Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660) Flashcards
England and the New World The Coming of the English Settling the Chesapeake The New English Way New Englander Divided Religion Politics and Freedom
1
Q
When was the Magna Carta written?
A
1215
2
Q
When was Roahoke Island settlement established?
A
1585
3
Q
When was Jamestown established?
A
1607
4
Q
When did the first Africans arrive in Virginia (Chesapeake)?
A
1619
5
Q
Which settlements were included in the “New England” colonies?
A
- New Hampshire 2. Massachusetts 3. Rhode Island 4. Connecticut
6
Q
Which settlements were included in the “Middle” colonies?
A
- New York 2. New Jersey 3. Pennsylvania 4. Delaware
7
Q
Which settlements were included in Chesapeake?
A
- Maryland 2. Virginia
8
Q
Which settlements were included in “Southern” colonies?
A
- North Carolina 2. South Carolina 3. Georgia
9
Q
When was New Hampshire established?
A
1622
10
Q
Who started the Reformation of England? When?
A
1509: Henry VIII
11
Q
Who were the successors of Henry the VIII (from 1537-1558)
A
1537: Edward Tutor the 6th
1553: Mary the First
1558-1603: Elizabeth the First
12
Q
What was Henry VII’s motivation for starting the Reformation of England?
A
1509: Henry Tutor VIII crowned
- Pope refused to annul marriage to Catherine of Aragon
- started Reformation of England
- Church of England (Anglican Church)
King - head church
Result: religious strife
persecution Catholics under son [Edward VI] → 1537
13
Q
How did Mary the First and Elizabeth the First compare in regards to religion and ruling?
A
1553: Mary the first crowned
restored Catholicism
executed prosecutors > “Bloody Mary”
1558-1603: Elizabeth the first crowned
restored Anglican & executed 100+ priests
14
Q
What were the problems (for the English) when they tried to take control of Ireland in the 17th century? [2]
A
- absorbed money could spent New World
- threat stability Protestant rule
15
Q
What strategies did 17th century England use in their axenation of Ireland? [4]
A
- military conquest
- slaughter people
- seizure land
- introduced English economics
16
Q
How was the Irish settlement Pale exlcuded from English society?
A
Excluded Irish from society:
settlement: Pale
- own social order
- Compared “wild Irish” to American Indians
17
Q
What were “charters?”
A
grants with exclusive privileges
18
Q
During whose reign did the English go to America?
A
Elizabeth the First
19
Q
Who was the first English to create Charter companies to sail to the New World?
Where they supported by the crown?
A
Sir Humphrey Gibert
Sir Walter Raleigh
20
Q
What happened during Sir Humphrey Gibert’s expedition to the New World? When?
A
1582: Settlement Newfoundland
short-lived
21
Q
When was “Newfoundland” established?
A
1582
22
Q
A
23
Q
Explain what happened during Sir Walter Raleigh’s expedition to the New World?
A
1585: base Roanoke Island (North Carolina coast)
1586: abandoned venture
100 settlers went to establish settlement: 1586
1590: Roanoke colony abandoned (not sure why)
Raleigh → bankrupt
24
Q
When did the Spanish Amarada try to invade England?
A
1588
25
What sentiment towards the Spanish developed during the Reformation of England?
Reformation → _Saw Spanish (Catholics) as enemies:_
**1588**: Spanish Amarade tried to invade (failed)
late 16th century: _anti-Catholicism ingrained society_
♣ Used Spanish "cruelty" as justification for colonization ♣
26
Who wrote *A Discourse Concerning Western Planting?*
Rickard Hakluyt
27
What was the purpose of *A Discourse Concerning Western Planting?*
listed 23 reasons Queen should support expeditions
1. rescue Catholic tyranny
2. national glory
3. rival Spanish and France power
4. enrich country
Raleigh thought "wealth" was gold → Rickard saw it as **TRADE**
28
What social crisis emerged in 16th century England?
Reason colonization: refuge England's "surplus" population
## Footnote
16th century: **economic growths not keep up population growth**
29
How did the English Land "commons" system work up until the 16th century?
were open everyone \> not any more
landlords:
1. raised sheep trading purposes
2. crop-rotation
30
What was the "Enclosure Movement" in 16th century England?
