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AP US History School > Chapter 12: An Age of Reform (1820-1840) > Flashcards

Chapter 12: An Age of Reform (1820-1840) Flashcards

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1
Q

Chapter 12:

What were Utopian Communities in the Reformation?

A

Utopia; 16th century Thomas More novel → outline perfect society

decade before Civil War: 100 reform communities

  • most arose religious conviction
  • (or) secular desire couteract social & economic changes

Objective:

  1. Social harmony
  2. narrow wealth gap
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2
Q

Chapter 12:

What gender roles existed in the Utopian societies?

A

Tried to find substitutes for conventional gender roles & marriage

Some:

  • prohibited sex
  • (or) allowed polygamy
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3
Q

Chapter 12:

Who were “the shakers?”

A

Most successful religious communities

Peak: 1840s

  • 5000+ members
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4
Q

Chapter 12:

What beliefs did the shakers have (3)?

A

[1] God → “dual” personality

male & female

  • sexes spiritual equality

[2] “Virgin Purity”

  • sexes lived seperate dormitories

Increased members:

not natural reproduction

  1. converst
  2. adoption

[3] Rejected private accumulation of wealth

successful economy

  • among first to market fruit and vegetables, seeds, herbal medicines
  • beautiful furniture
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5
Q

Chapter 12:

How was the founder of Oneida? (1848)

A

1848: founded by John Humphrey Noyes

upstate NY

  • Vermont-born
  • son congress man
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6
Q

Chapter 12:

What “complex marriages” existed in Oneida?

A

Community → notorious “complex Marriages”

  • man propose sexual relations any women
  • women right accept or reject

registered public record book

Noyes feared: “exclusive affection”

  • destroyed social harmony
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7
Q

Chapter 12:

How did outsides compared to insiders of the Utopian communties?

A

outside view: “voluntary slavery”:

Insiders:

  1. selfless devotion
  2. spiritual oriented communities
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8
Q

Chapter 12:

What made the Utopian community “worldly orientated?”

A

beset internal division

shorter periods of time

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9
Q

Chapter 12:

Who was Robert Owen?

A

Most important secular communicant

  • British factory owner
  • Appalled degradating workers in early industrial revoltion

Ideology: Communitarianism

  • establishing small communities based on common ownership*
  • less competitive and less individualistic
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10
Q

Chapter 12:

Describe Robert Owen’s New Lanark community in Scotland:

A
  1. strict rules
  2. good housing
  3. free education

1815: 1,500 employees

Result: largest center cotton manufacturing in the world

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11
Q

Chapter 12:

Describe Robert Owen’s second community, New Harmon:

A
  • India (previously owned Protestant religious leader
    objective: new world morality
    1. children remove early age from care parents
    schools: subordinate individual ambition to common
    2. Women’s rights
    • access to education
    • right to divorce

wanted abandon “false notions” about sexes

Result:

  • squashed everything: community’s constitution & distribution of property
  • only lasted a few years
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12
Q

Chapter 12:

Describe the objectives of mainstream reformers in the 2nd Great Awakening:

A

Most Americans: Ownership of property → key economic independence

  • few joined societies required giving it up

Therefore: reform movements tended focus liberating people:

  1. Externalities:

Slavery, war

  1. Internal “servitudes”

drinking, illiteracy, criminality

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13
Q

Define the reformist idea of perfectionism:

What resulted from the ideology? (3)

A

> Individuals and society capable indefinite improvement

Result:

older reform efforts became radical

[1] Temperance Movement

Temperance: moderation in consumption of alcohol

Transformed into crusade to eliminate drinking entirely

[2] Criticism war → pacifism

[3] Critics slavery → demanded immidate emancipation

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14
Q

Chapter 12:

When was the American Temporance Society founded and what was their effect in the 1830s and 1840s?

A

1826: founded

  • sought redeem habitual drinker and occasional drinker

1830s: 100s Americans renounce liquor

1840s: reduction consumption of nation’s alcohol

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15
Q

Chapter 12:

How did moderate reformists impact middle-class society? (1830?)

A

Middle class → reformism badge respectability

  1. individual took control lives
  2. morally accountable
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16
Q

Chapter 12:

What did critics of reformism think? (especially regarding liquor)

A

Saw attack own freedom:

  • Taverns: meetings for workingmen
  • political discussion, recreation

Drinking → central festivities

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17
Q

Chapter 12:

How did Catholicism and reformism clash ideologically?

A

American Catholics:

View Freedom:

Sin inescapable burden

  • perfectionist idea that evil eradicated → affront to genuine religion
  • opposed Protestant attempts impose view morality on neighbors
  1. Protestants: Men free moral agent
  2. Catholics: less emphasis → importance on communities centered around church and family
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18
Q

Chapter 12:

How were reformers views of freedom challenged (tention between liberation and control)?

