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AP US History School > Chapter 12: An Age of Reform (1820-1840) > Flashcards

Chapter 12: An Age of Reform (1820-1840) Flashcards

1
Q

Chapter 12:

What were Utopian Communities in the Reformation?

A

Utopia; 16th century Thomas More novel → outline perfect society

decade before Civil War: 100 reform communities

  • most arose religious conviction
  • (or) secular desire couteract social & economic changes

Objective:

  1. Social harmony
  2. narrow wealth gap
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2
Q

Chapter 12:

What gender roles existed in the Utopian societies?

A

Tried to find substitutes for conventional gender roles & marriage

Some:

  • prohibited sex
  • (or) allowed polygamy
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3
Q

Chapter 12:

Who were “the shakers?”

A

Most successful religious communities

Peak: 1840s

  • 5000+ members
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4
Q

Chapter 12:

What beliefs did the shakers have (3)?

A

[1] God → “dual” personality

male & female

  • sexes spiritual equality

[2] “Virgin Purity”

  • sexes lived seperate dormitories

Increased members:

not natural reproduction

  1. converst
  2. adoption

[3] Rejected private accumulation of wealth

successful economy

  • among first to market fruit and vegetables, seeds, herbal medicines
  • beautiful furniture
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5
Q

Chapter 12:

How was the founder of Oneida? (1848)

A

1848: founded by John Humphrey Noyes

upstate NY

  • Vermont-born
  • son congress man
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6
Q

Chapter 12:

What “complex marriages” existed in Oneida?

A

Community → notorious “complex Marriages”

  • man propose sexual relations any women
  • women right accept or reject

registered public record book

Noyes feared: “exclusive affection”

  • destroyed social harmony
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7
Q

Chapter 12:

How did outsides compared to insiders of the Utopian communties?

A

outside view: “voluntary slavery”:

Insiders:

  1. selfless devotion
  2. spiritual oriented communities
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8
Q

Chapter 12:

What made the Utopian community “worldly orientated?”

A

beset internal division

shorter periods of time

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9
Q

Chapter 12:

Who was Robert Owen?

A

Most important secular communicant

  • British factory owner
  • Appalled degradating workers in early industrial revoltion

Ideology: Communitarianism

  • establishing small communities based on common ownership*
  • less competitive and less individualistic
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10
Q

Chapter 12:

Describe Robert Owen’s New Lanark community in Scotland:

A
  1. strict rules
  2. good housing
  3. free education

1815: 1,500 employees

Result: largest center cotton manufacturing in the world

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11
Q

Chapter 12:

Describe Robert Owen’s second community, New Harmon:

A
  • India (previously owned Protestant religious leader
    objective: new world morality
    1. children remove early age from care parents
    schools: subordinate individual ambition to common
    2. Women’s rights
    • access to education
    • right to divorce

wanted abandon “false notions” about sexes

Result:

  • squashed everything: community’s constitution & distribution of property
  • only lasted a few years
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12
Q

Chapter 12:

Describe the objectives of mainstream reformers in the 2nd Great Awakening:

A

Most Americans: Ownership of property → key economic independence

  • few joined societies required giving it up

Therefore: reform movements tended focus liberating people:

  1. Externalities:

Slavery, war

  1. Internal “servitudes”

drinking, illiteracy, criminality

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13
Q

Define the reformist idea of perfectionism:

What resulted from the ideology? (3)

A

> Individuals and society capable indefinite improvement

Result:

older reform efforts became radical

[1] Temperance Movement

Temperance: moderation in consumption of alcohol

Transformed into crusade to eliminate drinking entirely

[2] Criticism war → pacifism

[3] Critics slavery → demanded immidate emancipation

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14
Q

Chapter 12:

When was the American Temporance Society founded and what was their effect in the 1830s and 1840s?

A

1826: founded

  • sought redeem habitual drinker and occasional drinker

1830s: 100s Americans renounce liquor

1840s: reduction consumption of nation’s alcohol

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15
Q

Chapter 12:

How did moderate reformists impact middle-class society? (1830?)

A

Middle class → reformism badge respectability

  1. individual took control lives
  2. morally accountable
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16
Q

Chapter 12:

What did critics of reformism think? (especially regarding liquor)

A

Saw attack own freedom:

  • Taverns: meetings for workingmen
  • political discussion, recreation

Drinking → central festivities

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17
Q

Chapter 12:

How did Catholicism and reformism clash ideologically?

A

American Catholics:

View Freedom:

Sin inescapable burden

  • perfectionist idea that evil eradicated → affront to genuine religion
  • opposed Protestant attempts impose view morality on neighbors
  1. Protestants: Men free moral agent
  2. Catholics: less emphasis → importance on communities centered around church and family
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18
Q

Chapter 12:

How were reformers views of freedom challenged (tention between liberation and control)?