Small plots where owned used many peasants \> clustered together for mass production
* Benefited: landlords, farms, marchants
* bad: people uprooted
**1629**: _John Winthrop:_
shortly before leaving for Massachusetts
said to many people in England
31
What was the government's response to the population crisis in 16th century England?
How did it compare to the Spanish and French government's opinion regarding going to the New World?
English Government Response:
1. Forcing people to accept any job offered to them
2. hanging/whipping unemployed
3. encouraged people to leave New World
The Spanish did not encourage people to go to the New World.
The French thought is was a place for criminals
32
How did the 16th-century English view economic dependency?
Viewed economic dependency: **lack of freedom**
* ballads popularized stories vagabonds
* beggers denounced powerful
33
How did the New World represent **Opportunity**?
Labor classes regain wealth & be independent
34
How many people migration to North America between 1607-1700?
1607-1700: 1/2 million people
* 180 000 Ireland
* 180 000 West Indies
* 120 000 Chesapeake (needed cheap labor)
* 21 000 New England
35
What was the stereotypical profile of an immigrant in North America in the 17th century?
* Single men
* from the bottom of the social hierarchy
36
What was the difference between a "free person" and an "indentured servant?"
**Free Persons:**
People pay their own passage to America
**Indentured Servants:**
Exchanged their freedom for a set amount of time in exchange for passage
* 2/3rds of the people
* bought and sold
* not marry
* subject physical punishment
* labor enfourced by courts
Payment: _"Freedom dues"_
* many died
complaints people running away → due to "fondness for freedom"
37
What was an indentured servant?
**Exchanged their freedom for a set amount of time in exchange for passage**
* 2/3rds of the people
* bought and sold
* not marry
* subject physical punishment
* labor enfourced by courts
Payment: "Freedom dues"
* many died
* complaints people running away → due to "fondness for freedom"
38
How was land the basis on liberty in 16th century North America?
LAND = basis of liberty
1. control over own labor
2. right to vote
3. Promise free land → lure
4. Kings used to reward people with (grants from companies or crown)
Abundance free land → needed labor → slaves
39
How did the English's approach to dealing with Indians differ from the Spanish?
A different approach than Spanish: _displacing them from lands_
* not subjects of the crown
* not intermarrying
* not organizing labor
40
What goods did the Indians want from the English?
* woven cloth
* metal kettles
* iron axes
* fishhooks
* hoes
* guns
41
How did Indian life in North America change (regarding farming, hunting, cooking, and trade)?
As Indians integrated \> life changed
* _Metal goods_ changed hunting, farming, and cooking
* Men hunted _beavers_ for fur trade
**Trade**: gave what they had in abundance for rare commodities
most money went to English merchants
42
What changes came to the natural environment due to the English?
undermined traditional Indian agriculture
* pigs and cattle trampled Indian fields
* need for wood → depleted forests
43
When was Maryland established?
1632
44
When was Jamestown, Virginia established?
1607
45
46
What happened to Jamestown in the first few years of its history?
leadership changed
inhabitants suffered
high death rate
bad quality supplies
Mostly peasants (few farmers and gentry)
47
What happened in 1610 in Jamestown?
1610: 65 settlers alive
wanted to return
intercepted → **Virginia ship carrying new governor and 250 people**
48
Who was the first leader of Jamestown? When did he return to Engalnd and why?
Colony held together: **military discipline**
**_John Smith_**: (one first leader) → _1609_: returned to England (accidental gunpowder explosion)
* forced labor regime
* alienated colonists
49
What two reasons motivated British authorities to enact new laws in 1618? What was needed in order for the Jamestown colony to survive?
1. need ot give up search for gold → grow food
2. attract more settlers
50
What three policies were introduced in 1618 by the British in order to improve Jamestown?