A

Reformers view freedom: liberating and controlling same time

Opponents:

  • freedom meant opportunity compete economic gain and individual improvement

Proponents: goal enact “genuine” liberty

  • Liberty → freeing from forms of “slavery” (drink, poverty, sin)
  • self-fulfillment = self-discipline

needed self control

America: excess liberty

**“natural liberty** (posed John Winthrop)” opposed “Christian liberty”

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19
Q

Chapter 12:

What was the American Tract Society?

A

Eastern religious groups worry → West: immirgrants

  1. lacked self-control
  2. led lives of vice (drinking, lack Protestant devotion)

1825-1835: American Tract Society & American Bible Society

  • flooded East
  • copies pamphelts
  • promoted religious vitrue
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20
Q

Chapter 12:

How did reform institutions change American institutions due to the idea of perfectionism (1830s-1840s)?

A

Previously in colonial America:

  1. Crimes: whipping, fines, banishment
  2. Poor → relief
  3. Orphans lived with neighbors
  4. Families took care mentally ill

1830s-1840s: Reform Institutions

  1. Jails
  2. Poorhouses
  3. Asylums
  4. Orphanages

Perfectionism: social ills can be eliminated

  • Initial idea of institutions: people be released as productive, self-disiplined
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21
Q

Chapter 12:

What were “common schools?” How did it change American schools?

A
  • tax-supported
  • state school system open all

Early 19th century:

children educated in locally supported schools, private academies, charity schools, home

Many not access

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22
Q

Chapter 12:

How was Horace Mann and what was his contribution to education reform?

A
  • Massachusetts lawyer & Whigs politician
  • director state’s board education
  • Leading educational reformer

> Universal public education restore equality in society

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23
Q

Chapter 12:

How did 1860s public education in the north and south compare?

A

North:

1860s: every northern state tax-supported school system

  1. first career opportunity for women (teachers)

South:

  • not want to pay poor white children
  • Widened gap north and South
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24
Q

Chapter 12:

What was the idea of “colonization” in the 1810s? How did Liberia play into it?

A

Before 1830: Abolitionists

  1. end bondage
  2. “colonization” freed slaves → ship back to Africa, Caribbean, or Central America

1816: American Colonization Society

  • gradually abolish slavery
  • deport to Africa

Result: Establish Liberia

west coast Africa

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25
Q

Chapter 12:

Who were the opponents and proponents of colonization?

A

Opponents: impractical

Proponents:

  • Henry Clay, John Marshall, Andrew Jackson
    why: racism and slavery deeply embeded society
  • never achieve equality
  • America fundamentally white society
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26
Q

Chapter 12:

Why did African Americans (some) oppose migration to Liberia?

A
  • motivated free blacks claim rights as Americans

1817: 3,000 blacks → (philadelphia) first national black convention

1. Blacks = Americans
2. entitled same freedom
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27
Q

Chapter 12:

What religious and secular convictions did abolitionists have in 1830s?

A

Religious convictions: slavery unparalleled sin

Secular conviction: contradiction Declaration of Independence

28
Q

Chapter 12:

How were abolitionists in the 1830s different from their predecessors?

A
  1. Rejected: gradual emancipation
  2. Explosive language againt insitution
    • incorporated rather than deported
    • Perfect Americanism: uprooting racism and slavery
29
Q

Chapter 12:

What was David Walker’s contribution to abolitionism? How did he create the “new” abolitionism?

A

Who: free black born in North Carolina → clothing store in Boston

1829: An Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World

  • first of new spirit of abolitionists

> Passionate indictment of slavery and racial prejudice

  1. whites divine punishment not give up sinful ways
  2. blacks:
    • take pride in achievemetns of ancient African civilization
    • claim rights as Americans

1830: died mysterious circumstances

30
Q

Chapter 12:

What was William Lloyd Garrison ‘s contribution to abolitionism?

A

Who: publisher in Boston journal

1831: The Liberator

  • Garrrison’s weekly published journal

New type abolitionism permanent voice

Ideas rejected:

  1. North abrogate Constitution
  2. dissolve Union to end complicity

Ideas accepted:

  1. call immediate abolition
  2. Thoughts on African Conlonization

persuaded many blacks recognized as part of America

31
Q

Chapter 12:

How did abolitionists & preachers use the press to spread their message?

A

Movement spread swiftly through North

Antislavery leaders took advantage:

  • developing print technology
  • expansion of literacy (common schools)

Evangelical ministers same

  • pamphets
  • newspapers
  • petitions
  • novels
32
Q

Chapter 12:

What was Theodore Weld’s contribution to abolitionism?