A

Reformers view freedom: liberating and controlling same time

Opponents:

  • freedom meant opportunity compete economic gain and individual improvement

Proponents: goal enact “genuine” liberty

  • Liberty → freeing from forms of “slavery” (drink, poverty, sin)
  • self-fulfillment = self-discipline

needed self control

America: excess liberty

**“natural liberty** (posed John Winthrop)” opposed “Christian liberty”

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19
Q

Chapter 12:

What was the American Tract Society?

A

Eastern religious groups worry → West: immirgrants

  1. lacked self-control
  2. led lives of vice (drinking, lack Protestant devotion)

1825-1835: American Tract Society & American Bible Society

  • flooded East
  • copies pamphelts
  • promoted religious vitrue
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20
Q

Chapter 12:

How did reform institutions change American institutions due to the idea of perfectionism (1830s-1840s)?

A

Previously in colonial America:

  1. Crimes: whipping, fines, banishment
  2. Poor → relief
  3. Orphans lived with neighbors
  4. Families took care mentally ill

1830s-1840s: Reform Institutions

  1. Jails
  2. Poorhouses
  3. Asylums
  4. Orphanages

Perfectionism: social ills can be eliminated

  • Initial idea of institutions: people be released as productive, self-disiplined
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21
Q

Chapter 12:

What were “common schools?” How did it change American schools?

A
  • tax-supported
  • state school system open all

Early 19th century:

children educated in locally supported schools, private academies, charity schools, home

Many not access

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22
Q

Chapter 12:

How was Horace Mann and what was his contribution to education reform?

A
  • Massachusetts lawyer & Whigs politician
  • director state’s board education
  • Leading educational reformer

> Universal public education restore equality in society

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23
Q

Chapter 12:

How did 1860s public education in the north and south compare?

A

North:

1860s: every northern state tax-supported school system

  1. first career opportunity for women (teachers)

South:

  • not want to pay poor white children
  • Widened gap north and South
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24
Q

Chapter 12:

What was the idea of “colonization” in the 1810s? How did Liberia play into it?

A

Before 1830: Abolitionists

  1. end bondage
  2. “colonization” freed slaves → ship back to Africa, Caribbean, or Central America