**[1] HEADRIGHT SYSTEM:**
* award 50 acres of land any colonist pay own voyage (or others)
* included servants
anyone brought lots of servants = large estate
**[2] CHARTER OF GRANTS AND LITERATIES system**
instead of a militaristic regime
**[3] HOUSE OF BURGESSES**
(1619) First elected assembly
1619: first African arrived
51
Who was the ruler of the Jamestown Indias in the 1610s?
Wahunsonacock (*Powhatan)*
52
What was Powhatan's initial stance towards the English?
Saw potential in trading with them
First two years: peaceful
53
54
What happened with John Smith was captured by the Indians?
Smith captured Indians → saved by Pocahontas (one of Powhatan daughters)
legend: love-stricken teen
Truth: _ceremony designed Powhatan_
**demonstrate power**
55
What was Pocahontas's role in the colonies?
What happened to her between 1614 and 1618?
_Intermediary_
**1614**: Married (English colonist) John Rolfe
**1616**: Went to England
* symbol Anglo-Indian peace
* adopted Christianity
* Name Change: Rebecca
**1617**: died disease
**1618**: Powhatan died
56
How did the English objectives compare to that of the Jamestown Indians?
Indians wanted to trade while the English just wanted to create a colony
57
Who lead the uprising against the English in 1622?
Opechacanough (Powhatan's brother)
58
Explain what happened in the Uprising of 1622?
Powhatan's brother
* led the attack on English
* one day: wiped out 1/4 of the population of 1200
900 English: attacked Indian Villages
**Governor Francis Wyatt**
"By attacking Indians lost claim on land"
59
Who was the governor of Virginia during 1622?
Governor Francis Wyatt
60
What was the result of the Uprising of 1622?
Uprising: **unsuccessful**
Shifted balance of power
**1644**: Last Opechancanough rebellion
Crushed → killed 500 colonists
Signed treaty:
* 2 000 Indians left
* subordinate to Colonists
* Indians: moved inland
1662's Uprising → last series blows against Virginia Company
61
62
What happened when the Virginia Company became a royal charter in 1663?
1663: **Virginia become first royal colony**
* the governor appointed by the crown
* Crown little attention: local elites controlled colony's development
* Elite grew fast: due to tobacco
63
How did King James the first and the majority of Europe's thoughts of tobacco compare?
King James 1: _harmful brain and lungs_
Most Europeans: _enjoyed it & medical benefits_
64
What was the result of tobacco on the economy of Virginia?
Tobacco = Virginia's substitute for gold
* class tobacco planters
* Crown profited
* frenzy for land
17th century:
**Flux of immigrants** (still high death rate)
**new financial resources**
Political elite: sons of merchants and gentlemen
65
What was the social structure of Virginia during the 17th century?
1. Gentry at top
2. Group small farmers
3. Former indentured servants
4. Poor laborers
66
What was the reason for slow population growth in 17th century Virginia?
1. high death rate
2. unequal ratio between sexes
3. late marriage
67
Why was it very hard to create a stable family life in 17th century Virginia?
Men vs Women: 5-to-1
most women: _indentured servants_
* needed to end service before marriage
* families at mid-twenties
68
What dower rights did women in 17th Virginia have?
one-third husband's property
69
What new roles existed for - widows or non-married - women in 17th century Virginia?
legal status: ***feme sole*** (woman alone)
could conduct business
70
Who was Margaret Brent? (Virginia 1638)
Margaret Brent (1638):
1. Owned land
2. managed plantation
3. aced as lawyer
71
In what way was Maryland similar to Virginia? (2)
1. similar course of development
2. tobacco dominated economy
72
What is a "proprietary colony?"
Grant land on governmental authority to a single person
Ex: *Maryland*
73
Who was the proprietor of Maryland?
Who gave it to him?
Person: **Cecilius Calvert** (son King Charles 1)
* absolute power
* control trade
* still elected assembly
* Calvert disliked → needed full English liberties
74
What religion was Cecilius Calvert and how did it influence his rule of Maryland?
Calvert = Catholic
Made refuge for persecuted coreligionists
wanted Protestants and Catholics live peace
75
What was the freedom dues for Maryland indentured servants?
50 acres of land
76
What was the problem with Cecilius Calvert's plan on having Catholics and Protestants living in harmony?
