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AP US History School > Chapter 06: Revolution Within (1700-1790) > Flashcards

Chapter 06: Revolution Within (1700-1790) Flashcards

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1
Q

What three levels of the American Revolution took place?

A
  1. Struggle for national independence
  2. Phase in the century-long global battle between European empires
  3. Conflict over what kind of nation America should be
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2
Q

What did the idea of “all men are created equal” mean in the wake of the American Revolution?

A
  1. full implications not anticipated
  2. A society dependent of obedience to authority
  3. Inequality essential to public order

Challenged by Revolution: freedom linked with idea of equality

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3
Q

How did the revolution in the 18th century challenge the domination of elites (gender, race, class)? How successful was the attempts at revolution?

A

Revolution: not undo obedience to patriarchy

Men freedom:

  1. democratization of freedom
  2. challenges to limitations of power to property ownership
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4
Q

What was the meaning of “democracy?”

  1. Aristotle
  2. Revolution
A

(derived from Aristotle) a system which entered people to govern directly

  • interpreted as “mob rule”

(Revolution) Popular aspirations for greater equality

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5
Q

How did voting rights change after the War of Independence?

A

the debate over the fundamentals of government

Discussed (elite, artisans, farmers, laborers)

  • universal male suffrage
  • religious toleration
  • abolition of slavery
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6
Q

What rights did militia participants want after the Revolution? (in relation to suffrage rights)

A
  1. wanted to elect own leaders
  2. vote public officials
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7
Q

How was the 18th century’s Revolutionary potential evident in Pennsylvania with the pro-independence groupings?

A

Revolution’s radical potential: evident in Pennsylvania

nearly entire prewar elite opposed independence > feared power struggle

Vacuum leadership

Rise pro-independence grouping

  • artisans and lower-class communities
  • organized by extralegal communtieis and militias

Objective:

  • attacked property qualifications for voting
  • make every man equal > all free men (1) vote and (2) hold office
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8
Q

what was the “New state constitution” of Pennsylvania three months after national independence?

A
  1. institutionalized democracy by concentrating power in one-house legislature elected
  2. Electorate: men 21+ & taxpayers
  3. abolished the office of governor
  4. abolished property qualifications for officeholding
  5. schools (low fees) established in each county
  6. Freedom of speech, writing, and religion
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9
Q

How were the state constitutions altered in the aftermath of the 1770’s revolution?

A

Each state adopted a new constitution in aftermath of independence

  • Americas agreed that government must be republics
  • no king or hereditary aristocracy
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10
Q

What were Thoughts on Government (John Adams 1776) about?

A

New construction: Create balanced governments

  • structure reflects the division of society between wealthy and ordinary men
  • powerful governor_: ensure neither group infringed other’s liberty_
  • called t_wo-house legislatures_

Followed all states except: Pennsylvania, Georgia, Vermont

Massachusetts: governer veto over laws passed

  • Americans preferred power to rest with legislature
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11
Q

Explain the nature of John Adam’s views on “internal affairs” and its contradiction with his views on “independence, freedom, and equality:”

A

conservative in internal affairs

radical on independence, freedom and equality

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12
Q

What did John Adams think about the idea of eradicating the property ownership qualification to vote?

A

men without property > “no judgement of their own”

removal of property qualifications would “confound and destroy all distinctions between common levels

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13
Q

How did the qualifications for voting change in the aftermath of the revolution in Southern States?

A

Gentry retain control of political affairs

Virginia and South Carolina: new constitutions

  1. retained property qualifications
  2. authorized gentry-dominated legislature
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14
Q

How did the new constitution change the view on voting requirements? How did this alter the number of people with suffrage?

A

towards the idea of voting as an entitlement rather than a privilege

stopped short of universal suffrage (even men)

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15
Q

How did voting qualifications in Pennsylvania and Southern States compare (regarding property ownership after the Revolution)?

