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AP US History School > Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791) > Flashcards

Chapter 07: Founding a Nation (1783-1791) Flashcards

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1
Q

When were the Articles of Confederation written and ratified?

A

Created in 1777 & Ratified in 1778

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2
Q

What was the objective of the Articles of Confederation?

A
  1. balance need national coordination of War of Independence
  2. widespread fear centralized political power posed a danger to liberty

Declared: government “perpetual union”

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3
Q

What was the structure of the Articles of Confederation?

A

Not: common government

Is: treaty for mutual defense

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4
Q

What was the content of the Articles of Confederation?

A
  • 13 states retain individual sovereignty
  • national government: One-house Congress
  • each state cast a single vote
  • no president/judiciary committee
  • Major decisions require 9 states approval (not just majority)
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5
Q

What power did the Articles of Confederation have?

A

Power essential to struggle for independence

  1. declaring war
  2. foreign affairs
  3. treaties with governments
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6
Q

What financial resources did the Articles of Confederation grant the government?

A
  • coin money
  • lack power to levy taxes

Revenue: from individual states

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7
Q

What was the requirement for the Articles of Confederation to be amended?

A

Unanimous consent of states

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8
Q

What was the most important accomplishment of the Articles of Confederation?

A

Most important: established national control over land west of 13 states

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9
Q

How was the “National Domain” created in the 1780s by the Articles of Confederation?

A

devised rules for settlement

According to original charters, Virginia, Carolinas, and Connecticut → claimed immense territory

  • Land speculators, politicians: land belongs to the country as a whole
  • after land-rich states ceded western claimed → Articles ratified

= NATIONAL DOMAIN

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10
Q

Which power did the Articles of Confederation allow the government to do?

A
  1. borrow money
  2. operatare army and navy
  3. ban slavery in western territory
  4. create new states
  5. settle state disputes
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11
Q

What were the 5 achievements of the Articles of Confederation?

A

[1] The first government of the US

[2] Organized western territory:

  • gained during the Treaty of Paris (1783)
  • How: Northwest Ordinance (1787)

[3] Functional government through Revolutionary War

[4] Some protection for individual rights

  • free movement between states
  • mutual respect between states

[5] Allowed government to:

  1. borrow money
  2. operate army and navy
  3. ban slavery in the western territory
  4. create new states
  5. settle state disputes
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12
Q

What were the two treaties that allowed the Articles to organize western territory?

A

gained during the Treaty of Paris (1783)

How: Northwest Ordinance (1787)

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13
Q

What were the 9 problems with the Articles of Confederation?

A
  1. The government had no executive branch
  2. Each state had one vote in legislative branch
  3. No separate judicial branch
  4. Not create taxes
  5. Not raise the national army separate from states
  6. Each state printed own currency
  7. Not control interstate trade or international trade
  8. New laws required support 9/13 states
  9. Needed unanimous agreement of states to amend the document
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14
Q

Why was the lack of an executive branch a problem (posed by the Articles of Confederation)?

A

Could pass laws > states enforce → Congress no power to enforce state enforcement

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15
Q

Why was the lack of a judicial branch a problem (posed by the Articles of Confederation)?

A

[1] When law’s meanings were questioned → no one fairly settles the issue

[2] No court settle disputes between states or people different states

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16
Q

Why was the “one vote in legislative branch” a problem (posed by the Articles of Confederation)?

A
  • Each state equal representation
  • Larger populations (Virginia) not think fair
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17
Q

Why was the fact that the government could not levy taxes a problem (posed by the Articles of Confederation)?

A
  • Taxes pay government function
  • Congress only request money from state legislatures
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18
Q

Why was the government unable to raise a national army (posed by the Articles of Confederation)?

A

During the war Washington requested money for supplies:

  • Congress does not force states to pay
  • troops went hungry
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19
Q

Why was the fact that the states printing their own currency a problem (posed by the Articles of Confederation)?

A

Needed different currencies & not have the same value

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20
Q

Why was the fact that the national government could not control interstate or intrastate trade a problem (posed by the Articles of Confederation)?

A

States acted in own interst (not nation as a whole)

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21
Q

Why was the fact that the new laws required 9/13 states’ support a problem (posed by the Articles of Confederation)?

A

difficult pass laws → so many had to agree

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22
Q

Why did the national domain need new laws during its early establishment?

