Chapter 13: A House Divided (1840-1861) Flashcards

Question

# Chapter 13: (1840-1861) A House Divided What took place (regarding the Mexican War) happened in February 1848?

Answer 1

**February 1848**: **_Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo_** 1. confired annexation Texes 2. ceded California & New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah

Answer 2

**Mexican Cession** when border split: families shattered * 75,000-100,000 Spanish & 150,000 Indians inhabited annexed land **_Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo:_** 1. **males = "rights of Americans"** * tried protect Mexicans landowners* 2. Indians: referred "savages" whom US must prevent from starting incursions into Mexico

Answer 3

*Anglos* & *Tejanos* faught together = **soon tension** **[1]** Americans expelled Mexicans: former allies (believed to be "loyalists to Mexico") **Juan Seguín:** * Mayor San Antonio * active role in revolt **1842**: (still mayor) driven from town **[2]** *Tejanos* = confined agriculture or urban labor

Answer 4

* claimed Texas and Mexico * controlled **Comanche Indians** * power broken 1860s-70s*

Answer 5

**1840s**: territorial expansion proof **innate superiority of "Anglo-Saxon race"** * literature: link between American freedom and qualities of Anglo-Saxon Protestants * (some) expansionists said: > annex all Mexico failed due fear nation could not assimilate its large non-white Catholic population

Answer 6

Racial definition of former Mexican territory: ## Footnote **"Spanish" Mexicans = white**

Answer 7

California non-Indian pop: 15,000 **1840s**: 5x many emigration to Oregon than California **January 1848**: **GOLD RUSH** why: gold discovered where: Sierre Nevada Mountains; sawmill; * Swiss immigrant: **Johann A. Sutter** Result: poured into California

Answer 8

diverse: * Mexico and South America * Americans * Irish, Germans, Italians, Australians * Chinese Women: * running resaurants & boardinghouses * laundresses, cooks, prostitutes

Answer 9

early: *surface mines exhausted* Required large capital investment result: worsened competition among races * white miners: organizers expell "foreign miners" * state legistatures: taxes on foreign miners

Answer 10

1. **Overran Indian communities** killed thousands Indians 2. **launch strikes on state's Indians** * state officials paied millions bounties private militias wanted reduce population 3. **Slavery** * orphan Indians = sold slaves

Answer 11

Result: American possess magnificent harbors 1. San Diego 2. San Franciso **1848-1860**: Chinese trade trippled **1850s**: started trade Japan

Answer 12

**1853-1854**: American warship under command sailed Tokyo Harbor * japanese agreed to trade * **1854**: opened 2 ports to American shippping

Answer 13

who: Congressman David Wilmot (Penn) > Resoltion prohibiting slavery for all territory aquired from Mexico Result: **Party lines crumbled:** 1. Northerners: ***Wilmot Proviso*** 2. Southerners: opposed it

Answer 14

Aquisition of new land

Answer 15

Opponents of slavery: **Free Soil Party** * Nominated: **Martin Van Buren** * Running Mate: Charles Francis Adams

Answer 16

Opponents of slavery: **Free Soil Party** * Nominated: **Martin Van Buren** * Running Mate: Charles Francis Adams Dems: nominated **Lewis Cass** > Decision left to settlers in new terriroty → "popular sovereignty" * * * **Election of 1848:** **Van Buren:** * motivated by events in **[1844](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Thirteen-4ae546c53e8d440eb5883919cfe54588)** * 300,000 votes from abolitionists Winner: **Zachary Taylor** * Whig candidate * national hero Mexican War

Answer 17

popular appeal: **North** * exceeded: 1. abolitionists' demand for immediate emancipation 2. equal rights black * many resented southern domination of federal government not want more slave states

Answer 18

Northerners: ability move west → economic opportunity views: merge easily with opposition to expansion of slavery **Free Soil Platform of 1848:** 1. Barring slavery 2. federal government provide free homestreads to settlers Difference from abolitionism: * apeal to racism widespread in north * Wilmot: Controversial proviso → cause for rights for white men & preventing complete with black labor

Answer 19

northerners: westwards expansion essential economic development

Answer 20

**1848**: remembered ***"Springtime of nation"*** * time democratic uprisings (Europe) * demands by ethic minorities American ideals popular old world

Answer 21

Developments in Europe: 1. Chartist movement (Great Britain) 2. French: monarychy → republic 3. Hungarians independence from Austrian rule 4. Italy and Germay: divide multiple states Receded... 1. Chartist faded away 2. Napoleon restored monarchy 3. Hungarian revoltes crushed

Answer 22

**1850**: California admitted Union - FREE STATE opposed many southerners * feared upset sectional balance

Answer 23

**1850**: California admitted Union - FREE STATE opposed many southerners * feared upset sectional balance **Henry Clay** → **Compromise of 1850** 1. California enter free state 2. Slave trade (not institution) abolished nation's capital 3. Stringent new law = southerners reclaim runaway slaves 4. Rest territory aquired Mexico: slavery up white citizens in region (\*\*\*[Wilmot Proviso](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Thirteen-4ae546c53e8d440eb5883919cfe54588)\*\*\*)