Catholics: appointed officials
Protestants: settlers (indentured servants)
77
Who founded Puritanism? Who was he?
**John Winthrop** (Massachusetts) (Plymouth governor)
78
Who founded Calvinism? What was the founder's problem with the religious status quo?
**John Calvin**
French-Swiss theologist
_Not satisfied with Church of England_
* too many Catholic elements
* rejected Catholic religious hierarchy
* only independent local congregations should have leaders
* "Congregationalists"
79
What previously established Protestant doctrine did the Plymouth Puritans follow?
Calvinism
80
What are the requirements to be a Puritan?
1. People **read Bible**
2. Listen to sermons educated ministers
3. Central rite: **sermon**
4. Should lead a **good life**
81
What were separatists?
abandoning the Church of England entirely
82
What was the Puritanism "zeal?"
1. alienated many
2. some became separatists
Ex: those in Plymouth Colony
1. most wanted to purify church from within
83
How did Charles 01 rule change England's religious sphere?
How did this stimulate puritan migration?
**1620s-1630s**: Charles 1
1. restoration many ceremonies
2. dismissed Puritan ministers and censored writing
Many left England
_Puritan emigration:_
* Wanted escape corrupt England
* establish "city set upon a hill"
* **Bible Commonwealth**
84
What two types of liberties did John Winthrop establish in 1645?
**[1] Natural Liberty**
* liberty to do evil
* adopted by Irish, Indians, and bad Christians
**[2] Moral Liberty**
* genuine liberty
* restraints on speech, religion,
* subjugation to authority (religious and secular)
* Not question elected
85
Who were the first Puritans in America? (the 1620s)
First Puritans in America: **_Pilgrims_** (1620)
Puritan separatists
sailed to New World on **Mayflower**
* we're heading to Virginia → blown off course
* founded _Plymouth_ colony on Cape Cod
1608: fled from the Netherlands
86
Who founded the Plymouth colony?
the Pilgrims
87
What was the Mayflower Compact?
What was its purpose?
41 males
Agree to obey "**just and equal law**"
representatives own choosing
* men all states of society
* 200 years before Brittian's could vote
Pilgrims hoped **established society based on the lives of early Christian saints**
88
What were the relations between Indians and the first Plymouth settlers?
Native population: decimated smallpox before Mayflower arrived
Plymouth: **site abandoned Indian village**
* half died during winter
* remainder: survived help Indians
**1621** (autumn): Pilgrims invited Indian allies harvest feast
**first Thanksgiving**
89
When was the first Thanks fiving celebrated?
(autumn) 1621
90
When was the Massachusetts Bay Company founded?
1629
91
When did the Great Migration happen?
1642
92
What happened during the Great Migration of 1642?
What made it unique?
21,000 Puritans immigrated to Massachusetts
an established base thriving economy
Unique migration:
* 1/4 servants
* mostly families
93
What was the basis of the Puritan Family (2)?
1. **male authority**
2. **adherence common-law traditions**
limited married women's legal and economic rights
94
What was Puritan women's spiritual place compared to men?
1. Spiritually equal to men
2. Women allowed full church membership
95
What was the Puritan image of an "ideal marriage?"
* Male absolute authority
* mutual affection between men and women
96
What was the foundation of the Puritan community?
The FAMILY
97
How did 17th century Puritans view unmarried women?
* dangerous to the social fabric
*
98
99
What was the government system in Massachusetts?
Self-governing towns
100
What were the Puritan's reasons for self-governing towns?
1. feared individualism
2. fear lack of social unity
101
What was the structure of the self-governing town in Massachusetts?
* settlers land grants from colony's government
* subdivided it:
resident houses; communal area, farming area
* Own Congregational Church
102
When was Harvard College established?
1636
103
When was the first printing press in Massachusetts established?
1638 in Cambridge
104
What was the importance of schools in 17th century Massachusetts?
1647: Law requires the establishment of schools
105
When was the General Court in Massachusetts established?
What was the purpose?
**1634**: General Court
group elected by freemen (landowning church members)
single ruling body
106
How was the governor in the following settlements established?
