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AP US History School > Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660) > Flashcards

Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660) Flashcards

England and the New World The Coming of the English Settling the Chesapeake The New English Way New Englander Divided Religion Politics and Freedom

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1
Q

When was the Magna Carta written?

A

1215

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2
Q

When was Roahoke Island settlement established?

A

1585

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3
Q

When was Jamestown established?

A

1607

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4
Q

When did the first Africans arrive in Virginia (Chesapeake)?

A

1619

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5
Q

Which settlements were included in the “New England” colonies?

A
  1. New Hampshire 2. Massachusetts 3. Rhode Island 4. Connecticut
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6
Q

Which settlements were included in the “Middle” colonies?

A
  1. New York 2. New Jersey 3. Pennsylvania 4. Delaware
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7
Q

Which settlements were included in Chesapeake?

A
  1. Maryland 2. Virginia
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8
Q

Which settlements were included in “Southern” colonies?

A
  1. North Carolina 2. South Carolina 3. Georgia
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9
Q

When was New Hampshire established?

A

1622

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10
Q

Who started the Reformation of England? When?

A

1509: Henry VIII

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11
Q

Who were the successors of Henry the VIII (from 1537-1558)

A

1537: Edward Tutor the 6th
1553: Mary the First

1558-1603: Elizabeth the First

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12
Q

What was Henry VII’s motivation for starting the Reformation of England?

A

1509: Henry Tutor VIII crowned

  • Pope refused to annul marriage to Catherine of Aragon
  • started Reformation of England
  • Church of England (Anglican Church)

King - head church

Result: religious strife

persecution Catholics under son [Edward VI] → 1537

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13
Q

How did Mary the First and Elizabeth the First compare in regards to religion and ruling?

A

1553: Mary the first crowned

restored Catholicism

executed prosecutors > “Bloody Mary”

1558-1603: Elizabeth the first crowned

restored Anglican & executed 100+ priests

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14
Q

What were the problems (for the English) when they tried to take control of Ireland in the 17th century? [2]

A
  1. absorbed money could spent New World
  2. threat stability Protestant rule
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15
Q

What strategies did 17th century England use in their axenation of Ireland? [4]

A
  1. military conquest
  2. slaughter people
  3. seizure land
  4. introduced English economics
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16
Q

How was the Irish settlement Pale exlcuded from English society?

A

Excluded Irish from society:

settlement: Pale

  • own social order
  • Compared “wild Irish” to American Indians
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17
Q

What were “charters?”

A

grants with exclusive privileges

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18
Q

During whose reign did the English go to America?

A

Elizabeth the First

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19
Q

Who was the first English to create Charter companies to sail to the New World?

Where they supported by the crown?

A

Sir Humphrey Gibert

Sir Walter Raleigh

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20
Q

What happened during Sir Humphrey Gibert’s expedition to the New World? When?

A

1582: Settlement Newfoundland

short-lived

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21
Q

When was “Newfoundland” established?

A

1582

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22
Q
A
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23
Q

Explain what happened during Sir Walter Raleigh’s expedition to the New World?

A

1585: base Roanoke Island (North Carolina coast)

1586: abandoned venture

100 settlers went to establish settlement: 1586

1590: Roanoke colony abandoned (not sure why)

Raleigh → bankrupt

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24
Q

When did the Spanish Amarada try to invade England?

A

1588

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25
Q

What sentiment towards the Spanish developed during the Reformation of England?

A

Reformation → Saw Spanish (Catholics) as enemies:

1588: Spanish Amarade tried to invade (failed)

late 16th century: anti-Catholicism ingrained society

♣ Used Spanish “cruelty” as justification for colonization ♣

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26
Q

Who wrote A Discourse Concerning Western Planting?

A

Rickard Hakluyt

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27
Q

What was the purpose of A Discourse Concerning Western Planting?

A

listed 23 reasons Queen should support expeditions

  1. rescue Catholic tyranny
  2. national glory
  3. rival Spanish and France power
  4. enrich country

Raleigh thought “wealth” was gold → Rickard saw it as TRADE

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28
Q

What social crisis emerged in 16th century England?

A

Reason colonization: refuge England’s “surplus” population

16th century: economic growths not keep up population growth

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29
Q

How did the English Land “commons” system work up until the 16th century?

A

were open everyone > not any more

landlords:

  1. raised sheep trading purposes
  2. crop-rotation
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30
Q

What was the “Enclosure Movement” in 16th century England?