1816: American Colonization Society

  • gradually abolish slavery
  • deport to Africa

Result: Establish Liberia

west coast Africa

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25
# Chapter 12: Who were the opponents and proponents of colonization?
_Opponents_: **impractical** _Proponents:_ * Henry Clay, John Marshall, Andrew Jackson why: **racism and slavery deeply embeded society** * never achieve equality * America fundamentally white society
26
# Chapter 12: Why did African Americans (some) oppose migration to Liberia?
* motivated _free blacks claim rights as Americans_ **1817**: 3,000 blacks → (philadelphia) first national black convention 1. Blacks = Americans 2. entitled same freedom
27
# Chapter 12: What religious and secular convictions did abolitionists have in 1830s?
Religious convictions: _slavery unparalleled sin_ Secular conviction: _contradiction **[Declaration of Independence](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Five-c9512ec3ff094eb7ad15a58803c01b6c)**_
28
# Chapter 12: How were abolitionists in the 1830s different from their predecessors?
1. _Rejected_: _gradual emancipation_ 2. _Explosive language againt insitution_ * incorporated rather than deported * Perfect Americanism: uprooting racism and slavery
29
# Chapter 12: What was David Walker's contribution to abolitionism? How did he create the "new" abolitionism?
Who: free black born in North Carolina → clothing store in Boston **1829**: ***An Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World*** * first of new spirit of abolitionists > *Passionate indictment of slavery and racial prejudice* 1. whites divine punishment not give up sinful ways 2. blacks: * take pride in achievemetns of ancient African civilization * claim rights as Americans **1830**: died mysterious circumstances
30
# Chapter 12: What was William Lloyd Garrison 's contribution to abolitionism?
Who: publisher in Boston journal **1831**: ***The Liberator*** * Garrrison's weekly published journal New type abolitionism permanent voice **Ideas rejected:** 1. North abrogate Constitution 2. dissolve Union to end complicity **Ideas accepted:** 1. call immediate abolition 2. ***Thoughts on African Conlonization*** persuaded many blacks recognized as part of America
31
# Chapter 12: How did abolitionists & preachers use the press to spread their message?
**Movement spread swiftly through North** **Antislavery leaders** took advantage: * developing print technology * expansion of literacy (common schools) _Evangelical ministers same_ * pamphets * newspapers * petitions * novels
32
# Chapter 12: What was Theodore Weld's contribution to abolitionism?
* young minister Trained band speakers → **brought abolitionist movement rural North** 1. fervent preaching 2. call renounce immoral ways 3. Slavery = sin
33
# Chapter 12: Decribe "non-resistant' abolitionists and their strategies:
Southerners: **feared slave insurrections** * strengthened by **[Nat Turner's Rebellion](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Eleven-5f6b4f6be1b04495a18d159bcdeb269b)** (*few months after The Liberator)* * most abolitionist against violence **"non-resistance" or pacifists** _coercion eliminated human relationships and institutions_ Strategy: **MORAL SUASION** > End slavery persuade slaveowners and complicit northerners slavery evil
34
# Chapter 12: How did 1830s abolitionists attempt to influence politics?
_Not_: infiltrating political parties _Did_: awaken nation to moral evil of slavery * language → provocative * "natural liberty" took predecedence over other forms freedom
35
# Chapter 12: What happened at the 1843 National Convention of Colored Citizens?
> native free born must be citizen wanted: 1. same civil rights 2. same "public rights"
36
# Chapter 12: Describe the campaigns of attempts to grant citizenship to blacks in the 1830s and their success:
_Campaigns:_ 1. rights vote 2. sued streetcar companies excluding blacks 3. challenge discrimination in legislative _Result:_ mostly unsuccessful Victories: 1. **1849**: repeal Ohio's discriminatory **Black Laws** 2. **1855**: racial integration Boston's **public schools**
37
# Chapter 12: How did abolitionists view the Constitution?
Abolitionists **debated** Constitution's stance slavery * _William Lloyd Garrison_: burned → "document of the devil" * _Frederick Douglass_: no national protection slavery Result: > Alternative, right-oriented view constitutional law; grounded universal liberty
38
# Chapter 12: How did abolitionists view cruelty to slaves and depict it? What was the restult?
Literature expand definition cruelty _Why_: graphic descriptions _Result_: popularize idea of **bodily integrity basic right**
39
# Chapter 12: What was the Revolutionary Heritage movement?
* seized **Declaration of Independence** preamble → condemnation of slavery * _Liberty Bell_ status after adoption of symbol
40
# Chapter 12: What was Frederick Douglass's role in abolition literature?
* published account life in bondage * convinced northerners evils of slavery
41
# Chapter 12: What was Harriet Beecher Stowe's role in abolitionism?
* novel: ***Uncle Tom's Cabin*** most effective antislavery literature modeled autobiography Josiah Henson * **1851**: serialized Washinton newspaper * **1854**: 1 million copies sold & productions on stage * **powerful human appeal** 1. slaves: sympathetic 2. Christians at mercy slaveholders
42
# Chapter 12: What was the (black) abolitionist Henry Highland Garnet role?
* *escaped Maryland slavery as child* **1843** (at gathering): > slaves rise rebellion throw off shackels * odds with belief of moral suasion
43
# Chapter 12: Describe Frederick Douglass's speech on July 04, 1852:
**4th July 1852**: greatest oration American slavery (Rockester) * annual Independence Day celebration > What, to slavery, is the 4th of July? * hypocrisy * abolition of slavery & freeding Declaration Independence → recapture original message
44
# Chapter 12: Who was the "**Gentermen of Property and Standing**?"
Some northerners: abolition lead disrupt Union _Who_: merchants (close commercial ties South) _What_: mobs disrupted abolitionist meetings
45
# Chapter 12: What antiabolitionist mobs occured between 1837-1838?
**1837**: _Elijah P. Lovejoy_ * antislavery first martyr * killed mob in Alton, Illinois (defended his press) **1838**: burned Pennsylvania Hall * abolitionists hold meetings * *carried portrait George Washington to safety*
46