A
  • young minister

Trained band speakers → brought abolitionist movement rural North

  1. fervent preaching
  2. call renounce immoral ways
  3. Slavery = sin
33
Q

Chapter 12:

Decribe “non-resistant’ abolitionists and their strategies:

A

Southerners: feared slave insurrections

“non-resistance” or pacifists

coercion eliminated human relationships and institutions

Strategy: MORAL SUASION

> End slavery persuade slaveowners and complicit northerners slavery evil

34
Q

Chapter 12:

How did 1830s abolitionists attempt to influence politics?

A

Not: infiltrating political parties

Did: awaken nation to moral evil of slavery

  • language → provocative
  • “natural liberty” took predecedence over other forms freedom
35
Q

Chapter 12:

What happened at the 1843 National Convention of Colored Citizens?

A

> native free born must be citizen

wanted:

  1. same civil rights
  2. same “public rights”
36
Q

Chapter 12:

Describe the campaigns of attempts to grant citizenship to blacks in the 1830s and their success:

A

Campaigns:

  1. rights vote
  2. sued streetcar companies excluding blacks
  3. challenge discrimination in legislative

Result:

mostly unsuccessful

Victories:

  1. 1849: repeal Ohio’s discriminatory Black Laws
  2. 1855: racial integration Boston’s public schools
37
Q

Chapter 12:

How did abolitionists view the Constitution?

A

Abolitionists debated Constitution’s stance slavery

  • William Lloyd Garrison: burned → “document of the devil”
  • Frederick Douglass: no national protection slavery

Result:

> Alternative, right-oriented view constitutional law; grounded universal liberty

38
Q

Chapter 12:

How did abolitionists view cruelty to slaves and depict it? What was the restult?

A

Literature expand definition cruelty

Why: graphic descriptions

Result: popularize idea of bodily integrity basic right

39
Q

Chapter 12:

What was the Revolutionary Heritage movement?

A
  • seized Declaration of Independence

preamble → condemnation of slavery

  • Liberty Bell

status after adoption of symbol

40
Q

Chapter 12:

What was Frederick Douglass’s role in abolition literature?

A
  • published account life in bondage
  • convinced northerners evils of slavery
41
Q

Chapter 12:

What was Harriet Beecher Stowe’s role in abolitionism?

A
  • novel: Uncle Tom’s Cabin

most effective antislavery literature

modeled autobiography Josiah Henson

* **1851**: serialized Washinton newspaper
* **1854**: 1 million copies sold & productions on stage * **powerful human appeal**

1. slaves: sympathetic
2. Christians at mercy slaveholders
42
Q

Chapter 12:

What was the (black) abolitionist Henry Highland Garnet role?

A
  • escaped Maryland slavery as child

1843 (at gathering):

> slaves rise rebellion throw off shackels

  • odds with belief of moral suasion
43
Q

Chapter 12:

Describe Frederick Douglass’s speech on July 04, 1852:

A

4th July 1852: greatest oration American slavery (Rockester)

  • annual Independence Day celebration

> What, to slavery, is the 4th of July?

* hypocrisy
* abolition of slavery & freeding Declaration Independence → recapture original message
44
Q

Chapter 12:

Who was the “Gentermen of Property and Standing?”

A

Some northerners: abolition lead disrupt Union

Who: merchants (close commercial ties South)

What: mobs disrupted abolitionist meetings

45
Q

Chapter 12:

What antiabolitionist mobs occured between 1837-1838?

A

1837: Elijah P. Lovejoy

  • antislavery first martyr
  • killed mob in Alton, Illinois (defended his press)

1838: burned Pennsylvania Hall

  • abolitionists hold meetings
  • carried portrait George Washington to safety
46
Q

Chapter 12:

What was the Gag Rule in 1836?

A

1836: abolitionists flooded Washington petitions emancipation

House Representatives: Gag Rule

  • prohibited consideration abolitionist petitions

1844: reppealed

  • due to opposition from John Quincy Adams
    1831: represented Massachusetts
47
Q

Chapter 12:

How did the Gag Rule help abolitionists generate support in the north?

A

Result: abolitionists broadened appeal win support northerners

  • cared little black rights
  • convinced slavery endangered own freedom
  • Gag Rule very unpopular*
48
Q

Chapter 12:

How were women involved in the public sphere before being allowed to vote?

A

Public sphere open women (government and party politics not)

Female letters and diaries:

  • interst in politics

Before allowed voting:

  • circulated petitions
  • attended mass gatherings
  • gave public lectures
49
Q

Chapter 12:

Who was Dorothea Dox?

A

Massachusetts school teacher

leading advocate more humane treatment of insane

  • result: 28 states mental hospitals before Civil War
50
Q

Chapter 12:

How did abolitionism influence women rights movements? How did Angelina and Sarah Grimke play into this?

