Chapter 09: The Market Revolution (1800-1840) Flashcards
What things were built in rapid succession during the first half of the 19th-century?
- Steamboat
- Canal
- Railroad
- Telegraph
What (3) impacts on the economy did railroads, steamboats, and canals have during the first half of the 19th century?
[1] Lowered transportation costs
[2] Easier to sell products
[3] Linked farmers to wider markets
- linked with world markets
- made farmers major consumers of manufactured goods
What expansion happened (road development) during 1806-1838?
1806-1838: National Road
- authorized Congress
Cumberland → Maryland → Old Northwest
1818: Wheeling (Ohio River)
1838: Illinois
What was the effect of the National Road (2)?
- Increased transportation speed
- lowered cost
Explain the steamboat development from the 1790s-1807?
What was the effects?
Who: Robert Fulton (Pennsylvania)
1790s: experiment steamboat designs while in France
1807: Clermont
- navigated Hudson river
- Technologically and commercially feasibility
Effect:
- upstream commerce possible
- Used Great Lakes (Later Atlantic Ocean)
Introduced in 1811 → 1821: 200 in waters
When was the Erie Canal developed?
1825
What was the Erie Canal?
Complete: 1825
What:
- 363-miles long
- Connected Great Lakes & New York City
- Financed State Government (Governor: DeWitt Clinton)
What was the effects of the Erie Canal?
- attracted influx farmers migrating from New England
Cities: Buffalo, Rochester, Syracuse
- made NYC → primacy over competing ports→ access to Old Northwest
Why was New York more successful economically during the early 19th century?
[1] Borrowed money finance programs of canal construction
most bankrupt during the depression in 1837
Result:
- the canal connecting Atlantic states → Ohio → Mississippi
- reduced transportation costs
Describe the first economic railroad:
First commercial railroad: 1828
- Baltimore and Ohio
- 1860s: 3,000 miles [more rest of the world combined]
What was the effects of railroad development during the early 19th century?
opened new areas of American interior
stimulated:
- mining coal (fuel)
- iron (railts and trains)
When was the telegraph invented?
Possible: instantaneous communication
The 1830s: Samuel F.B. Morse
- creator
- artist & amateur scientist NYC
How did the invention of the telegraph help business development?
- spread flow info
- uniformity to prices in country
Describe the migration pattern west from 1790 to 1814:
1790 - 1814: 4.5 million people (accross Appalachian Mtn.)
Mostly after War of 1812
- flood hungry land settlers
- 1821: 6 new states (Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Alabama, Mississippi, Maine)
What motivated the migration west during 1790 and 1814?
Mostly after War of 1812
- flood hungry land settlers
- 1821: 6 new states (Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Alabama, Mississippi, Maine)
How did migrants west usually travel?
- Cooperated with each other
- build houses and barns
- communities
What streams of migration took place during the early 19th century?
Stream One:
- From: South
- To: create Cotton Kingdom of Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Arkansas
Stream Two:
- From: Upper South
- To: Southern Ohio, Indiana, Illinois
Stream Three:
- From: New England & New York
- To: northern Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin
How did migration across national boundaries work during the early 19th century?
National boundaries: little difference
- took land under jurisdiction of foreign countries (Spain, Mexico, Britain, Indians)
What led to the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819?
1810: Americans (West Florida) rebelled & seized Baton Rouge > US annexed area
- Drive acquisition of East Florida → started Georgia & Alabama planters
wanted: eliminate a refuge for fugitive slaves & hostile Indians
1818: Andrew Jackson led troops into the area
International crisis
- battle of horse executed 2 British traders & Indian chiefs
[1] Andrew withdrew
[2] Spanish realize not defend territory
[3] Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819
- sold territory to US
What was the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819?
International crisis
- battle of horse executed 2 British traders & Indian chiefs
[1] Andrew withdrew
[2] Spanish realize not defend territory
[3] Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819
- sold territory to US
How was the Old Northwest an example of a “borderland” before the War of 1812?
- meeting ground
- Cultural boundaries remained unstable & political authority uncertain
Result: develop internal borderland
How was the Ohio River a boundary between slave territories during the early 19th century?