# Chapter 12: What was the _Gag Rule_ in 1836?
**1836**: abolitionists flooded Washington petitions emancipation House Representatives: **_Gag Rule_** * prohibited consideration abolitionist petitions **1844**: _reppealed_ * due to opposition from **John Quincy Adams** 1831: represented Massachusetts
47
# Chapter 12: How did the Gag Rule help abolitionists generate support in the north?
Result: _abolitionists broadened appeal win support northerners_ * cared little black rights * convinced slavery endangered own freedom * Gag Rule very unpopular*
48
# Chapter 12: How were women involved in the public sphere before being allowed to vote?
**Public sphere open women** (government and party politics not) Female _letters and diaries:_ * interst in politics Before allowed voting: * circulated petitions * attended mass gatherings * gave public lectures
49
# Chapter 12: Who was Dorothea Dox?
*Massachusetts school teacher* leading advocate more humane treatment of insane * result: 28 states mental hospitals before Civil War
50
# Chapter 12: How did abolitionism influence women rights movements? How did Angelina and Sarah Grimke play into this?
Crave place public sphere _participation abolitionist movements inspired movement for women's rights_ * working rights of slaves * understood own subordinate status **Angelina and Sarah Grimké:** popular lectures: * condemnation of slavery * first apply abolitionist doctrine (universal freedom) to women
51
# Chapter 12: Why was *Letters on Equality of sexes* written and what was it about?
Massachusetts clergymen: denounced sisters Angelina and Sarah Grimke * sacrificed "modesty and delicacy" by lectures Response: * defended women's rights in political debate, right share education ***Letters on the Equality of the Sexes*** (**1838**) Sarah Grimké * call equal rights * "equal pay for equal work"
52
# Chapter 12: What did Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott do? (1840s) What was their response?
**Elizabeth Cady Stanton** & **Lucretia Mott** * organizers convention * veterans antislavery crusade **1840s**: traveled London delegated **_World Anti-Slavery Convention_** * banned participation due sex * * * **1848**: **_Senanca Falls Convention:_** 1. raised question of woman suffrage (first time) 2. modeled Declaration of Independence * added "women" Jefferson's axiom "all men are created equal" * "injuries and usurpation on part of men to women" part list injustices by George III denying voting rights
53
# Chapter 12: What was the **1848**: **_Senanca Falls Convention:_**
**1848**: **_Senanca Falls Convention:_** 1. raised question of woman suffrage (first time) 2. modeled Declaration of Independence * added "women" Jefferson's axiom "all men are created equal" * "injuries and usurpation on part of men to women" part list injustices by George III denying voting rights
54
# Chapter 12: What was the Declaration of Sentiments?
Senanca Falls → **start 77 year struggle suffrage** **Declaration of Sentiments:** * condemned entire structure of inequality: 1. denied women access eduction 2. gave husbands property control and wives' wages 3. restricted them to home
55
# Chapter 12: Who was Margaret Fuller and what was her achievements?
> Women same rights as men develop talents who: * daughter Jeffersonian congressman * Part *[transcendentalist](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Nine-aabe085175e54484b554df94a675d422)* circiles * **1840-1842**: edited *The Dial* * **1844**: editor *New York Tribute* * first women achieve important role American journalism* **1845**: ***Women in the Nineteenth Century*** * apply transcendentalist ideas quest personal development **1850**: traveled Europe correspondent for *Tribute* * married Italian patriot * died shipreck + husband and baby
56
# Chapter 12: Who was Sojourner Truth and what was her speech in 1851 about?
* black abolitionist * **1799**: born NY * **1827**: freedom (*after slavery ended in state)* **1851**: **speech** 1. end idea women to delicate work outside the home 2. taled about experience as a slave > flexed arm, spoken years of hard labor, "And aren't I a women?"
57
# Chapter 12: How did southerners view the relationship between marriage and slavery?
Defenders slavery: > Linked slavery and marriage as natural and just forms of inequality * eliminating one = threaten other
58
# Chapter 12: What feminism law was enacted in Mississppi in 1839?
* laws enact married women → property rights _why_: 1. not expand women's rights 2. prevent families losing property during depression of 1837
59
# Chapter 12: What feminism law was enacted in New York in 1860?
* far-reaching measures 1. allow married women sign contract 2. buy and sell property 3. keep own wages
60
# Chapter 12: What domestic relations presuppositions existed before the feminism movement?
* husband right sexual access wife * inflict corporal punishment Courts: * reluctant intervene
61
# Chapter 12: What happened in the feminist meeting in Boston in 1859?
1. right to regulate own sexual activities 2. procreated protected state **challenged notion of private life separate federal government**
62
# Chapter 12: What differences existed in the feminism movement?
Feminist thought: > Equality of sexes and sexes' natural differences = coexisted _Debated entered public sphere:_ 1. challenged notion of "[cult of domesticity](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Nine-aabe085175e54484b554df94a675d422) " 2. (or) accepted other elements of "femininity: * female reformers bring maternal instincts public life
63
# Chapter 12: What spit occured in 1840 in the abolitionism movement?
Caused: **[1]** **role women in antislavery work !** other: **[2]** **fear radicalism impede movement's growth** Garrison's: 1. support women's rights 2. refusal support ida of abolitionist voting/running office Wanted make politcal party: **Liberty Party** nominee: **James G. Birney** * 7000 votes (1/3)
64
# Chapter 12: What feminism achievements occured in the early 1800s?
Success: making "_the woman question_" permanent part transatlantic discussion
65
# Chapter 12: What abolitionist achievements occured in the early 1840s?
**1840**: accomplished most important work * **1,000 local antislavery societies in North** * **awakening moral issue slavery** * **(greatest) shattering conspiracy of silence on public debate of slavery**

AP US History School (21 decks)

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