* Massachusetts
* Virginia
* Maryland
_Massachusetts_: elected own governor
_Virginia_: government elected company then crown
_Maryland_: single proprietor
107
How was the principle of **consent** relevant to Puritanism?
* Churches formed voluntary members
* governed themselves
108
How was the sentiment of "the importance of the family" expressed in 17th century New England?
Social hierarchy → **families most important**
* better land
* better seats in the church
Ordinary settlers: "goodman" and "goodwife"
better: "gentleman" and "lady"
109
When was the *Body of Liberties* established?
1641
110
What was the purpose of the 1641's *Body of Liberties?*
Issued _General Court_ → outlining **rights and responsibilities of colonists**
* some applied to all
* separate rights for freemen, women, children, and servants
* allowed slavery
* Forbade ministers to hold office → not interfere spirituality
* required each town to establish a church
* Death penalty
worshipping any god but God
witchcraft
blasphemy
111
When did the first slaves arrive in Massachusetts?
1640
112
How religiously tolerant were the Massachusetts Puritans?
Religious uniformity = _essential social order_
* not religious toleration
* Religious liberty → freedom practice their truth
113
When did Roger Williams arrive in Massachusetts?
1631
114
What opposing opinions did Roger Williams have in regards to the Bible Commonwealth?
1. insist congregations withdraw Church England
2. Said Church and state separate
3. Believed freedom of religious practices
4. The disliked idea that Puritans were special
God not signal out any groups as favorites
115
What happened to Roger William after questioning the Massachusetts ruling system, in 1636?
Banished from Massachusetts
Established **Rhode Island**
116
What was Rhode island's stance on religion?
beacon for **religious freedom (for Dissenters)**
* no established church
* no religious qualifications for voting
* not required to attend church
117
Why was the 17th century Rhode Island government considered more democratic than that of Massachusetts?
assembly elected 2 time / year
government elected 1/year
118
When and by whom was Hartford established?
**1636**: _Thomas Hooker_ → Hartford
* governed in Fundamental Orders of 1639
* not have to be part of the Church to vote
119
When was New Haven established?
**1638**: Established New Haven
closer connection between church and state
120
When was Connecticut established?
**1662**: New Haven and Hartford united \> royal charter \> **_Connecticut_**
121
What was the requirements to vote in Hartford?
Not have to be part of the Christian church
122
In which two ways did Anne Hutchison threaten the Puritan social structure?
1. gender
2. influential following
## Footnote
*Followers became Quakers*
123
Who was Anne Hutchison?
* lived in New England for 8 years
* midwife & daughter of clergyman
* held meetings about issues
Thought: "salvation God's gift, not get through hard work"
different from Puritans: saw preachers as faulty
124
What was Anne Hutchison's problems with Puritanism?
Thought: "*salvation God's gift, not get through hard work*"
different from Puritans: **saw preachers as faulty**
125
Define Antinomianism:
Putting one's own judgment above human law or church
126
When was Anne Hutchison trail? What were her charges? What were the results?
**1637**: _Sedition_ (*opinions dangerous to authority)*
Punishment: Banishment
127
128
What was the significance of the Anne Hutchison trail?
Puritan belief in individual interpretation \> **lead criticism of the establishment**
129
How did Roger Williams and John Winthrop's opinions regarding the Native Americans compare?
**Roger Williams opinion:**
* treat Indians respect
* should purchase land from Indians
**John Winthrop opinion:**
* uncultivated land legitimately was taken
* Indians submit English authority
130
What did John Winthrop think the correlation was between the Indians and "natural freedom?"
Indian represent:
1. savagery
2. temptation
Winthrop: _they had "natural freedom"_
* fear they would attack
* tried to convert
* mostly saw as obstacles
131
How did the Puritans try to combat the attraction of the Indian "natural life-style?"
**[1] 1642**: Connecticut General Court
3 year penalty for English who went to live with Indians
**[2] Encourage publication captivity narratives**
popular: *The Sovereignty and Goodness of God* by Mary Rowlandson
* Mary captured and held 3 months
* said not treated badly
* wanted to return to Christian society
132
Why did the Indian's original intentions of aligning with the English in New England fail?