A

Small plots where owned used many peasants > clustered together for mass production

  • Benefited: landlords, farms, marchants
  • bad: people uprooted

1629: John Winthrop:

shortly before leaving for Massachusetts

said to many people in England

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31
Q

What was the government’s response to the population crisis in 16th century England?

How did it compare to the Spanish and French government’s opinion regarding going to the New World?

A

English Government Response:

  1. Forcing people to accept any job offered to them
  2. hanging/whipping unemployed
  3. encouraged people to leave New World

The Spanish did not encourage people to go to the New World.

The French thought is was a place for criminals

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32
Q

How did the 16th-century English view economic dependency?

A

Viewed economic dependency: lack of freedom

  • ballads popularized stories vagabonds
  • beggers denounced powerful
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33
Q

How did the New World represent Opportunity?

A

Labor classes regain wealth & be independent

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34
Q

How many people migration to North America between 1607-1700?

A

1607-1700: 1/2 million people

  • 180 000 Ireland
  • 180 000 West Indies
  • 120 000 Chesapeake (needed cheap labor)
  • 21 000 New England
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35
Q

What was the stereotypical profile of an immigrant in North America in the 17th century?

A
  • Single men
  • from the bottom of the social hierarchy
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36
Q

What was the difference between a “free person” and an “indentured servant?”

A

Free Persons:

People pay their own passage to America

Indentured Servants:

Exchanged their freedom for a set amount of time in exchange for passage

  • 2/3rds of the people
  • bought and sold
  • not marry
  • subject physical punishment
  • labor enfourced by courts

Payment: “Freedom dues”

  • many died

complaints people running away → due to “fondness for freedom”

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37
Q

What was an indentured servant?

A

Exchanged their freedom for a set amount of time in exchange for passage

  • 2/3rds of the people
  • bought and sold
  • not marry
  • subject physical punishment
  • labor enfourced by courts

Payment: “Freedom dues”

  • many died
  • complaints people running away → due to “fondness for freedom”
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38
Q

How was land the basis on liberty in 16th century North America?

A

LAND = basis of liberty

  1. control over own labor
  2. right to vote
  3. Promise free land → lure
  4. Kings used to reward people with (grants from companies or crown)

Abundance free land → needed labor → slaves

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39
Q

How did the English’s approach to dealing with Indians differ from the Spanish?

A

A different approach than Spanish: displacing them from lands

  • not subjects of the crown
  • not intermarrying
  • not organizing labor
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40
Q

What goods did the Indians want from the English?

A
  • woven cloth
  • metal kettles
  • iron axes
  • fishhooks
  • hoes
  • guns
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41
Q

How did Indian life in North America change (regarding farming, hunting, cooking, and trade)?

A

As Indians integrated > life changed

  • Metal goods changed hunting, farming, and cooking
  • Men hunted beavers for fur trade

Trade: gave what they had in abundance for rare commodities

most money went to English merchants

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42
Q

What changes came to the natural environment due to the English?

A

undermined traditional Indian agriculture

  • pigs and cattle trampled Indian fields
  • need for wood → depleted forests
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43
Q

When was Maryland established?

A

1632

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44
Q

When was Jamestown, Virginia established?

A

1607

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45
Q
A
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46
Q

What happened to Jamestown in the first few years of its history?

A

leadership changed

inhabitants suffered

high death rate

bad quality supplies

Mostly peasants (few farmers and gentry)

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47
Q

What happened in 1610 in Jamestown?

A

1610: 65 settlers alive

wanted to return

intercepted → Virginia ship carrying new governor and 250 people

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48
Q

Who was the first leader of Jamestown? When did he return to Engalnd and why?

A

Colony held together: military discipline

John Smith: (one first leader) → 1609: returned to England (accidental gunpowder explosion)

  • forced labor regime
  • alienated colonists
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49
Q

What two reasons motivated British authorities to enact new laws in 1618? What was needed in order for the Jamestown colony to survive?

A
  1. need ot give up search for gold → grow food
  2. attract more settlers
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50
Q

What three policies were introduced in 1618 by the British in order to improve Jamestown?

