Mod 5 Quiz Flashcards
Define the concept of universal precautions.
Universal precautions means any and all samples, whether known or unknown, are to be treated as potentially hazardous (or pathogenic) materials.
What would a researcher be certain to note while analyzing a microbial sample?
A lab researcher would be certain to note
1. Size and shape
2. Any observable motility
3. Gram status (positive or negative)
4. The presence of any chemical reactions
5. Changes in color localized to the organism or the surrounding media
6. Capture (or draw) images of any of the characteristics described above
Which non-selective yet differential agar plate should be used if a Streptococcus sample is suspected?
A BAP (blood agar plate) would be the quickest way to identify and classify a potential streptococcus microbe based on its hemolytic properties.
What disease can result if a patient with streptococcal pharyngitis goes untreated?
Rheumatic fever occurs in approximately 3% of untreated cases of streptococcal pharyngitis, presenting approximately 2-3 weeks post-infection.
Streptococcus, E. coli, pseudomonas, and klebsiella are all capable of causing what disease?
All of the above foreign microbes are capable of causing septicemia, also known as blood poisoning.
What is a facultative anaerobe?
A facultative anaerobe is capable of growth under both aerobic (with oxygen) and anaerobic (in the absence of oxygen) condition.
A bacterial swab is taken from a patient with impetigo and streaked across an MSA plate. Following incubation at 37C, what will be the color of the agar?
The causative agent of impetigo is staph aureus, a Gram-positive bacterium capable of fermenting mannitol. Fermentation will lower the pH of the agar and change the dye color from red to yellow.
If a patient were suspected to have tuberculosis (TB), which differential stain would you select and why?
To stain for TB, one would utilize an acid-fast stain to best visual the foreign microbe. As a mycobacterium tuberculosis would stain poorly (indeterminate) using the Gram stain.
According to the module, which mycobacterium infection will be treated free of charge by the World Health Organization (WHO)?
Leprosy is completely curable using a multiple-drug therapy regimen consisting of various combinations of the drugs dapsone, rifampin and clofazimine—all of which is given free of charge.
What are the three main conditions caused by the botulism toxin?
Foodborne, infant and wound. Foodborne botulism is often the result of improperly canned, contaminated, low-acidic foods such as green beans, corn and beats. Infant botulism occurs when children, usually under the age of 6 months consume foods containing the bacteria. A potential source of infant botulism is honey (which is why pediatricians recommend avoiding feeding honey to infants) but can also be found in common places such as soil. Wound botulism occurs when C. botulinum bacteria colonize a deep wound, often a puncture such as those who inject street drugs such as heroine. As contaminated needles are injected through the skin, spores enter the body and, in the absence of oxygen, release the toxin.
Why are infants (< 6 months) more susceptible to botulism?
Due to infants still maturing intestinal tract and lack of an adult microbiota, the bacteria are able to colonize and produce the associated toxin. In adults, only the direct ingestion of the pre-formed toxin causes disease—ingestion of C. botulinum or the associated spores do not cause illness as a mature intestinal microbiota sufficiently prevents bacterial germination and growth.
What is the mechanism of action of the toxin produced by clostridium tentani (tetanus)?
The toxin acts on inhibitory neurons causing systemic muscle stiffness and spasms. Muscle stiffness can be observed in the jaw (lock-jaw) or spread systemically (if left untreated) to muscles relating to respiratory function.
What Gram-negative bacterium might you come into contact with in a unsanitary hot tub?
Legionella is often associated with unclean water systems such as hot tubs, hot water tanks and AC units. Notably, legionella can only be transmitted through water droplets small enough to be inhaled.
What are the three forms of plague, and what regions do they affect?
Bubonic (lymph), pneumonic (lungs) and septicemic (blood). Bubonic plague is best characterized by painfully swollen lymph nodes. Pneumonic plague affects the respiratory system (lungs). The most rare of all three plagues, septicemic plague targets the blood system and, if left untreated, will develop into a life-threatening illness as the blood-borne bacteria can infect all major organs.
According to the module, which STD might be best identified via dark-field microscopy?
Syphilis. The causative agent, treponema pallidum, is a thin spirochete, making Gram staining (and visualization) difficult. Treponema is therefore most often best identified via dark-field microscopy.