A

(*Americans said empty) *100,000 Indian inhabitants

  1. Congress → Indians right to land
  2. The little distinction between the position of Indian tribes during the war
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23
Q

What was the purpose of the peace conferences between 1784 and 1785?

A

Americans demanded large surrenders of Indian land

Similar to other treaties:

  1. Cherokee
  2. Choctaw
  3. Chickasaw tribes
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24
Q

What were the 2 competing perspectives regarding disposing of western land (1780s)?

A

Perspective 01:

Economic health country → farmers need land

Perspective 02:

land sales = revenue

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25
Q

How did land annexation play into American liberty in the 1780s?

A

The “right to take land” = essential part of American freedom

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26
Q

Why did the Ohioans petition Congress in 1785?

A
  • landlords monopolized acreage
  • wanted preference in land ownership given to settlers
  • motto: “Grant us Liberty”
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27
Q

What Ordinances were there about the western lands in the 1780s?

A
  1. Ordinance of 1784
  2. ordinance of 1785
  3. Northwest Ordinance of 1787
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28
Q

What was the Ordinance of 1784?

A

Who: Thomas Jefferson

What: establish stages of self-government for West

  • divided into districts
  • Initially governed by Congress → then unions
  • almost prohibited slavery
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29
Q

What was the Ordinance of 1785?

A

regulated sales in “Old Northwest”

  • land sold in sections
  • each township → 1 section must be used for public education
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30
Q

How was land acquisition out of reach for most people in the western lands during the 1780s?

A

(Like British) struggled control thirst for new land

minimum purchasing price: $640

out of reaching most people

bought smaller pieces from speculators

Pressed for a reduction in price

Homestead Act of 1862 → free land in public domain

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31
Q

What was the Northwestern Ordinance of 1787?

A

Called eventual establishment of 3-5 states

  • north Ohio River & east Mississippi
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32
Q

How did the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 create an “empire of liberty?”

A
  • not rule new area as colonies
  • integrate as eventual member states
  • territorial expansion & self-government grow together
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33
Q

How did the Northwest Ordination of 1787 affect Indians?

A

Policies towards Indians:

  1. pledge “the utmost good faith”
  2. not take land without concent

Assumed Indian presence would disappear:

  • purchase
  • treaties
  • voluntary removal
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34
Q

How did the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 affect slavery?

A

Prohibited

  • far-reaching consequeces
  • Still had slaves:
  • though voluntary signed contracts””
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35
Q

How did the standard of living in the Western country in the 1780-1790s compare to the rest of the country?

A

1. Less developed than cities in the east

  • death from illness
  • food shortages

2. Education irregular

3. Religion “at-home” experience

  • priests and preachers only travel inland occasionally
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36
Q

What was “Backcountry Culture?”

A
  • reflected origins of people
  • as populations grew → increased political conflict
  • Conflict with American Indians
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37
Q

How was the finance of the War of Independence a weakness of the Articles of Confederation?

A
  • borrowed large sums of money
  • sold interest-bearing bonds
  • paid soldiers and suppliers with notes to be redeemed in future

Afterward: lacked money pay debts

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38
Q

What economic problems did the Articles of Confederation cause? [3]

A

[1] Financing War of Independence:

  • borrowed large sums of money
  • sold interest-bearing bonds
  • paid soldiers and suppliers with notes to be redeemed in future

Afterward: lacked money pay debts

[2] Barred trading in West Indies

[3] Imported goods flooded the market

  • undercut locals
  • cut wages
  • drained money
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39
Q

How did the 1790s government seek new trading opportunities in China?

A

[1] 1784: Empress of China went to Canton

first American ship to China

Content

  • furs
  • spices
  • Spanish silver dollars

Returned:

  • skils
  • tea
  • porcelain

Large profits

Asia feasible alternative

Still not make up for loss of West Indies

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40
Q

What did the Congress during the 1790s do after they were out of money and the states were unwilling to fund them?

A
  1. Tariffs for imported goods
  2. Printed large amount of paper money

Creditors saw as attacks on property rights

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41
Q

What happened during the Shays’s Rebellion of 1786 and 1787?

