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AP US History School > Chapter 13: A House Divided (1840-1861) > Flashcards

Chapter 13: A House Divided (1840-1861) Flashcards

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1
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What was the “Manifest Destiny” in the 1840s?

A

1840s:

  1. Oregon: joined administration US and Britain
  2. Utah: Part Mexico

Still Americans settling in regions:

1840s: influx belief God intended American reach Pacific Ocean
* “***manifest destiny***” term used describe expansionist spirit

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2
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

Describe Mexican California? How did it relate to Mexico’s independence in 1821?

A

Settlement Oregon:

not directly raise issue slavery

Conquest Mexico: raised questions!

1821: Mexico independence

population: 6.5 million

Northern states (California, New Mexico, Texas) - not very populated

1840: California

  1. commericially linked US
  2. New England ships in region

1846: Life in California

  • Alfred Robinson

> why not extend “area of freedom” by annexation of Caliornia

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3
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

Describe Texas and why did the Spanish government encourage American migration to the region in its initial development?

A
  • First part Mexico → settled large amounts of Americans*
  • non-Indian population: 2000

Why: Spanish government wanted develop region

accepted offer from Moses Austin = colonise with Americans

1820: Austin large land grant

  • after death: Stephan Austin continque plan
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4
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What coused the Texas Revolt?

A

Mexican government alarmed weakening grip in area

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5
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What happened during the Texas Revolt in 1830?

A
  1. annulled land contracts
  2. barred further emigration from US
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6
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What was the result of the Texas Revolt?

A

Response: Americans demanded greater authonomy within Mexico

leader: Stephan Austin

Who:

  • Tejano elite joined
  • farmers → welcomed economic boom
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7
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

How did slavery exasturebate the issue with the Texan revolt?

A

Slavery → exacerbated issue

Mexico: abolished slavery

Local authorities: allowed Americans bring slaves with

1835: (Mexican ruler) General Antonio López de Santa Anna → send army impose authority

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8
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

Explain the events of the Texas Revolt:

  1. March 6, 1836
  2. April 1836
  3. 1837
  4. 1845
A

Santa Anna’s armies in Texas: Texas Revolt 💣

Rebels:

  1. formed provinsional government
  2. called independence

March 6 1836:

Santa Armies: stormed Alamo

  • killed 187 Americans & Tejano

April 1836: Battle of San Jacinto

leader: Sam Houston (former governor Tennessee)

What: forced Anna recognize Taxan independence

1837: Texas Congress called union with US

Van Buren: shelved question

  • why: feared political issues adding another slave state

1845: American population 150,000

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9
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

How did the John Tyler administration view Texas, how did it change in 1844?

A

Texas annexation → back burner

1844: revived

who: President John Tyler

why: rescue administration securing southerner support

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10
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What letter leaked in April 1844 and how did it relate to slavery?

A

April 1844: letter leaked

who: John C. Calhoun (secutary state)

> linked idea of absorbing Texas directly to the strengthening of slavery in US

Southern hopes:

  • Texas smaller states
  • more representation House
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11
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What decision did Henry Clay and Matrin Van Buren come up with regarding the annexation of Texas in April 1844?

A

Later April 1844:

who: Henry Clay and Martin Van Buren
where: Clay’s Kentucky plantation

what:

> agreed issue letters rejecting immediate annexation on grounds provoking war with Mexico

Result:

  1. Clay: Whig nomination
  2. Van Buren letters = disaster

< >southerners rejected Van Burenfailed receive 2/3 majority votechose: James K. Polk

called “reannexation” Texas

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12
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

How did James K. Polk view the annexation of Texas in 1844?

A

had to soothe angry Northern Dems:

  1. called “reannexation” Texas
    * texas part of Louisiana Purchase & belonged to US*
  2. “reoccupation” of Oregon
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13
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What happened in the Election of 1845 with James K. Polk?

A

First “dark horse” candidate

  • nomination unexpected
  • Defeated Clay

March 1845: (one day before inauguration) Texas part Union

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14
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What were Polk’s 4 presidential goals? How did they play out?

A

Goals:

  1. reduce tariffs
  2. reestablish Independent Treasury system
  3. Settle disputes over ownership of Oregon
  4. bring California into Union

Results:

  1. soon enacted by Congress
  2. soon enacted by Congress
  3. Divide Oregon: 49th Parallel
  4. more difficult
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15
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

How did Polk try to aquuire California in 1846?

A

Polk: emissary try to purchase region → refusal

Spring 1846: planning military action

April 1846:

leader: Zachary Taylor
what: moved into region between Nueces River and Rio Grande
* claimed land between Taxes and Mexico

made war inevitable & Polk called declaration of war

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16
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What of Polk’s actions made war with Mexico inevitable?