Conflicting religious views
133
When did the Pequot war take place?
1637
134
What set the Pequot War in place?
The - Pequots - Indians murdered a fur trader
135
What happened at the **Massacre at the Mystic**?
Massacre at Mystic: (500 people died)
* soldiers set village ablaze
* killed escapees
136
What was the result of the Pequot War?
Result war: _most killed or sold into Caribbean slavery_
_Indian view:_ European tactics barbaric
_Puritan view:_ defeated barbaric nation with help of Lord
thought Indians not allowed in religion
137
What were the 2 chief motivators that caused migration to New England?
1. religion
2. economics
1620's pamphlet: *"where religion and profit jump together"*
138
What were the main exports for New England?
Timer and Fish
139
Why were their few slaves in 17th century New England?
The households did their own labor
140
How did the wealth distribution compare between New England and Chesapeake?
New England had less wealth per capita than Chesapeake, but it was more equally distributed
141
Where New English indentured servants allowed full church membership?
No...
142
How did the Boston merchant class challenge key Puritan policies in the 1630s?
subordination of economic activity to common good
143
What rules in the 1630s allowed a Merchant-dominated colonial government to emerge in Boston?
rule limit priacecs and wages
gave monopoly on imports Europe
144
What predicament was the New English church faced within the 1650s?
What was their resolve in 1662?
**less half population in Boston full church members**
problem:
* uphold rigorous admission \> smaller size?
* easier admission \> connected with people?
**1662: _Half-Way Covenant_**
half-way membership grandchildren of those arrived in Great Migration
145
146
What was the Half-Way Covenant?
half-way membership grandchildren of those arrived in Great Migration
147
What warnings did the New England church give the people in the 1660s and 70s in response to growing consumerism and selfishness?
Warnings: "**_jeremiads_**:
* after prophet Jeremiah
* interpreted crop failures and disease and divine disapproval
148
149
150
What conflict with liberties arose in 17th century England?
1600s: England political and religious conflict
conflict on "_liberties_"
1. liberties → only granted to some
2. arose \> "**rights of Englishmen**"
applied to all within the kingdom
151
What does the *Magna Carta* mean?
Great Charter
152
153
What was the **Magna Carta** (1215)?
1215: **Magna Carta (Great Charter)**
* agreement between King John & barons
* series of liberties granted to all free men
* restricted group \> serfdom
* serfdom disappeared - more freeborn
Included:
1. protection against arbitary imprisonment
2. seizure oland without due process
Become: **_English Liberty_**
idea: all people subject to same laws and rules
Ex
1. habeas corpus
2. right face accusers
3. trail by jury
154
Define *habeas corpus:*
Protection against being imprisoned without legal charge
155
How did the Magna Carta become **English Liberty**?
idea: **all people subject to same laws and rules**
Ex
1. habeas corpus
2. right face accusers
3. trail by jury
156
What is the (English) House of Commons?
the elective body that, along with the hereditary aristocrats of the House of Lords, made up the English Parliament
157
When was the English Civil War?
1640s and 1650s
158
What happened during the English Civil War between 1642 and 1646?
due to the struggle between Parliament and monarchs _James 1_ and _Charles 1_
leader of **House of Commons**: accused kings endangering liberty
* imposing tax without parliamentary consent
* imprisoning foes
* leading nation back to Catholicism
1642: WAR!
1649: Parliament won
* Charles 1 beheaded
* monarchy abolished
* "a Commonwealth and Free State
159
What was the result of the English Civil War [1642-1649]? Who became the ruler?
Did the results last?
1649: **Parliament won**
* Charles 1 beheaded
* monarchy abolished
* "a Commonwealth and Free State
_Oliver Cromwell:_
head parliamentary army ruled almost decade
1650: _Charles 2 restored monarchy_
Intensified discussion about liberty
160
How did the idea of - English - freedom change between 1640-1660?
John Milton: **freedom of speech and press**
New religious sects:
1. wanted religious tolerance
2. end to special liberties for church
161
Who were the LEVELERS?