A

Who: Crowd debt-ridden farmers (Massachusetts)

Leader: Daniel Shays (War of Independence veteran & Massachusetts Farmer)

Motivation:

  1. After war: farmers high property taxes
  2. Not pay: government confiscated and sold thier farms

Saw: abuse of power

What:

  1. Violence → militia killed 4 Shays men
  2. closed courts → prevent seizure land (not paid taxes)

Modeled actions after crowd activities of 1760s and 1770s:

employed liberty trees & poles = symbols

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42
Q
A
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43
Q

How did authorities respond to the Shays’s Rebellion?

A

No sympathy from Governor James Bowdoin

dispatched army

  • Leader: Benjamin Lincoln
  • January 1787: stopped
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44
Q

What were the broader (relation to the government) implications of the Shays’s Rebellion (1786)?

A

Served: the culmination of series events (1780s)

Goerge Washington:

  • Alarm → is not responded faster to threat
  • National government: not capital, or power

Result: persuaded group Americans national government must be strengthened

  • develop uniform economic policies
  • protect property ownership
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45
Q

How did “liberty” play into the debate about increased national authority in the 17th century?

A

less relevant for proponents of national authority

“dangers of liberty”

  • not from government
  • from people selves

Private liberty could be endangered by public liberty

Private liberty: enjoyment of property rights

Public liberty: unchecked power in the hand of the people

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46
Q

Which two viewpoints exist regarding the Shays’s rebellion and its implications?

A

View 01:

Catalyst dimantling Articles and creating Constitution

View 02:

Americans wondering whether national government should be more powerful 2 years prior

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47
Q

What was James Madison’s opinion in the 1790s discussion about increased national authority?

A

Virginian

ally Thomas Jefferson

Thoughts about political freedom:

Wanted stronger national government

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48
Q

Which type of people thought that the power of the national government should increase in the 1780s?

A

Men = “nation builders”

thought country’s future depended increased national authority

Other followers:

Wanted stronger economic influence:

  • bondholders
  • urban artisans
  • merchants
  • those feared states infringing property rights
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49
Q

Why did Alexander Hamilton believe that there needs to be a stronger national government?

A

allow US to become powerful political and economical presence

50
Q

Who were the type of people who critiqued the Articles of Confederation?

A

men developed national consciousness during Revolution

  • army members
  • members Congress foreign diplomats
51
Q

What happened during the Philadelphia Convention in May 1787?

A

Philadelphia**: amended Articles of Confederation**

  • every state (except Rhode-Island)
  • scrapped entire thing
  • replaced with new Constitution
52
Q

When was the Constitutional Convention?

A

May 25 - September 17 1787

53
Q

Who attended the Constitutional Convention?

A

55 men

  • Thomas Jefferson and John Adams - not take part
  • George Washington & Benjamin Franklin

All wealthy & more than 1/2 owned slaves

54
Q

Who was the elite in American during the 1780s?

A

1/10 of 1% attended college (1/2 attendees college education)

shared social statues and polictics

55
Q

What was the objective of the Constitutional Convention?

A
  1. believed strengthening of national authority
  2. curb “excesses of democracy”
56
Q

What branches of government did the Consitution create?

A
  1. legislature judiciary
  2. executive judiciary
  3. national judiciary
57
Q

How did the Consitution pose that the government should finance itself?

A

Congress raise money without reliance on states

States does not infringe the rights of property

Government represent “the people”

  • a wanted middle ground between the despotism of monarchy and aristocracy
  • balance liberty and power
58
Q

How did the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan compare?

A

Arguments over the balance of federal and state power

Virginia Plan

Who: James Madison

What: Creation 2-house legislature → state’s pop determine each

New Jersey Plan

Alternative to Virginia Plan

Virginia, Massachusetts, & Penn = liked this one

What: Called single-house congress

  • each state 1 vote
59
Q

Explain the compromise between the Virginia and New Jersey Plan?

A

Two-house Congress:

[1] Senate (each state 2 members)

Senators:

  • chosen state legislature
  • 60-year terms

[2] House of Representatives (based population)

  • elected 2 years (by people)
60
Q

Name the 5 compromises in the Consitution?

A
  1. Great Compromise
  2. Three-Five Compromise
  3. Slave Trade Compromise
  4. Commerce Compromise
  5. Presidential Compromise
61
Q

What was the “Great Compromise” of the Consitution?

A
  • Leaders more populous states wanted more representation
  • Smaller states: wanted “one vote per state policy”

Great Compromise:

bicameral legislature: Senate and House of Representatives

62
Q

What was “Tree-Fifth-Compromise?”