A

Southern States:

Least favorable

Gentry retain control of political affairs

Virginia and South Carolina: new constitutions

  1. retained property qualifications
  2. authorized gentry-dominated legislature

Pennsylvania:

  1. no longer required ownership of property
  2. taxpaying qualification

Most people: (not > paupers and servants)

Restricted: those who claimed economically independent

“personal liberty” > position more important than propert ownership

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16
Q

How many people had suffrage in 1780? Which states did not grant the same privileges?

A

Except: Virginia, Maryland, New York

Majority adult white male population meet voting requirements

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17
Q

What voting qualifications did the 1776 Constitution of New Jersey allow? When were the qualifications for women altered?

A

suffrage all “inhabitants” who met property qualifications

1807: property-owning white women could vote

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18
Q

Which states had religious toleration before the Revolution?

A

Rhode Island

Pennsylvania

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19
Q

How did the development of freedom of worship look before the Revolution of 1780? What discrimination existed?

A
  1. did develop from religious pluralism
  2. not a well-developed theory of religious liberty

Discrimination: Catholics, Jews, and dissenting Protestants

Massachusetts: Baptists refuse pay taxes for local Congregational ministers → jails

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20
Q

How did dealings with Catholics in Quebec and alliances with France during the Revolutionary War challenge the institutionalized tradition of American anti-Catholicism?

A

War of Independence → deep tradition of American anti-Catholicism

[1] Agreement with Catholic Quebec:

Second Continental Congress → invaded Canada

agreed that Protestants and Catholics will cooperate

[2] 1778: US formed alliance with France (Catholics)

  • victory supported the idea that Catholics had a place in society
  • departed from idea that Englishmen applied to only Protestants

1791: John Carroll of Maryland (First America’s Roman Catholic bishop)

  • went to Boston
  • Cordial welcome
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21
Q

How did Deism influence the separation of church and state in the 1770s and 80s? Which leaders classified as deists and what did they want?

A

Leaders wanted to deviate from religious warfare in the past

Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton

Views of religion: Enlightenment idea of rationalism and skepticism

Deists → not believe in supernatural intervention

wanted

  1. separation of church and state
  2. free politics of religious control
  3. (including evangelical sects) wanted protect religions from corrupting government
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22
Q

How did the revolution change the relationship between the church and state (with regards to funding)? [3]

A
  1. disestablished churches (no longer public funding and special privileges)
  2. (sometimes) appropriated money for general support of Protestant denominations
  3. 7 states constituted → commitment “free exercise of religion”
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23
Q

What did 1777 New York law dictate regarding religious liberty and office holding?

A

constitution complete free religious liberty

Jews barred from voting or holding office

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24
Q

How did a separation of church and state take place in 1833 Massachusetts?

A

Congregationalist establishment into 19th century

1833 end financial support for religious institutions

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25
Q

What was the Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom (1779)?

A

written Thomas Jefferson

1779: introduced House of Burgesses

1786 (despite controversy) adopted

What:

  1. eliminate religious requirements to vote
  2. end government financial support for churches
  3. barred state forcing religion onto people

Jefferson listed it as one of the things he wanted to be remembered for

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26
Q

During the Revolution, how did the relationship between “rights” and government change, as seen in the allowance of religious liberty?

A

Religious Liberty: a model for revolutionary generation’s definition of “rights” as a private matter (not interfered by the government)

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27
Q

In which way did the Revolution not end religious influence in American society?

A

Revolution not end the religious influence of American society

  • the proliferation of religious denominations
  • Established churches (Anglican, Presbyterian, Congregationalist) challenged upstarts (Free-Will Baptists & Universalists)

today:

  • still debate
  • 1,300 religions practiced
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28
Q

What components made up 18th century Christian Republicanism?

A

Separation church and state → leaders not hostile towards religion

Religious & secularism = Christian Republicanism

Proponents: evangelical religion & republican government

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29
Q

What 2 common beliefs did Christain Republicanism have?