A

[1] HEADRIGHT SYSTEM:

  • award 50 acres of land any colonist pay own voyage (or others)
  • included servants

anyone brought lots of servants = large estate

[2] CHARTER OF GRANTS AND LITERATIES system

instead of a militaristic regime

[3] HOUSE OF BURGESSES

(1619) First elected assembly
1619: first African arrived

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51
Q

Who was the ruler of the Jamestown Indias in the 1610s?

A

Wahunsonacock (Powhatan)

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52
Q

What was Powhatan’s initial stance towards the English?

A

Saw potential in trading with them

First two years: peaceful

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53
Q
A
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54
Q

What happened with John Smith was captured by the Indians?

A

Smith captured Indians → saved by Pocahontas (one of Powhatan daughters)

legend: love-stricken teen

Truth: ceremony designed Powhatan

demonstrate power

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55
Q

What was Pocahontas’s role in the colonies?

What happened to her between 1614 and 1618?

A

Intermediary

1614: Married (English colonist) John Rolfe

1616: Went to England

  • symbol Anglo-Indian peace
  • adopted Christianity
  • Name Change: Rebecca

1617: died disease

1618: Powhatan died

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56
Q

How did the English objectives compare to that of the Jamestown Indians?

A

Indians wanted to trade while the English just wanted to create a colony

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57
Q

Who lead the uprising against the English in 1622?

A

Opechacanough (Powhatan’s brother)

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58
Q

Explain what happened in the Uprising of 1622?

A

Powhatan’s brother

  • led the attack on English
  • one day: wiped out 1/4 of the population of 1200

900 English: attacked Indian Villages

Governor Francis Wyatt

“By attacking Indians lost claim on land”

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59
Q

Who was the governor of Virginia during 1622?

A

Governor Francis Wyatt

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60
Q

What was the result of the Uprising of 1622?

A

Uprising: unsuccessful

Shifted balance of power

1644: Last Opechancanough rebellion

Crushed → killed 500 colonists

Signed treaty:

  • 2 000 Indians left
  • subordinate to Colonists
  • Indians: moved inland

1662’s Uprising → last series blows against Virginia Company

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61
Q
A
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62
Q

What happened when the Virginia Company became a royal charter in 1663?

A

1663: Virginia become first royal colony

  • the governor appointed by the crown
  • Crown little attention: local elites controlled colony’s development
  • Elite grew fast: due to tobacco
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63
Q

How did King James the first and the majority of Europe’s thoughts of tobacco compare?

A

King James 1: harmful brain and lungs

Most Europeans: enjoyed it & medical benefits

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64
Q

What was the result of tobacco on the economy of Virginia?

A

Tobacco = Virginia’s substitute for gold

  • class tobacco planters
  • Crown profited
  • frenzy for land

17th century:

Flux of immigrants (still high death rate)

new financial resources

Political elite: sons of merchants and gentlemen

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65
Q

What was the social structure of Virginia during the 17th century?

A
  1. Gentry at top
  2. Group small farmers
  3. Former indentured servants
  4. Poor laborers
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66
Q

What was the reason for slow population growth in 17th century Virginia?

A
  1. high death rate
  2. unequal ratio between sexes
  3. late marriage
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67
Q

Why was it very hard to create a stable family life in 17th century Virginia?

A

Men vs Women: 5-to-1

most women: indentured servants

  • needed to end service before marriage
  • families at mid-twenties
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68
Q

What dower rights did women in 17th Virginia have?

A

one-third husband’s property

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69
Q

What new roles existed for - widows or non-married - women in 17th century Virginia?

A

legal status: feme sole (woman alone)

could conduct business

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70
Q

Who was Margaret Brent? (Virginia 1638)

A

Margaret Brent (1638):

  1. Owned land
  2. managed plantation
  3. aced as lawyer
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71
Q

In what way was Maryland similar to Virginia? (2)

A
  1. similar course of development
  2. tobacco dominated economy
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72
Q

What is a “proprietary colony?”

A

Grant land on governmental authority to a single person

Ex: Maryland

73
Q

Who was the proprietor of Maryland?

Who gave it to him?

A

Person: Cecilius Calvert (son King Charles 1)

  • absolute power
  • control trade
  • still elected assembly
  • Calvert disliked → needed full English liberties
74
Q

What religion was Cecilius Calvert and how did it influence his rule of Maryland?

A

Calvert = Catholic

Made refuge for persecuted coreligionists

wanted Protestants and Catholics live peace

75
Q

What was the freedom dues for Maryland indentured servants?