A

Southern States:

  • wanted slaves count as population
  • not for taxation

Northern States: opposite

3/5 of slave population counter determine each state’s representation in:

  1. House of Representatives
  2. Electoral votes
  3. 4.
63
Q

What was the “Slave Trade Compromise?”

A

(Some) Wanted slavery end gradually

  • not give incentive for practice to continue
  • Knew without compromise Southern States not ratify

Allowed further import of slaves until 1808

January 01, 1808: prohibited further import slaves

64
Q

What was the “Commerce Compromise?”

A

Southern States:

  • wanted control own trade
  • slaves & taxable agricultural

Northern States:

  • wanted federal control
  • power tax imports and exports

Protect growing industries

Commerce Compromise

  • federal control of international and interstate trade
  • allowing states to control intrastate trade
  • prevent export taxes and ban slave trade 20 years
65
Q

What was the “Presidential Compromise?”

A

Favor: stronger state government

  • president → shorter term
  • limit number of terms
  • elected state legislature

Favor: stronger central government

  • direct election by voters
  • longer terms
  • no term limit

Presidential Compromise

Indirect election: Electoral College

  • 4 year term
  • no term limit

(1951: 22nd Amendment = 2 terms)

66
Q

What was the House of Representatives?

A

House of Representatives: chosen people

  • indicate expansion of democracy
  • no property/religious qualifications for voting
67
Q

How did the new government structure pose by the Constitution shield the government from popular enthusiasm?

A

Assumed Senate = esteemed people

  • Supreme Court member: lifetime by president
  • not directly appoint federal judges/president

House of Representatives - same

  • 65 members
68
Q

How was the president elected (1780s)?

A

electoral college

(or) House of Representative

69
Q

How was the State Electors elected?

A
  1. legislature
  2. popular vote
70
Q

How was the President and Vice President elected (1780s)?

A

Elector cast votes 2 candidates for president

second place - VP

No majority:

  • the president chose top three finishers by House of Representative
  • Senate elect VP

WHY?

Not trust ordinary people to choose president

71
Q

What two principles were the Consitution based on?

A
  1. Division of Power (Federalism)
  2. Separation of Power (Checks and Balances)
72
Q

What was the idea of “Federalism” or “Division of Power” in the Constitution?

A

Separation of power between the central government and states

National Government:

(Compared AoC) Constitution strengthened national gov

president enforce laws

Congress:

  1. levy tax
  2. borrow money
  3. regulate commerce
  4. declare war
  5. deal with foreign nations
  6. promote “general welfare”

Prevent states from infringing property rights

States:

other affairs (education & law)

73
Q

What was the concept of “Checks and Balances” or “Separation of Powers” in the Consitution?

A

Prevent any one branch of government to dominate the other two

Branches: Executive, judicial, national

  • Congress enact laws → president veto

2/3 majority lass law over objection

  • Federal judges: nominated president & approved Senate

ensure independence - serve life

  • President impeached House
  • President removed by Senate
74
Q

What did the Consitution say about slavery?

A

Word “slavery” not in the constitution

Did contain strong protections for slavery

  • Congress not able to abolish 20 years
  • required states return slaves
75
Q

What was the Three-Fifths Clause (1787)?

A

3/5 of slave population counter determine each state’s representation in:

  1. House of Representatives
  2. Electoral votes
76
Q

What was the implications of the Three-Fifths Clause in relation to state power?

A

Allowed white South → greater power in national affairs (than free population allow)

first 16 elections (1788-1848): 12 Southern Slaveholders elected

77
Q

What was South Carolina’s influence on Slavery in the Constitution?

A

Came Convention → defend slavery

Impact final document

  1. Fugitive slave clause
  2. electoral college
  3. Insisted strict limits on Congress power:
  • levy taxes
  • feared raised taxes on slave property
78
Q

How did the Constitution indicate that the creators wanted it to be able to “die out?”

A

slavery created by “state” (not national) law

opportunities states stop slavery

79
Q

What was the Slave Trade Clause?

A

Allowed further import of slaves until 1808

January 01, 1808: prohibited further import slaves

80
Q

What was the Fugitive Slave Clause?

A

Slave laws = “extraterritoriality” → condition of bondage remained even if a slave escaped to a state with abolished slave laws

Very ambiguous:

  1. not who should bring the fugitive back
  2. what judicial procedure needed

Major source conflict between North and South

81
Q

Who wrote the Preamble in the Constitution?