**first democratic political movement**
Wanted
1. written constitution
2. ***Agreement of the People***
rights Parliament could not infringe on
"Democracy" = Anarchy
abolish monarchy
expand right to vote
162
What was ***The Agreement of the People*** (the Levelers)?
1. rights Parliament could not infringe on
2. "Democracy" = Anarchy
3. abolish monarchy
4. expand right to vote
163
Who were THE DIGGERS?
wanted: **common ownership of land**
Leader: *Gerard Winstanley*
_said_: true freedom was applied equality to rich and poor
entitled to comfortable livelihood and land
164
Who was the leader of the Gerard Winstanley
Gerard Winstanley
165
What were the 2 longterm implications of the English Civil War in the 1640s?
1. discussion or rights
2. reverberated England's economy
166
Why did the majority of New English in the 1640s side with the Parliament?
Civil war results:
1. discussion or rights
2. reverberated England's economy
1640s war: New English sided with Parliament
Puritan leaders \> scared \> idea of religious tolerance became popular
167
Who were THE QUAKERS?
Anne Hutchinson's followers
Doctrine: "Spirit of God in people (not just electorate or church)"
168
How were the Quakers treated in Massachusetts [1659-1660]?
whipped and banished
1659-1660: 4 returned → hanged
1660: Charles 2 restored throne
ordered colony recognize "liberty of conscience" to all Protestants'
169
What caused the PLUNDERING TIME in Maryland during the 1640s?
1. political battled of Civil war
2. homegrown Catholic vs. Protestants
3. anti-proprietary feeling
170
What happened during the PLUNDERING TIME in the 1640s?
Civil war
* verge anarchy
* pro-Parliament forces attacking Charles 1 loyalists
**1649**: **Act Concerning Religions / Maryland Toleration Act**
principle of toleration → milestone
All Christians guaranteed free exercise of religion
not for non-Christians
171
What was the Act Concerning Religions / Maryland Toleration Act of 1649?
principle of toleration → milestone
All Christians guaranteed free exercise of religion
not for non-Christians
172
How did Chesapeake and New England compare in the middle of the 17th century?
_Chesapeake_: plantation societies
_New England:_ centered on small towns and family farms
173
What were some of the characteristics of Spanish colonialism? (Imperial Rivarly)
Major areas:
* Central & south America
* Caribbean
* * *
First major European power in Americas
* * *
Slavery Indians and Africans
* * *
Fist establish large-scale of single valuable commodity (sugar)
* * *
Catholic missionaries
174
What were some of the characteristics of Netherland's colonialism? (Imperial Rivarly)
Major Areas:
* modern New York
* Maryland
* New Jersey
* Delaware
* * *
Primary interest: commerce
* * *
Indians: trade partners and allies
* good relations with Iroquois
* not without conflict
* * *
Not as significant as other Powers
* * *
Slavery: small
* small scale
* craft help
* * *
Fewer settlers → more diverse
* * *
Religious freedom
* freedom private practice
* no required church attendance
175
What were some of the characteristics of France's colonialism? (Imperial Rivarly)
Major Areas:
* Canada
* Central US
* * *
Indians: allies and trade partners
* most enduring relationships with Indians
* * *
Fur trade
* * *
No forced labor
* * *
No permanent settlement
* * *
Métis \> intermixed person
* * *
Some joined American Indian society
176
What were some of the characteristics of England's colonialism? (Imperial Rivarly)
Major Areas:
* US
* Northern Canada
* * *
Agricultural (*small family farms New England)*
* * *
Various colonies
* higher quality of life than England
* Indians obstacles to aims of settlements
* * *
Protestant Christians (variety)
* * *
Legal structure varied:
1. Royal
2. Proprietary
3. Joint-stock colonies
177
what 5 characteristics did all colonial empires have in common?
1. Disease and warfare
2. Convert American Indians to Christianity
3. New forms of technology and learning
4. New legal system and forms of family relationships
5. New forms of enterprise and wealth creation
178
How did labor systems between the Spanish and English compare?
Spanish: _Native American labor_
English: _indenture_
179
