed except for good cause
_Jacksone Response:_
Appointed **Attorney General Roger B. Taney**
* carried out order
* **1835**: (John Marshall died) Taney chief justice
111
What Speculative Boom occured sue to the SBUS?
**[1] Without funds: SBUS lost ability to regulate activities of state bank**
**[2] Note circulation rose**
1. "read wages" declined
* multiple labor unions emerged
2. tried to cash in rising land prices
* bought lots of land
* resold to farmers or eastern purchasers
112
What was the **Specie Circular** after the collapse of the Speculative Boom?
Speculative Boom _collapsed_
**1836**: 20 million acres of federal land (10 times more than 1830)
**July 1836**: **Specie Circular**
> Only accept gold or silver as payment for public land
Same time: **Bank of England**
demanded American merchants pay creditors in London gold or silver
113
What caused the **Panic of 1837**?
1. **Economic downturn in Britain → dampened demand for American cotton (major export)**
2. **Speculative Boom**
114
What was the result of the Panic of 1837?
_Result_:
1. **Panic of 1837**
2. Depression that lasted to **1843**
_Implications_:
* businesses failed
* many farmers lost land
* 10,000s urban workers jobs disappear
* Labor movements collapsed
* surplus unemployment labor*
115
Who won the election of 1836?
**1836**: **Martin Van Buren** elected
3 Whig candidates lost
Views:
* hard-money
* anti-bank wing of Dem party
116
What was the "Independent Treasury", what caused its creation? How did the Treasury change from 1840 - 1846?
**1837:**
1. **wanted removed federal funds from pet banks**
2. **hold in Treasury Department in Washington**
under government controlseparated federal government from nations's banking system
**1841**: repealed
*Whigs returned to power*
**1846**: reinstated
**President James K. Polk**
117
What was the political setup during the Election of 1840?
Who were the candidates?
***_Van Buren:_*** not hold party together without Jackson's popularity
**1840**: Whig use techniques previously mastered by Buren
Used: economic depression to win
Candidates:
abandoned: ***_Henry Clay_***
New: ***_William Henry Harrison_***
* claim to fame → military success in War of 1812
118
119
What was William Henry Harrison's platform during the election of 1840?
Harrison → _no platform_
Flood of publication:
* banners, parades, mass meetings
* **"log cabin" canidate**→ champion of the common man
very effective:
*not realistic: wealthy man*
120
What was John Tyler's platform during the election of 1840?
* states-right Democrats
* Virginia
* became Whig after nullification (with Calhoun)
* Views opposed other Whigs → wanted expand base in South
121
What happened during the election of 1840?
**1840s**: Mass democratic politics of Age of Jackson → absorbed logic of marketplace
Had to "sell" the candidates
highly organized parties competed nationally
* 80% voter turnout
Result: **Harrison WON**
122
What did Harrison do in office?
Immediately in office: **Harrison contracted pneumonia**
* died month later
* John Tyler successor
123
What did John Tyler do in office?
Whig majority Congress: tried to pass **[American System](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Ten-d74af15d51744057b4300b25b006d719)**
**Tyler vetoes** nearly every measure
Ex:
* national bank
* higher tariffs
_Result:_
* most cabinet resigned
* party repudiated him
_Time in office:_
barley any acomplishments
124
What did the election of 1840 symbolize?
Harrison's election: **flourishing system American system**
Tyler's lack of success: **political parties become central government**