A

Gouverneur Morris

82
Q

When was the last session of the Constitution Convention?

A

September 17, 1787

  • of 45 delegates, 39 signed for ratification
  • new framework for America
83
Q

What was The Federalist Papers (1788)?

A

Who: Hamilton, Madison, John Jay

Why: wanted support constitution

What: series 85 essays

  • in newspapers under a pseudonym: Publius
  • regarded one most important documents → contributed “American thought”
84
Q

What was the Federalist nos 10 and 51?

A

Who: Madison

What: Constitution structured prevent abuse of power

10 & 51: Vision of the relationship between government and society

essential dilemma:

  • “government based will of people”
  • “People prone to dangerous enthusiasms”

Economic development eventually increase poverty

  • the government can distribute wealth (taking wealth from the rich)

“Extend the sphere”

  • large government → dominate worlds
85
Q

What was the Federalist’s nos 10 and 51 resulting effect?

A

Result: shape understanding of new political institutions

  • arguing the size of the republic good
  • saw westwards expansion essential to freedom
86
Q

Why did some people oppose the Ratification of the Constitution?

A

Thoughts: gave the national government too much power

Feared fall under sway merchants, creditors, other hostiles

Thought: Popular self-government only work in small countries

87
Q

Why were the Anti-Federalists less effective than the Federalists in regards to opposing the Constitution?

A

lacked leadership of opposition

88
Q

Who were the Anti-Federalists?

A
  • state politicians → not want power diminished
  • Samuel Adams, John Hancock, Patrick Henry
  • Small farmers (supported by state debtor-relief measures)
  • Slavery:

some wanted to be abolished

others affairs will be abolished

89
Q
A
90
Q

How did “liberty” become the watchword for the Anti-Federalists?

  • happiness
  • Bill of Rights
A

American happiness:

  1. freedom of institutions
  2. limited nature of government

Wanted: life grounded in local, democratic institutions

pointed out the lack of Bill of Rights

91
Q

What geographical division existed regarding the Constitution?

A
  • cities & rural areas
  • tied to commercial marketplaces

most energetic support: poorest

  • artisans, laborers, and sailors

Promised use power to get country out of economic depression

92
Q

how did newspaper coverage compare between Federalists and Anti-Federalists?

A

1787: 92 Newspaper

only 12 published anti-federalist content

93
Q

When was the Constitution ratified?

A

mid-1787: 9 states ratified

94
Q

Which three parts were the most important in the constitution?

A
  1. freedom speech & press & religion
  2. protection unjust criminal procedure
  3. equality before law
95
Q

What was Madison’s view on the Bill of Rights?

A
  • redundant
  • parchment barriers to abuse of authority → least effective when most needed
  • True in the future….

Times of Popular Hysteria: branches of government tried to trample freedom of expression

Red Scare after WW 1

McCarthy era (1950s)

96
Q

What was the First Amendment?

A

Prohibited Congress legislating with regards:

  1. religion,
  2. infringe freedom of speech or press
  3. infringe right to assembly
97
Q

Define the Bill of Rights?

A

The Bill of Rights is the first 10 Amendments to the Constitution. … It guarantees civil rights and liberties to the individual—like freedom of speech, press, and religion. It sets rules for due process of law and reserves all powers not delegated to the Federal Government to the people or the States.

98
Q

What was the Second Amendment?

A
  1. Right to bear arms
  2. have a well-regulated militia

Others:

  • prohibit arrest without warratns
  • forcing people accused of a crime to testify against self
  • reaffirm the right to trial by jury
99
Q

How did the Constitution show a government movement to pure secularism?

A

Reflected changes brought on by Revolution

Constitution: purely secular:

  • no references to God
  • bars religious tests for officeholders

Madison wanted separate church and state

even opposed appointment chaplain to Congress/militia

100
Q

How did the reaction to the Bill of Rights compare between when it was originally ratified and the 20th century?

A

Originally mostly ignored

20th century: Revered expression of American freedom

101
Q

How did British law (17th-18th century) define a “citizen?”

A

American colonist & English =” subjects” of the crown

  • entitled to protection
  • produce allegiance
  • males → take up arms
102
Q

What three ways did the Constitution “define” citizenship?