A

50 acres of land

76
Q

What was the problem with Cecilius Calvert’s plan on having Catholics and Protestants living in harmony?

A

Catholics: appointed officials

Protestants: settlers (indentured servants)

77
Q

Who founded Puritanism? Who was he?

A

John Winthrop (Massachusetts) (Plymouth governor)

78
Q

Who founded Calvinism? What was the founder’s problem with the religious status quo?

A

John Calvin

French-Swiss theologist

Not satisfied with Church of England

  • too many Catholic elements
  • rejected Catholic religious hierarchy
  • only independent local congregations should have leaders
  • “Congregationalists”
79
Q

What previously established Protestant doctrine did the Plymouth Puritans follow?

A

Calvinism

80
Q

What are the requirements to be a Puritan?

A
  1. People read Bible
  2. Listen to sermons educated ministers
  3. Central rite: sermon
  4. Should lead a good life
81
Q

What were separatists?

A

abandoning the Church of England entirely

82
Q

What was the Puritanism “zeal?”

A
  1. alienated many
  2. some became separatists

Ex: those in Plymouth Colony

  1. most wanted to purify church from within
83
Q

How did Charles 01 rule change England’s religious sphere?

How did this stimulate puritan migration?

A

1620s-1630s: Charles 1

  1. restoration many ceremonies
  2. dismissed Puritan ministers and censored writing

Many left England

Puritan emigration:

  • Wanted escape corrupt England
  • establish “city set upon a hill”
  • Bible Commonwealth
84
Q

What two types of liberties did John Winthrop establish in 1645?

A

[1] Natural Liberty

  • liberty to do evil
  • adopted by Irish, Indians, and bad Christians

[2] Moral Liberty

  • genuine liberty
  • restraints on speech, religion,
  • subjugation to authority (religious and secular)
  • Not question elected
85
Q

Who were the first Puritans in America? (the 1620s)

A

First Puritans in America: Pilgrims (1620)

Puritan separatists

sailed to New World on Mayflower

  • we’re heading to Virginia → blown off course
  • founded Plymouth colony on Cape Cod

1608: fled from the Netherlands

86
Q

Who founded the Plymouth colony?

A

the Pilgrims

87
Q

What was the Mayflower Compact?

What was its purpose?

A

41 males

Agree to obey “just and equal law”

representatives own choosing

  • men all states of society
  • 200 years before Brittian’s could vote

Pilgrims hoped established society based on the lives of early Christian saints

88
Q

What were the relations between Indians and the first Plymouth settlers?

A

Native population: decimated smallpox before Mayflower arrived

Plymouth: site abandoned Indian village

  • half died during winter
  • remainder: survived help Indians

1621 (autumn): Pilgrims invited Indian allies harvest feast

first Thanksgiving

89
Q

When was the first Thanks fiving celebrated?

A

(autumn) 1621

90
Q

When was the Massachusetts Bay Company founded?

A

1629

91
Q

When did the Great Migration happen?

A

1642

92
Q

What happened during the Great Migration of 1642?

What made it unique?

A

21,000 Puritans immigrated to Massachusetts

an established base thriving economy

Unique migration:

  • 1/4 servants
  • mostly families
93
Q

What was the basis of the Puritan Family (2)?

A
  1. male authority
  2. adherence common-law traditions

limited married women’s legal and economic rights

94
Q

What was Puritan women’s spiritual place compared to men?

A
  1. Spiritually equal to men
  2. Women allowed full church membership
95
Q

What was the Puritan image of an “ideal marriage?”

A
  • Male absolute authority
  • mutual affection between men and women
96
Q

What was the foundation of the Puritan community?

A

The FAMILY

97
Q

How did 17th century Puritans view unmarried women?

A
  • dangerous to the social fabric
    *
98
Q
A
99
Q

What was the government system in Massachusetts?

A

Self-governing towns

100
Q

What were the Puritan’s reasons for self-governing towns?

A
  1. feared individualism
  2. fear lack of social unity
101
Q

What was the structure of the self-governing town in Massachusetts?

A
  • settlers land grants from colony’s government
  • subdivided it:

resident houses; communal area, farming area

  • Own Congregational Church
102
Q

When was Harvard College established?

A

1636

103
Q

When was the first printing press in Massachusetts established?

A

1638 in Cambridge

104
Q

What was the importance of schools in 17th century Massachusetts?