A

Polk: emissary try to purchase California region → refusal

Spring 1846: planning military action

April 1846:

leader: Zachary Taylor
what: moved into region between Nueces River and Rio Grande
* claimed land between Taxes and Mexico

made war inevitable & Polk called declaration of war

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17
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

When was the Mexican War?

A

1846 - 1848

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18
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

How was the Mexican War an American “first?”

A
  1. American conflict on foreign soil
  2. American troops occupied foreign capital
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19
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

Who wrote On Civil Disobedience and why?

A

1846: Henry David Thoreau jailed

  • refused pay taxes
  • protest war

wrote: On Civil Disobedience

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20
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

How did Lincoln view the Mexican War?

A

Critic

  • 1846: elected to Congress from Illinois
  • whig

Questioned:

> did the Mexicans inflict casualties on American soil?

Lincoln’s stance: unpopular

1848: Dems took seet in Congress → critisim war

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21
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

How do historic views on the American-Mexico war differ between the USA and Mexico?

A

American view: only footnote in history

Mexican view:

  • central event
  • source resentment
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22
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What took place (regarding the Mexican War) happened in June 1846?

A
  1. band insurrectionists
  2. proclaimed California freed Mexico
  3. new ruler: Captain John C. Fremont
    wanted: California into Union
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23
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What took place (regarding the Mexican War) happened in February 1847, Battle of Buena Vista?

A

leader: Zachary Taylor
what: defeated army

  • Mexicans still refuse negotiate
  • Polk send armies inland
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24
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What took place (regarding the Mexican War) happened in September 1847?

A

Occupied Capital

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25
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What took place (regarding the Mexican War) happened in February 1848?

A

February 1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

  1. confired annexation Texes
  2. ceded California & New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah
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26
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

Describe the Mexican Cession in 1848?

A

Mexican Cession

when border split: families shattered

  • 75,000-100,000 Spanish & 150,000 Indians inhabited annexed land

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo:

  1. males = “rights of Americans”
    * tried protect Mexicans landowners*
  2. Indians: referred “savages” whom US must prevent from starting incursions into Mexico
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27
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

When did Texas gain independence?

A

1836

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28
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What happened with Texas’s independence in 1836?

A

Anglos & Tejanos faught together = soon tension

[1] Americans expelled Mexicans:

former allies (believed to be “loyalists to Mexico”)

Juan Seguín:

  • Mayor San Antonio
  • active role in revolt

1842: (still mayor) driven from town

[2] Tejanos = confined agriculture or urban labor

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29
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What Dispute territory between Nueces River and Rio Grande

A
  • claimed Texas and Mexico
  • controlled Comanche Indians
  • power broken 1860s-70s*
30
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

How did the territorial expansion in 1840 reinforce the connection between race and americanism?

A

1840s: territorial expansion proof innate superiority of “Anglo-Saxon race”

  • literature: link between American freedom and qualities of Anglo-Saxon Protestants
  • (some) expansionists said:

> annex all Mexico failed due fear nation could not assimilate its large non-white Catholic population

31
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

how were Spanish Mexicans classified in former Mexican territory?

A

Racial definition of former Mexican territory:

“Spanish” Mexicans = white

32
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What was Sutter’s Mill? What happened there in 1848?

A

California non-Indian pop: 15,000

1840s: 5x many emigration to Oregon than California

January 1848: GOLD RUSH

why: gold discovered
where: Sierre Nevada Mountains; sawmill;
* Swiss immigrant: Johann A. Sutter

Result: poured into California

33
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

Describe the nature of the Gold-Rush population and women:

A

diverse:

  • Mexico and South America
  • Americans
  • Irish, Germans, Italians, Australians
  • Chinese

Women:

  • running resaurants & boardinghouses
  • laundresses, cooks, prostitutes
34
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What type of mining was used during the Gold-Rush in 1848 and how did it fuel racial tention?

A

early: surface mines exhausted

Required large capital investment

result: worsened competition among races

  • white miners: organizers expell “foreign miners”
  • state legistatures: taxes on foreign miners
35
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What were the three disasterous consequences of the Gold-Rush?

A
  1. Overran Indian communities

killed thousands Indians

  1. launch strikes on state’s Indians
    • state officials paied millions bounties private militias

wanted reduce population

  1. Slavery
    • orphan Indians = sold slaves
36
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What were the best harbors in the USA during the 1840s?

How did trade with foreign nations increase over this time?

A

Result: American possess magnificent harbors

  1. San Diego
  2. San Franciso

1848-1860: Chinese trade trippled

1850s: started trade Japan

37
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What was Commondore Matthew Perry’s contribution in sea trade?