A

Independence: from British subjecthood → American citizens

Constitution does not specify who are citizens

[1] “Comity Clause” in Constitution:

prohibited discrimination between citizens of different states

(sort of) rights citizen determined by the state

[2] The constitution does specify: must to American born

The inference that citizens derive from:

  1. birth
  2. “naturalization” process of immigrants

[3] (Occasionally) Federal government: used the purchase of land to grant citizenship

Residents of territory acquired = citizenship if wanted (Not Native Americans)

  1. 1803: Bought Louisiana from France
  2. Mexican-American War
103
Q

What was the assumed citizen in the 19th century?

A

Assumed citizen: white, male & females, born America

  1. women not the same rights as males
  2. Slaves/Indians = not citizens
  3. Free blacks status → highly controversial
104
Q

Why was citizenship given to black sailors in the 1790s?

A

not want to be swept up by British Royal Navy

105
Q

How did citizenship for free blacks change after the 1790s? (Especially in northern states)

A

Time went on: severe restrictions & refusal to give citizenship

Northern States:

  • (some) voting rights
  • (all) property ownership, trial by jury, ability hold public meetings…
  • NOT full equality
106
Q

How was citizenship affirmed after the reconstruction era following the Civil War?

A

statement added to Constitution → “birthright citizenship”

regardless of race, language, religion, national origin, legal status

107
Q

How did the Constitution identify 3 types of American inhabitants?

A

[1] Indians

members independent tribes & not part American body

[2] “Other persons:” slaves

[3] “People”

108
Q

What was the American leader’s objective when creating policies for westwards expansion in the 18th century?

A

Agree: West is not left Indians hands

Disagree: course of action

Wanted to encourage white westwards expansionism

Implied 3 things:

  1. removal Indians to lands farther west
  2. total disappearance
  3. incorporation into white community
109
Q

What was the purpose of the Treaty System in regard to Indian removal from western lands?

A

Indians NO representation in Government

  • Treaty system → unique status
  • Treaties: way transferring land from Indians to whites
110
Q

What discord took place in Ohio Valley in 1791?

A

Leader Miami Confederacy: Little Turtle

Leader Americans: Arthur St. Clair

  • Turtle inflict defeat
  • 630 Americans dead (most ever at hands of Indians)
111
Q

What happened at the Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)?

A

3000 Americans & leader: Anthony Wayne

  • Defeated Little Turtle
  • lead directly to Treaty of Greenville
112
Q

What caused the Treaty of Greenville?

A

the Battle of Fallen Timbers (1791)

113
Q

What was the Treaty of Greenville (1795)?

A

12 Indian tribes ceded most of Ohio and Indiana to the federal government

Established ANNUITY SYSTEM

yearly grants of federal money Indian tribes

Result:

  1. continuing influence in tribal affairs
  2. outsiders considerable control over Indians
114
Q

How did Thomas Jefferson view Indians during the 1790s?

A

Rejected idea Indians inferior

just less advanced stage of civilization

  • members of society by assimilation: by abandoning ways
115
Q

How did the government attempt to assimilate the Indians into society in the 1790s?

A

1790s: Congress authorized President Washington to distribute:

  • tools and livestock to Indian men
  • spinning wheels and looms to women

White view: adopting American gender roles → true assimilation

Indian view: freedom

  • retaining tribal autonomy
  • ability travel in search of game
116
Q

What was the status of free blacks during the 1790s?

A

Status: indeterminate

Gradual Emancipation acts

  • in North
  • assumed former slaves remain in country → not colonize abroad
  • Rights: During Revoltion: (somewhat) similar whites
117
Q

What was the Naturalization Act (1790)?

A

First legislative definition American nationality:

  • immigration → only “free white persons”
  • “white” excluded most people
  • 80 years only whites become citizens

1870: Africans allowed

1924: Native Americans granted citizenship

1940s: Asians eligible

118
Q

How did whites view free blacks after the Revolution?

A

Excluded blacks view American people

Saw deficient in qualities made freedom possible

  • self-control
  • reason
  • devolution larger community
119
Q

What were Notes on the State of Virginia (1785)?

A

Who: Thomas Jefferson

What: comparison of races

  • claims: qualities “lacked” made blacks unable to be part of the nation
  • Jefferson: obsessed connection heredity & environment, race & intelligence
120
Q
A

AP US History School (21 decks)

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