A

1647: Law requires the establishment of schools

105
Q

When was the General Court in Massachusetts established?

What was the purpose?

A

1634: General Court

group elected by freemen (landowning church members)

single ruling body

106
Q

How was the governor in the following settlements established?

  • Massachusetts
  • Virginia
  • Maryland
A

Massachusetts: elected own governor

Virginia: government elected company then crown

Maryland: single proprietor

107
Q

How was the principle of consent relevant to Puritanism?

A
  • Churches formed voluntary members
  • governed themselves
108
Q

How was the sentiment of “the importance of the family” expressed in 17th century New England?

A

Social hierarchy → families most important

  • better land
  • better seats in the church

Ordinary settlers: “goodman” and “goodwife”

better: “gentleman” and “lady”

109
Q

When was the Body of Liberties established?

A

1641

110
Q

What was the purpose of the 1641’s Body of Liberties?

A

Issued General Court → outlining rights and responsibilities of colonists

  • some applied to all
  • separate rights for freemen, women, children, and servants
  • allowed slavery
  • Forbade ministers to hold office → not interfere spirituality
  • required each town to establish a church
  • Death penalty

worshipping any god but God

witchcraft

blasphemy

111
Q

When did the first slaves arrive in Massachusetts?

A

1640

112
Q

How religiously tolerant were the Massachusetts Puritans?

A

Religious uniformity = essential social order

  • not religious toleration
  • Religious liberty → freedom practice their truth
113
Q

When did Roger Williams arrive in Massachusetts?

A

1631

114
Q

What opposing opinions did Roger Williams have in regards to the Bible Commonwealth?

A
  1. insist congregations withdraw Church England
  2. Said Church and state separate
  3. Believed freedom of religious practices
  4. The disliked idea that Puritans were special

God not signal out any groups as favorites

115
Q

What happened to Roger William after questioning the Massachusetts ruling system, in 1636?

A

Banished from Massachusetts

Established Rhode Island

116
Q

What was Rhode island’s stance on religion?

A

beacon for religious freedom (for Dissenters)

  • no established church
  • no religious qualifications for voting
  • not required to attend church
117
Q

Why was the 17th century Rhode Island government considered more democratic than that of Massachusetts?

A

assembly elected 2 time / year

government elected 1/year

118
Q

When and by whom was Hartford established?

A

1636: Thomas Hooker → Hartford

  • governed in Fundamental Orders of 1639
  • not have to be part of the Church to vote
119
Q

When was New Haven established?

A

1638: Established New Haven

closer connection between church and state

120
Q

When was Connecticut established?

A

1662: New Haven and Hartford united > royal charter > Connecticut

121
Q

What was the requirements to vote in Hartford?

A

Not have to be part of the Christian church

122
Q

In which two ways did Anne Hutchison threaten the Puritan social structure?

A
  1. gender
  2. influential following

Followers became Quakers

123
Q

Who was Anne Hutchison?

A
  • lived in New England for 8 years
  • midwife & daughter of clergyman
  • held meetings about issues

Thought: “salvation God’s gift, not get through hard work”

different from Puritans: saw preachers as faulty

124
Q

What was Anne Hutchison’s problems with Puritanism?

A

Thought: “salvation God’s gift, not get through hard work”

different from Puritans: saw preachers as faulty

125
Q

Define Antinomianism:

A

Putting one’s own judgment above human law or church

126
Q

When was Anne Hutchison trail? What were her charges? What were the results?

A

1637: Sedition (opinions dangerous to authority)

Punishment: Banishment

127
Q
A
128
Q

What was the significance of the Anne Hutchison trail?

A

Puritan belief in individual interpretation > lead criticism of the establishment

129
Q

How did Roger Williams and John Winthrop’s opinions regarding the Native Americans compare?

A

Roger Williams opinion:

  • treat Indians respect
  • should purchase land from Indians

John Winthrop opinion:

  • uncultivated land legitimately was taken
  • Indians submit English authority
130
Q

What did John Winthrop think the correlation was between the Indians and “natural freedom?”

A

Indian represent:

  1. savagery
  2. temptation

Winthrop: they had “natural freedom”

  • fear they would attack
  • tried to convert
  • mostly saw as obstacles
131
Q

How did the Puritans try to combat the attraction of the Indian “natural life-style?”