A

1853-1854: American warship under command sailed Tokyo Harbor

  • japanese agreed to trade
  • 1854: opened 2 ports to American shippping
38
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What was the Wilmot Proviso of 1846?

A

who: Congressman David Wilmot (Penn)

> Resoltion prohibiting slavery for all territory aquired from Mexico

Result: Party lines crumbled:

  1. Northerners: Wilmot Proviso
  2. Southerners: opposed it
39
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

Why did tention over slavery escalate after 1846?

A

Aquisition of new land

40
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What was the Free Soil Party (1848) and what was their part in the election of 1848?

A

Opponents of slavery: Free Soil Party

  • Nominated: Martin Van Buren
  • Running Mate: Charles Francis Adams
41
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What happened during the Election of 1848?

A

Opponents of slavery: Free Soil Party

  • Nominated: Martin Van Buren
  • Running Mate: Charles Francis Adams

Dems: nominated Lewis Cass

> Decision left to settlers in new terriroty → “popular sovereignty”

Election of 1848:

Van Buren:

  • motivated by events in 1844
  • 300,000 votes from abolitionists

Winner: Zachary Taylor

  • Whig candidate
  • national hero Mexican War
42
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

Why were the Free Soil Party appealing to the Northerners in the 1840s?

A

popular appeal: North

  • exceeded:
    1. abolitionists’ demand for immediate emancipation
    2. equal rights black
  • many resented southern domination of federal government

not want more slave states

43
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What was the Free Soil Platform of 1848 and how did they difffer from the abolitionists?

A

Northerners: ability move west → economic opportunity

views: merge easily with opposition to expansion of slavery

Free Soil Platform of 1848:

  1. Barring slavery
  2. federal government provide free homestreads to settlers

Difference from abolitionism:

  • apeal to racism widespread in north
  • Wilmot: Controversial proviso → cause for rights for white men & preventing complete with black labor
44
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

How did northerners view westwards expansion?

A

northerners: westwards expansion essential economic development

45
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What was the “Springtime of nation” of 1848?

A

1848: remembered “Springtime of nation”

  • time democratic uprisings (Europe)
  • demands by ethic minorities

American ideals popular old world

46
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What developments in Europe took place during the early 1800s?

A

Developments in Europe:

  1. Chartist movement (Great Britain)
  2. French: monarychy → republic
  3. Hungarians independence from Austrian rule
  4. Italy and Germay: divide multiple states

Receded…

  1. Chartist faded away
  2. Napoleon restored monarchy
  3. Hungarian revoltes crushed
47
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

When did California try to be accepted into the Union?

A

1850: California admitted Union - FREE STATE

opposed many southerners

  • feared upset sectional balance
48
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What was the Compromise of 1850?

A

1850: California admitted Union - FREE STATE

opposed many southerners

  • feared upset sectional balance

Henry Clay → Compromise of 1850

  1. California enter free state
  2. Slave trade (not institution) abolished nation’s capital
  3. Stringent new law = southerners reclaim runaway slaves
  4. Rest territory aquired Mexico: slavery up white citizens in region (***Wilmot Proviso***)
49
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

How did the following men view the Compromise of 1850?

  1. Daniel Webster
  2. John C. Calhoun
  3. William H. Seward
  4. Zachary Taylor
  5. Millard Filmore
A
50
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What was the Fugative Slave Act (1850)?

A

> Federal government authority cases involving runaway slaves

Controversial:

  • able determine fate runaway slaves
  • no jury trail or no testimony form witness
  • called upon citizens capture figitives if called upon

South: supported measures brought federal agents into North

  • slaves more important than state-rights
51
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What was the result of the Fugative Slave Act (1850)?

A

1850s: 300 cases

Result:

  1. further sectionalism
  2. reinvigorated Underground Railroad

1851: large crowd rescued slave Jerry jail

1851: slaveowner killed tried reacpture slave

52
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What was the Underground Railroad and what was Sydney Howards Gay’s rol?

A

Due railroad in North: slaves go Canada

1856: Sydney Howard Gay: 200 fugitives to Canada

  • thousands Canada

< >slavesfree blacks worried swept up in Fugitive Act

Challenged notion America asylun for freedom

53
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What was the result of the Election of 1852?

A

Who: (Dem) Franklin Pierce

Platform: Compromise final settlement of slavery

54
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

How did the party system give way to sectionalism in 1854?