A
  1. absence of some kind of moral restraints
  2. human nature likely succumb to corruption and vice
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30
Q

What did Samuel Adams mean when he said American is a “Christain Sparta?”

A

Samuel Adams: believed nation become “Christian Sparta”

Christianity & personal self-discipline underpinned both personal and national progress

Created Committee of Correspondence in Boston (1772)

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31
Q

Characterize American religious leaders (after the Revolution)?

A
  1. revolution gods plan promote development
  2. preached: world could be perfected
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32
Q

What did it mean after the revolution that the leaders wanted “virtuous citizenry?”

A

Wanted to encourage “virtue”

ability sacrifice self-interest for public good

Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Rush:

  • Idea put plans for establishment free, state-supported school
  • why: instruct further citizens in “principles of freedom”
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33
Q

How was the spectrum of unfree labor altered after the Revolution?

A
  • Decline indentured servants
  • Moved from paid domestic work → occupation for black & white women
  • Halfway houses between freedom and slavery gone
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34
Q

How did indentured servitude relate to republican citizenship (1784 and 1800s)?

A

Slavery was seen incompatible with republican citizenship

1784: Groups of New Yorkers released ship of indentured servants

  • name of freedom

The 1800s: Indenture disappeared

Distinction geographically based on labor type:

  1. North: “free labor” (wages or owning stuff)
  2. South: Slavery
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35
Q

How geographic distinction based on labor emerged with the disappearance of indenture in the 1800s?

A

North: “free labor” (wages or owning stuff)

South: Slavery

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36
Q

What two perspectives on freedom existed in the wake of the revolution, in relation to “equality?”

A

Perspective 01:

“equality soul of the republic”

(some) belief government should equally divide property (conditions)

Perspective 02:

“equality” = equal opportunity (not equal conditions)

37
Q

Define entail:

A

inheritance to specified line of heirs to keep estates in family

38
Q

Define Primogeniture:

A

practice passing family’s entirely to eldest son

39
Q

How was Thomas Jefferson’s view “lack economic resources results in lack of freedom” evident is the laws he helped pass in Virginia after the Revolution?

A

Law passed Virginia: prevent rise future aristocracy

  1. abolished entail
  2. abolished primogeniture
40
Q

How did the Revolutionary War result in Inflation?

A
  1. printed lots paper money
  2. wartime distribution of agriculture and trade
  3. hoarding goods (Americans hoping to profit from shortages)

1776-1779:

30 incidents mob confronted merchants → thought holding scarce goods

41
Q

What was the result of merchants hoarding goods after the revolution between 1776-1779?

A

30 incidents mob confronted merchants → thought holding scarce goods

42
Q

How was the struggle between “the public good” and “free trade” seen in 1779 Philadelphia after prices increased by 45%?

A

1779: Inflation out of control

Philadelphia: price 45% increase

Committee of Safety: measures to fix price

  1. reflected republican belief: public good over self-interest
  2. Opposition merchants & advocates free trade
43
Q

What were two arguments of proponents of “free trade” in the 1790s?

A

Against the republican idea of public good over self-interest

[1] Argument: economic development arose from economic self-interest

[2] Envisioned America (released from the Navigation Act) = trading freely

  • “Natural liberty” regulate prices

Competing conceptions of economic freedom:

  1. (traditional) community over property rights of the individual
  2. (New) unregulated economic freedom = harmony and public gain
44
Q

How did Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations influence the discussion in America about free trade?

A

1776: Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations

  • the popular US
  • “invisible hand” direct market economy → self-regulation of the economy
45
Q

What two competing conceptions of economic freedom existed in 1779 America?

A
  1. (traditional) community over property rights of the individual
  2. (New) unregulated economic freedom = harmony and public gain
46
Q

How did the proponents in 1779 Philadelphia influence Federal efforts to regulate prices?

A

1779: efforts to regulate prices stopped by the debate continued

47
Q

Who were the loyalists in 1760-80 America?