A

[1] 1642: Connecticut General Court

3 year penalty for English who went to live with Indians

[2] Encourage publication captivity narratives

popular: The Sovereignty and Goodness of God by Mary Rowlandson

  • Mary captured and held 3 months
  • said not treated badly
  • wanted to return to Christian society
132
Q

Why did the Indian’s original intentions of aligning with the English in New England fail?

A

Conflicting religious views

133
Q

When did the Pequot war take place?

A

1637

134
Q

What set the Pequot War in place?

A

The - Pequots - Indians murdered a fur trader

135
Q

What happened at the Massacre at the Mystic?

A

Massacre at Mystic: (500 people died)

  • soldiers set village ablaze
  • killed escapees
136
Q

What was the result of the Pequot War?

A

Result war: most killed or sold into Caribbean slavery

Indian view: European tactics barbaric

Puritan view: defeated barbaric nation with help of Lord

thought Indians not allowed in religion

137
Q

What were the 2 chief motivators that caused migration to New England?

A
  1. religion
  2. economics

1620’s pamphlet: “where religion and profit jump together”

138
Q

What were the main exports for New England?

A

Timer and Fish

139
Q

Why were their few slaves in 17th century New England?

A

The households did their own labor

140
Q

How did the wealth distribution compare between New England and Chesapeake?

A

New England had less wealth per capita than Chesapeake, but it was more equally distributed

141
Q

Where New English indentured servants allowed full church membership?

A

No…

142
Q

How did the Boston merchant class challenge key Puritan policies in the 1630s?

A

subordination of economic activity to common good

143
Q

What rules in the 1630s allowed a Merchant-dominated colonial government to emerge in Boston?

A

rule limit priacecs and wages

gave monopoly on imports Europe

144
Q

What predicament was the New English church faced within the 1650s?

What was their resolve in 1662?

A

less half population in Boston full church members

problem:

  • uphold rigorous admission > smaller size?
  • easier admission > connected with people?

1662: Half-Way Covenant

half-way membership grandchildren of those arrived in Great Migration

145
Q
A
146
Q

What was the Half-Way Covenant?

A

half-way membership grandchildren of those arrived in Great Migration

147
Q

What warnings did the New England church give the people in the 1660s and 70s in response to growing consumerism and selfishness?

A

Warnings: “jeremiads:

  • after prophet Jeremiah
  • interpreted crop failures and disease and divine disapproval
148
Q
A
149
Q
A
150
Q

What conflict with liberties arose in 17th century England?

A

1600s: England political and religious conflict

conflict on “liberties”

  1. liberties → only granted to some
  2. arose > “rights of Englishmen”

applied to all within the kingdom

151
Q

What does the Magna Carta mean?

A

Great Charter

152
Q
A
153
Q

What was the Magna Carta (1215)?

A

1215: Magna Carta (Great Charter)

  • agreement between King John & barons
  • series of liberties granted to all free men
  • restricted group > serfdom
  • serfdom disappeared - more freeborn

Included:

  1. protection against arbitary imprisonment
  2. seizure oland without due process

Become: English Liberty

idea: all people subject to same laws and rules

Ex

  1. habeas corpus
  2. right face accusers
  3. trail by jury
154
Q

Define habeas corpus:

A

Protection against being imprisoned without legal charge

155
Q

How did the Magna Carta become English Liberty?

A

idea: all people subject to same laws and rules

Ex

  1. habeas corpus
  2. right face accusers
  3. trail by jury
156
Q

What is the (English) House of Commons?

A

the elective body that, along with the hereditary aristocrats of the House of Lords, made up the English Parliament

157
Q

When was the English Civil War?

A

1640s and 1650s

158
Q

What happened during the English Civil War between 1642 and 1646?

A

due to the struggle between Parliament and monarchs James 1 and Charles 1

leader of House of Commons: accused kings endangering liberty

  • imposing tax without parliamentary consent
  • imprisoning foes
  • leading nation back to Catholicism

1642: WAR!
1649: Parliament won

  • Charles 1 beheaded
  • monarchy abolished
  • “a Commonwealth and Free State
159
Q

What was the result of the English Civil War [1642-1649]? Who became the ruler?

Did the results last?

A

1649: Parliament won

  • Charles 1 beheaded
  • monarchy abolished
  • “a Commonwealth and Free State

Oliver Cromwell:

head parliamentary army ruled almost decade

1650: Charles 2 restored monarchy

Intensified discussion about liberty

160
Q

How did the idea of - English - freedom change between 1640-1660?