Northwest Ordinance of 1787: prohibited slavery in Old Northwest
Boundary: Between Free and Slave Society
- Slave State: *Kentucky
- Non-slave: (southern counties) *Ohio, Indiana, Illinois
- key battleground (politically) regarding slavery
Region northern:
- similar Kentucky (food, speech, settlement)
How did developments in the North and South compare in the early 19th century?
North and South:
- Market revolution & westwards expansion → simultaneous
Cotton Kingdom:
- most dynamic feature of American economy
How did cotton connect the North and South of the Union during the early Industrial Revolution in America?
began in England
North: centered on Factories producing cotton textiles
- required Cotton → produced in Lower South
Who invented the Cotton Gin?
1793: Cotton Gin
Who: Eli Whitney
- Yale graduate worked in Georgia as a private tutor
What: Gin quickly separated the seed from cotton
What was the implications of the the Cotton Gin’s invention (2)?
- Coupled with rising demand of cotton
- revolutionized American slavery
Many Americans thought slavery will die out after tobacco exhausted the soil
How was land in the South monopolized after the War of 1812?
Monopolization of Fertile Land
After the War of 1812: The federal government moved to consolidate American control Deep South
- Defeated Indians cede land
- encourage white settlement
- acquire Florida
Wealthy planters: monopolize fertile land
Poorer: confined less productive land
How did cotton alter the slave trade after Congress prohibited the slave trade through the Middle Passage of 1808?
Result: massive trade in slaves within
supply labor force required by the new Cotton Kingdom
Organization:
From: Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina
To: Mobile, Natchez, and New Orleans
- slave coffles common
- destruction family ties for African-Americans
How did an integrated economy develop in the North during the early industrial revolution?
What was the result (2)?
(North) Market Revolution + Westward expansion = integrated economy
- commercial farming
- manufacturing cities
How were farmers in the Old Northwest drawn into the Market Economy during the early 19th century and what was the result?
farmers drew into the market economy
why:
- web of transportation
- credit to eastern centers of commerce and banking
Result:
- increased focus on growing crops and raising stock = SALE
- no longer for personal usage
How did loans integrate Western Farmers into the market economy (1840s-1850s)?
- originated with eastern banks
- 1840s-1850s: insurance companies financed acquisition of land and supplies & fertilizer
What were the steel plow and its effects?
1837: Invented by John Deere
1850s: Mass-production
Result:
- rapid subduing water prairies
When was the Reaper?
1831: invented by Cyrus McCormick
How did eastern and western farmers compare during the early industrial revolution?
Eastern Farmers: produced fruit, vegetables, and dairy products
Western Farmers: Wheat and corn
Eastern farmers not grow wheat and corn as cheaply as westerners
What was the greatest western city in the 1860s, and how did it compare to the rest of the Union?
Chicago (greatest western city)
1860: 4th largest city (due to railroad)
Why was Cincinnati nicknamed Porkopolis?
Western Cities: Cincinnati:
“Porkopolis:” named after slaughterhouses
1000s pigs slaughtered each year proceeded for shipment to east
How did Urban Centers change due to the market revolution?
merchants, bankers, craftsmen > took advantage of economic opportunity created by expanding market among commercial farmers
How did the nature of work change due to the Market Revolution?
Wanted to [1] reduce labor costs** & [2] **increase production
- gathered artisans into large workshops
- (past: create an entire product) now: labor process broken into steps
- pressure from supervisors
- pressure for greater output at lower wages
How did “Factory Systems” surpass traditional craft production?
- Large group of workers
- replaced hands with power-driven machinery
When was the fist factory in America established; by who?
1790: Samuel Slater (Pawtucket, Rhode Island)
What type of working shedule did the first factory use?
“Outwork system:
- prudcted yarn in factories
- send to traditional hand-loom weavers to be woven
System: typified early industry
Later: entire manufacturing process in one factory
Why did the first factories in America focus on textile production? (early 1800s)
Why: cutoff from British imports (due to Embargo of 1807 & War of 1812)
- 1814: constructed in Waltham, Massachusetts
How created the factory in Waltham, Massachusetts during 1814. What factory was it?
Who: Boston Associates
1812: created entire factory town (included city of Lowell in 1836)
- textile factories
- all phases of production