A

Loyalists: Retained allegiance British crown

  1. some supported revolution in 1760s → drew back at prospect of war and independence
  2. 20%-25% loyalists
  3. Most common: New York, Pennsylvania, (backcountry) Georgia & Carolinas
48
Q

Why were the Loyalists still loyal during the American War of Independence and which groupings of people where the loyalists?

A
  1. (dependent on British) - lawyers, merchants, Anglican ministers
  2. feared anarchy
  3. Feared infringement on cultural autonomy

Highland Scots (North Carolina) → majority take cultural autonomy

Backcountry farmers (South) → disliked power of wealthy planters

Slaves → hoped defeat for A = freedom

49
Q

How were the loyalists oppressed during the War of Independence? [3]

A

[1] suppressed press thought loyalists

[2] Pennsylvania: seized property of pacifist denominations (not want to bear arms) [Quakers, Mennonites, Moravians]

[3] (Many) states required pledge of allegiance

Refused:

  1. exile (some)
  2. revoked voting rights
  3. property auctions
50
Q

What happened to the British Loyalists at the end of the Revolution?

A

End War: 60,000 Loyalists banished/emigrated

  • To: Canada, West Indies, Britain

Treaty of Paris 1783:

  1. pledged to stop prosecution loyalists
  2. restored their property
  3. easily integrated again
51
Q

What did the Treaty of Paris (1783) mean for the British Loyalists?

A
  1. pledged stop prosecution loyalists
  2. restored their property
  3. easily integrated again
52
Q

What did the Treaty of Paris (1783) mean for the Indians?

A

Eastern North America: (Century) Power shift from Indians → Whites

British abandoned Indian allies = American sovereignty entire east region of Mississippi

53
Q

How did the liberty of whites during the Independence mean the loss of liberty for the Indians?

A

Independence: opportunity complete process of dispossessing Indians lands

Where: New York, Ohio Valley, southern backcountry

54
Q

What hypocrisy did the British point out during the Independence (in relation to slavery)?

A

Americans wanted freedom from the British but the slaves were institutionally oppressed by the an arbitrary government

55
Q

How was slavery already an “old” institution during the Revoltion?

A
  1. existed in each colony
  2. every founding father owned slaves
  3. southern planters & northern merchants, lawyers, and farmers

Expectations: John Adams & Tom Paine

Thomas Jefferson: +100 slaves

56
Q

Which Revolutionary Rulers did not own slaves?

A

John Adams

Tom Paine

57
Q

What 2 arguments did some whites use the Revolution to justify slavery?

A
  1. Black slavery made white freedom possible
  2. Owing slaves made economic autonomy possible
58
Q

What was the Enlightenment opinion on slavery?

A

Morally wrong

59
Q

What did Benjamin Rush say (1773) regarding slavery?

A

slavery “national crime” bring “national punishment”

60
Q

What was The Selling of Joseph?

A

1700

Who: Samuel Sewall

What: first antislavery tract

61
Q

Under which protestant denomination did antislavery sentiment spread in the 18th century?

A

Pennsylvania’s Quakers

62
Q

What arguments did African-Americans use to advocate amancipation (18th century)?

A

Slaves saw revolution used against leaders → defined as “universal right”

Most intense advocates: African-Americans

demanded leaders lived up to self-proclaimed creed

63
Q

What was the Freedom Petition?

A

1770s: First concrete step emancipation

  1. African-Americas
  2. What: Arguments for liberty presented to New England’s courts
64
Q

How did slaves resist slavery (besides petitions and such)?

A

Ran away or tried to pass as free

65
Q

How did the slaves and white view on slavery differ (18th century)?

A

Slavery: denial of essential elements of freedom

Whites view: a metaphor for lack of political representation

66
Q

Explain the African-American culture after they were already 1/2 generations removed from Africa?

A

Experience of elders suggested freedom right

Invoked Revolutionary ideology = show how American they are

67
Q

How many slaves fought in the American Independence?