A

John Milton: freedom of speech and press

New religious sects:

  1. wanted religious tolerance
  2. end to special liberties for church
161
Q

Who were the LEVELERS?

A

first democratic political movement

Wanted

  1. written constitution
  2. Agreement of the People

rights Parliament could not infringe on

“Democracy” = Anarchy

abolish monarchy

expand right to vote

162
Q

What was The Agreement of the People (the Levelers)?

A
  1. rights Parliament could not infringe on
  2. “Democracy” = Anarchy
  3. abolish monarchy
  4. expand right to vote
163
Q

Who were THE DIGGERS?

A

wanted: common ownership of land

Leader: Gerard Winstanley

said: true freedom was applied equality to rich and poor

entitled to comfortable livelihood and land

164
Q

Who was the leader of the Gerard Winstanley

A

Gerard Winstanley

165
Q

What were the 2 longterm implications of the English Civil War in the 1640s?

A
  1. discussion or rights
  2. reverberated England’s economy
166
Q

Why did the majority of New English in the 1640s side with the Parliament?

A

Civil war results:

  1. discussion or rights
  2. reverberated England’s economy

1640s war: New English sided with Parliament

Puritan leaders > scared > idea of religious tolerance became popular

167
Q

Who were THE QUAKERS?

A

Anne Hutchinson’s followers

Doctrine: “Spirit of God in people (not just electorate or church)”

168
Q

How were the Quakers treated in Massachusetts [1659-1660]?

A

whipped and banished

1659-1660: 4 returned → hanged

1660: Charles 2 restored throne

ordered colony recognize “liberty of conscience” to all Protestants’

169
Q

What caused the PLUNDERING TIME in Maryland during the 1640s?

A
  1. political battled of Civil war
  2. homegrown Catholic vs. Protestants
  3. anti-proprietary feeling
170
Q

What happened during the PLUNDERING TIME in the 1640s?

A

Civil war

  • verge anarchy
  • pro-Parliament forces attacking Charles 1 loyalists

1649: Act Concerning Religions / Maryland Toleration Act

principle of toleration → milestone

All Christians guaranteed free exercise of religion

not for non-Christians

171
Q

What was the Act Concerning Religions / Maryland Toleration Act of 1649?

A

principle of toleration → milestone

All Christians guaranteed free exercise of religion

not for non-Christians

172
Q

How did Chesapeake and New England compare in the middle of the 17th century?

A

Chesapeake: plantation societies

New England: centered on small towns and family farms

173
Q

What were some of the characteristics of Spanish colonialism? (Imperial Rivarly)

A

Major areas:

  • Central & south America
  • Caribbean

First major European power in Americas

Slavery Indians and Africans

Fist establish large-scale of single valuable commodity (sugar)

Catholic missionaries

174
Q

What were some of the characteristics of Netherland’s colonialism? (Imperial Rivarly)

A

Major Areas:

  • modern New York
  • Maryland
  • New Jersey
  • Delaware

Primary interest: commerce

Indians: trade partners and allies

  • good relations with Iroquois
  • not without conflict

Not as significant as other Powers

Slavery: small

  • small scale
  • craft help

Fewer settlers → more diverse

Religious freedom

  • freedom private practice
  • no required church attendance
175
Q

What were some of the characteristics of France’s colonialism? (Imperial Rivarly)

A

Major Areas:

  • Canada
  • Central US

Indians: allies and trade partners

  • most enduring relationships with Indians
    • *

Fur trade

No forced labor

No permanent settlement

Métis > intermixed person

Some joined American Indian society

176
Q

What were some of the characteristics of England’s colonialism? (Imperial Rivarly)

A

Major Areas:

  • US
  • Northern Canada

Agricultural (small family farms New England)

Various colonies

  • higher quality of life than England
  • Indians obstacles to aims of settlements

Protestant Christians (variety)

Legal structure varied:

  1. Royal
  2. Proprietary
  3. Joint-stock colonies
177
Q

what 5 characteristics did all colonial empires have in common?

A
  1. Disease and warfare
  2. Convert American Indians to Christianity
  3. New forms of technology and learning
  4. New legal system and forms of family relationships
  5. New forms of enterprise and wealth creation
178
Q

How did labor systems between the Spanish and English compare?

A

Spanish: Native American labor

English: indenture

179
Q
A

AP US History School (21 decks)

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