Answer 24

> Federal government authority cases involving runaway slaves **Controversial**: * able determine fate runaway slaves * no jury trail or no testimony form witness * called upon citizens capture figitives if called upon South: supported measures brought federal agents into North * slaves more important than state-rights

Answer 25

1850s: 300 cases _Result:_ 1. further sectionalism 2. reinvigorated **Underground Railroad** **1851**: large crowd rescued slave Jerry jail **1851**: slaveowner killed tried reacpture slave

Answer 26

Due railroad in North: slaves go Canada **1856**: **Sydney Howard Gay**: 200 fugitives to Canada * thousands Canada \< \>slavesfree blacks worried swept up in Fugitive Act *Challenged notion America asylun for freedom*

Answer 27

_Who_: (Dem) **Franklin Pierce** Platform: Compromise final settlement of slavery

Answer 28

**1854**: Party System gave into Sectionalism Senator **Stephan A. Douglas** → **bill provide territorial government for Kansas and Nebraska** * believed western development * wanted construct railroad through Southerners in Congress: * not want more free states Response: Douglas suggested POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY

Answer 29

_Popular Sovereignty_:Status of slavery determined voters of local settlers Senator **Stephan A. Douglas** → **bill provide territorial government for Kansas and Nebraska** * believed western development * wanted construct railroad through Southerners in Congress: * not want more free states Response: Douglas suggested POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY

Answer 30

Kansas and Nebraska: heartland 1. _direct path westwards expansion_ 2. _slavery (techniqually) prohibited under Missouri compromise (Douglas's bill repeal)_ Response: (group antislavery congressmen) ***Appeal of the Independent Democrat*** * Douglas violation * **plot convert free territory into slaves** * convince millions northerners southern leaders aim: extend slavery northwards

Answer 31

The Kansas-Nebraska Act was an 1854 bill that mandated “popular sovereignty”–allowing settlers of a territory to decide whether slavery would be allowed within a new state's borders.

Answer 32

Result: * shattered dem's unity * **reorganization of American politcs** **1856**: **Whig party collapse** 1. South: solidly Democrat 2. North: **Republic Party** (*wanted prevent further slavery expansion)*

Answer 33

1. **directly caused impact of slavery on traditional party system** 2. reflected underlying **economic and social changes** 3. **Completion of market revolution** 4. beginning of **mass immigration from Europe**

Answer 34

**1843-1857**: explosive economic growth Catalyst: _RAILROAD_ * most construction: Ohio, Illinois, and Northwest * Reorientated trade [Northwest's trade from the South to East] **1850**: most western farmers shipped products down Mississippi River **1860**: railroads used & cheaper

Answer 35

Republican Party: integration of _Northwest_ and _Northeast_ created the groundwork for political unification

Answer 36

1. Atlantic Coast: * Boston to Philadelphia and Baltimore 2. Great Lakes: * complex manufacturing center ## Footnote ***South not share economic changes***

Answer 37

* Nativism*: hostility immigrants (especially Catholics) - national politcal movement 1850s

Answer 38

1. dedication reserving political office for native-born Americans 2. resisting "aggression" Catholic Church 3. Efforts undermine public school system Massachusetts: swept election Other states: "anti-Nebraska" coalitions voters opposed Kansas-Nebraska Act 4. combined anti-Catholicism & antislavery 5. (often) opposition liquor

Answer 39

Despire anti-Irish sentiment → little resistance to suffrage * all Europeans immigrants benefitted being white * **automatically received right to vote**

Answer 40

who: 1. antislavery Dems 2. nothern Whigs 3. Free Soilers 4. Know-Nothing opposed further expansion of slavery **1856**: alternative to Dems Worldview: antithesis between "free society" and "slave society" * North: progress, opportunity and freedom

Answer 41

Republicans: > _definition northern society_: opportunity offered each laborer social mobility → economic independence = freedom > _Slavery_: social disorder → slaves, poor whites, no hope of advancement If spread north: free laborers barred → no opportunity social advancement * * * Republics: * not abolitionists * focus prevent spreading

Answer 42

Hundreds proslavery Missouians → crossed border cast **fraudulent ballots** * President Pierce: recognized legitimacy Result: **_Civil War_** 1. 200 persons lost lives 2. **May 1856**: proslavery mob attacked Lawrence 3. Called: ***"Bleeding Kansas"*** * discredit Douglas policy leaving policy up to settlers * Aided Republicans

Answer 43

Republican Candidate: **John C. Frémont** * platform: opposed expansion slavery Democrat Candidate: **James Buchanan** * stung Kansas-Nebraska Act * minister to Greaet Britain in 1854 → no direct connection * endorced: popular sovereignty Know-Nothing candidate: **Millard Fillmore** (ex-president) * * * Result: * Fremont: won North * **(won)** Buchanan: South and Illinois, Indiana, and Pennsylvania * Filmore: Maryland

Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Chapter 13: A House Divided (1840-1861) Flashcards

Brainscape's Knowledge Genome^TM