A

5,000

68
Q

Which proclamations motivated slaves to fight for the British in the War of Independence?

A

1775: Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation
1779: Proclamation of General Henry Clinton

69
Q

What happened to slaves who decided to join the British during the War of Independence after the war ended?

A
  1. transported Nova Scotia, England, and Sierra Leone
  2. (or) Enslaved in West Indies
70
Q

How did the British compensate for lost slaves at the end of the War of Independence? [1827]

A

1827: British agreement 1,100 Americans for payments for lost slaves

71
Q

What happened in Southern plantations during the War of Independence when the importation of slaves were prohibited?

A

Result: many plantations in South ruined

1780s-1790s: Slaveholders (Mayland and Virginia) freely let them go

1796: Richard Randolph

  • freed 90 slaves
  • gave them a part of his lands
72
Q

How did the attitude of Southern planters compare to Maryland and Virginia, who willingly freed their slaves during the War of Independence?

A

The Southern planters would rather lose the war than their slaves; the Maryland and Virginia planters lest some of their slaves freely go.

73
Q

When did Vermont nan slavery?

A

1777

74
Q

When did New Jersey ban slavery?

A

1804

75
Q

Why were the Northern States willing to move towards emancipation between 1777 and 1804?

A

Slavery not central economy

76
Q

What methods did the Northern States take to move towards emancipation between 1777 and 1804?

A
  1. not free-living slaves
  2. liberty for born slaves (after serving mother’s master until adulthood)

Long process

  • 1790: 21,000 slaves New York & 11,000 New Jersey
  • 1830: 3,500 slaves North
77
Q

How did increased emancipation in the north during the 18th-century increase the divide between northern and southern states?

A

Abolition in North

escapees from the South

78
Q

explain the nature of the free black communities in the late 18th century?

A
  1. churches, schools, leaders
  2. 1776-1810: 10,000 → 200,000
  3. Some Northern states allowed voting rights
79
Q

How did the slave population increase in 1776?

A

1776: slave population grew 700,000 → 200,000

80
Q

Who was Deborah Sampson and what was her contribution to society?

A

Daughter poor, Massachusetts farmer

Disguised self to enlist in Continental Army

  • the commandeering officer learned secret → still honorably discharged at end of war
  • soldier’s pension
81
Q

What patriotic acts did women take during the Revolutionary War?

A

participated in crowd against merchants

raised funds to assist soldiers

contributed homespun goods

Spies

82
Q

What limitations to freedom remained intact for women after the revolution?

A
  1. coverture remained
  2. Husband full authority over the household
  3. Politics male realm
  4. females lacked qualifications for political participation
  • no property
  • no economic individualism
83
Q

What was the female relation to society (after the War of Independence)?

A

Female Relation to society:

  1. Marriage contract superseded social contract
  2. Relation to outside society through her husband

Republican citizen = male

84
Q

What was REPUBLICAN MOTHERHOOD?

A
  • result of independence
  • Women played an essential role in training future citizens
  • encouraged expansion of education (could give political wisdom to children)
85
Q

What was the idea of “Companionate Marriage” after the Revoltion?

A

“Voluntary union held together by affection and mutual dependency (not male authority)”

reinforced by Republican Motherhood

86
Q

How did the family structure change after the Revolutionary War? Compare the North and the South?

A

Before: household included slaves, indentured servants, and apprentices

After:

  • South: slaves still apart of (mostly the same)
  • North: parents and children (not domestic workers)
87
Q

How did the public sphere grow after the Revolutionary War?

A
  1. right to vote expanded
  2. more religious freedom
  3. resistance to slavery
  4. women enjoyed higher statues
88
Q

Which 4 publications in 1776 had massive influences?

A
  1. Common Sense (Tom Paine)
  2. Declaration of Independence (Thomas Jefferson)
  3. The wealth of Nation (Adam Smith)
  4. Fragment on Government (Jeremy Bentham)
89
Q
A

AP US History School (21 decks)

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