A

1854: Party System gave into Sectionalism

Senator Stephan A. Douglas → bill provide territorial government for Kansas and Nebraska

  • believed western development
  • wanted construct railroad through

Southerners in Congress:

  • not want more free states

Response: Douglas suggested POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY

55
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

Describe Stephan A. Douglas’s bill regarding Popular Sovereignity:

A

Popular Sovereignty:Status of slavery determined voters of local settlers

Senator Stephan A. Douglas → bill provide territorial government for Kansas and Nebraska

  • believed western development
  • wanted construct railroad through

Southerners in Congress:

  • not want more free states

Response: Douglas suggested POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY

56
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What was the Appeal of Independent Democrats regarding Kansas and Nebraska?

A

Kansas and Nebraska: heartland

  1. direct path westwards expansion
  2. slavery (techniqually) prohibited under Missouri compromise (Douglas’s bill repeal)

Response: (group antislavery congressmen) Appeal of the Independent Democrat

* Douglas violation
* **plot convert free territory into slaves**
* convince millions northerners southern leaders aim: extend slavery northwards
57
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)?

A

The Kansas-Nebraska Act was an 1854 bill that mandated “popular sovereignty”–allowing settlers of a territory to decide whether slavery would be allowed within a new state’s borders.

58
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What was the result of the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)?

A

Result:

  • shattered dem’s unity
  • reorganization of American politcs

1856: Whig party collapse

1. South: solidly Democrat
2. North: **Republic Party** (*wanted prevent further slavery expansion)*
59
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What were the 4 components of the Republican Party’s cause in the 1850s?

A
  1. directly caused impact of slavery on traditional party system
  2. reflected underlying economic and social changes
  3. Completion of market revolution
  4. beginning of mass immigration from Europe
60
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What was the catalyst for economic growth during 1843-1857?

A

1843-1857: explosive economic growth

Catalyst: RAILROAD

  • most construction: Ohio, Illinois, and Northwest
  • Reorientated trade [Northwest’s trade from the South to East]

1850: most western farmers shipped products down Mississippi River

1860: railroads used & cheaper

61
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

How did the Republican party create the groundwork gor political unification in the 1840s?

A

Republican Party: integration of Northwest and Northeast created the groundwork for political unification

62
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What were the areas of industrial production in the 1850s-1860s?

A
  1. Atlantic Coast:
    • Boston to Philadelphia and Baltimore
  2. Great Lakes:
    • complex manufacturing center

South not share economic changes

63
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

Define nativism:

A
  • Nativism*: hostility immigrants (especially Catholics)
  • national politcal movement 1850s
64
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

What was the American (or Know-Nothing) Party in 1854?

A
  1. dedication reserving political office for native-born Americans
  2. resisting “aggression” Catholic Church
  3. Efforts undermine public school system

Massachusetts: swept election

Other states:

“anti-Nebraska” coalitions voters opposed Kansas-Nebraska Act

  1. combined anti-Catholicism & antislavery
  2. (often) opposition liquor
65
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

How did race and immigration suffrage relate?

A

Despire anti-Irish sentiment → little resistance to suffrage

  • all Europeans immigrants benefitted being white
  • automatically received right to vote
66
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

Who formed part of the Republican Party in the 1850s?

A

who:

  1. antislavery Dems
  2. nothern Whigs
  3. Free Soilers
  4. Know-Nothing opposed further expansion of slavery

1856: alternative to Dems

Worldview:

antithesis between “free society” and “slave society”

  • North: progress, opportunity and freedom
67
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

How did Republicans define northern society and view slavery?

A

Republicans:

> definition northern society: opportunity offered each laborer social mobility → economic independence = freedom

> Slavery: social disorder → slaves, poor whites, no hope of advancement

If spread north: free laborers barred → no opportunity social advancement

Republics:

  • not abolitionists
  • focus prevent spreading
68
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

Describe the Kansas election in 1854-1855 and its result:

A

Hundreds proslavery Missouians → crossed border cast fraudulent ballots

  • President Pierce: recognized legitimacy

Result: Civil War

  1. 200 persons lost lives
  2. May 1856: proslavery mob attacked Lawrence
  3. Called: “Bleeding Kansas”
    • discredit Douglas policy leaving policy up to settlers
    • Aided Republicans
69
Q

Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided

Who were the candidates in the Election of 1856? What was the result?

A

Republican Candidate: John C. Frémont

  • platform: opposed expansion slavery

Democrat Candidate: James Buchanan

  • stung Kansas-Nebraska Act
  • minister to Greaet Britain in 1854 → no direct connection
  • endorced: popular sovereignty

Know-Nothing candidate: Millard Fillmore (ex-president)

Result:

  • Fremont: won North
  • (won) Buchanan: South and Illinois, Indiana, and Pennsylvania
  • Filmore: Maryland
70
Q
A

AP US History School (21 decks)

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