A

Crave place public sphere

participation abolitionist movements inspired movement for women’s rights

  • working rights of slaves
  • understood own subordinate status

Angelina and Sarah Grimké:

popular lectures:

  • condemnation of slavery
  • first apply abolitionist doctrine (universal freedom) to women
51
Q

Chapter 12:

Why was Letters on Equality of sexes written and what was it about?

A

Massachusetts clergymen: denounced sisters Angelina and Sarah Grimke

  • sacrificed “modesty and delicacy” by lectures

Response:

  • defended women’s rights in political debate, right share education

Letters on the Equality of the Sexes (1838)

Sarah Grimké

  • call equal rights
  • “equal pay for equal work”
52
Q

Chapter 12:

What did Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott do? (1840s)

What was their response?

A

Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott

  • organizers convention
  • veterans antislavery crusade

1840s: traveled London delegated World Anti-Slavery Convention

  • banned participation due sex
    • *

1848: Senanca Falls Convention:

  1. raised question of woman suffrage (first time)
  2. modeled Declaration of Independence
    • added “women” Jefferson’s axiom “all men are created equal”
    • “injuries and usurpation on part of men to women” part list injustices by George III

denying voting rights

53
Q

Chapter 12:

What was the 1848: Senanca Falls Convention:

A

1848: Senanca Falls Convention:

  1. raised question of woman suffrage (first time)
  2. modeled Declaration of Independence
    • added “women” Jefferson’s axiom “all men are created equal”
    • “injuries and usurpation on part of men to women” part list injustices by George III

denying voting rights

54
Q

Chapter 12:

What was the Declaration of Sentiments?

A

Senanca Falls → start 77 year struggle suffrage

Declaration of Sentiments:

  • condemned entire structure of inequality:
    1. denied women access eduction
    2. gave husbands property control and wives’ wages
    3. restricted them to home
55
Q

Chapter 12:

Who was Margaret Fuller and what was her achievements?

A

> Women same rights as men develop talents

who:

  • daughter Jeffersonian congressman
  • Part transcendentalist circiles
  • 1840-1842: edited The Dial
  • 1844: editor New York Tribute
  • first women achieve important role American journalism*

1845: Women in the Nineteenth Century

  • apply transcendentalist ideas quest personal development

1850: traveled Europe correspondent for Tribute

  • married Italian patriot
  • died shipreck + husband and baby
56
Q

Chapter 12:

Who was Sojourner Truth and what was her speech in 1851 about?

A
  • black abolitionist
  • 1799: born NY
  • 1827: freedom (after slavery ended in state)

1851: speech

  1. end idea women to delicate work outside the home
  2. taled about experience as a slave

> flexed arm, spoken years of hard labor, “And aren’t I a women?”

57
Q

Chapter 12:

How did southerners view the relationship between marriage and slavery?

A

Defenders slavery:

> Linked slavery and marriage as natural and just forms of inequality

  • eliminating one = threaten other
58
Q

Chapter 12:

What feminism law was enacted in Mississppi in 1839?

A
  • laws enact married women → property rights

why:

1. not expand women's rights
2. prevent families losing property during depression of 1837
59
Q

Chapter 12:

What feminism law was enacted in New York in 1860?

A
  • far-reaching measures
    1. allow married women sign contract
    2. buy and sell property
    3. keep own wages
60
Q

Chapter 12:

What domestic relations presuppositions existed before the feminism movement?

A
  • husband right sexual access wife
  • inflict corporal punishment

Courts:

  • reluctant intervene
61
Q

Chapter 12:

What happened in the feminist meeting in Boston in 1859?

A
  1. right to regulate own sexual activities
  2. procreated protected state

challenged notion of private life separate federal government

62
Q

Chapter 12:

What differences existed in the feminism movement?

A

Feminist thought:

> Equality of sexes and sexes’ natural differences = coexisted

Debated entered public sphere:

  1. challenged notion of “cult of domesticity “
  2. (or) accepted other elements of “femininity:
    • female reformers bring maternal instincts public life
63
Q

Chapter 12:

What spit occured in 1840 in the abolitionism movement?

A

Caused: [1] role women in antislavery work !

other: [2] fear radicalism impede movement’s growth

Garrison’s:

  1. support women’s rights
  2. refusal support ida of abolitionist voting/running office

Wanted make politcal party: Liberty Party

nominee: James G. Birney
* 7000 votes (1/3)

64
Q

Chapter 12:

What feminism achievements occured in the early 1800s?

A

Success: making “the woman question” permanent part transatlantic discussion

65
Q

Chapter 12:

What abolitionist achievements occured in the early 1840s?

A

1840: accomplished most important work

  • 1,000 local antislavery societies in North
  • awakening moral issue slavery
  • (greatest) shattering conspiracy of silence on public debate of slavery

AP US History School (21 decks)

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