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Microbiology > 6.4: Viruses in Microbiology I > Flashcards

6.4: Viruses in Microbiology I Flashcards

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1
Q

Rubella, also known as what?
Linear or Non-Linear:
Strands:
Enveloped or Naked:
RNA or DNA:
Nucleotide Count:
Belongs to a family of viruses called:
Transmission:
Symptoms:

A

-German measles
-linear
-single-stranded
-enveloped
-RNA virus
-about 10,000-12,000 nucleotides long.
-Togaviridae
-Transmitted via airborne particles, most commonly derived from the coughs of infected persons. Is infectious one week before and after the appearance of the rash. In pregnant women, the virus can be transmitted across the placenta to the developing embryo or fetus and cause damage to the eyes, ears, and heart of the newborn infant.
-Multiplies in the upper respiratory tract and in the conjunctiva of the eye early in the course of infection. From the eye, it travels to the intestinal tract, urinary tract, skin, and central nervous system.may experience a combination of symptoms such as fever, flu-like symptoms, cough, conjunctivitis, and a red blotchy skin rash—usually presenting first on the face and then spreading to the trunk and other areas of the body.
-Rubella is entirely preventable as children around the age of one year can be inoculated with the MMR (measles/mumps/rubella) vaccine to provide immunity against these three diseases.

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2
Q

Measles
Linear or Non-Linear:
Strands:
Enveloped or Naked:
RNA or DNA:
Nucleotide Count:
Belongs to a family of viruses called:
Transmission:
Symptoms:

A

-Rubeola
-linear
-single-stranded
-enveloped
-RNA virus
-about 15,000 nucleotides long
-Paramyxovirus
-via air-borne particles formed during the coughing stage of the disease
-Red (koplik) spots with white centers develop first on the forehead, then on the upper extremities, trunk, and lower extremities.

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3
Q

Mumps, also known as what?
Linear or Non-Linear:
Strands:
Enveloped or Naked:
RNA or DNA:
Nucleotide Count:
Belongs to a family of viruses called:
Transmission:
Symptoms:

A

-epidemic parotitis
-linear
-single-stranded
-enveloped
-RNA virus
-about 15,000 nucleotides long
-Paramyxovirus
-both air-borne droplets (sneezing/coughs) or via direct contact with an infected individual. Highly contagious and can spread rapidly among those living in confined areas. An infected individual is contagious approximately seven days prior and eight days after the initial symptoms are displayed.
-Initial symptoms resemble a cold: headache, fever, and muscle ache. The disease is best characterized by painful swelling of the salivary (parotid) glands located in the neck. While the salivary glands are the primary site of inflammation, swelling may also occur in the testes/ovaries and the pancreas.

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4
Q

Chickenpox, also known as what?
Linear or Non-Linear:
Strands:
Enveloped or Naked:
RNA or DNA:
Nucleotide Count:
Belongs to a family of:
Transmission:
Symptoms:

A

-varicella virus or zoster virus
-linear
-double-stranded
-enveloped
-DNA virus
-about 125,000 nucleotides long
-Herpesviruses, and it is also referred to as VZV (varicella-zoster virus)
-highly contagious and can be transmitted through both air-borne droplets (sneezing/coughs) or via direct contact with the blisters of an infected individual. Individuals are contagious only one to two days before the rash appears and are considered non-contagious upon the formation of scabs over the blisters.
-small, itchy, fluid-filled blisters that can form anywhere on the body. Although a patient will recover and the blisters will heal, the zoster virus also permanently remains in the body in a dormant (inactive) state.

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5
Q

Smallpox, also known as what?
Linear or Non-Linear:
Strands:
Enveloped or Naked:
RNA or DNA:
Nucleotide Count:
There are two variants to the smallpox virus:
Transmission:
Symptoms:

A

-variola virus
-linear
-double-stranded
-enveloped
-DNA virus
-about 186,000 nucleotides long
-variola major(more severe and most common) and variola minor
-highly contagious, it was easily transmitted through the air as well as through contact with an infected individual.
-In both cases, the infection was characterized by an initial high fever followed by a rash in the mouth or throat, as this was often the point of entry. The rash would then appear externally on the face and then begin spreading downwards to the arms and legs and eventually to the hands and feet. The rash became raised bumps filled with a thick, opaque fluid that would eventually form scabs. Once the scabs fell off, it often left marks on the skin resembling pitted scars.

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6
Q

What is this a picture of?

A

Rubella. The trademark red spot (or rash) has spread and is now localized along the trunk (midsection) of this patient.

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7
Q

What is this a picture of?

A

Mumps. Infection by the paramyxovirus may cause painful swelling of the salivary (parotid) glands located in the neck. Those affected remain infectious for about eight days after in the initial symptoms appear.

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8
Q

What is this a picture of?

A

Chickenpox. Caused by infection with the varicella-zoster virus, the trademark phenotype of chickenpox is the small, itchy, fluid-filled blisters that can form anywhere on the body.

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9
Q

What is this a picture of?

A

Shingles. Reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus may result in painfully localized blisters limited to small areas.

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10
Q

What is this a picture of?

A

Smallpox. Caused by the variola major virus, the raised bumps filled with a thick, opaque fluid that would eventually form scabs as shown on a child’s arm and shoulder.

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11
Q

The rubella virus belongs to a family of viruses called ______.

A

Togaviridae

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12
Q

What does MMR stand for and what is it?

A

measles/mumps/rubella. MMR is a vaccine that provides immunity against these three diseases.

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13
Q

Rubella is transmitted via ______, most commonly derived from the coughs of infected persons.

A

airborne particles

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14
Q

A patient with Rubella is infectious for ______ before and after the appearance of the rash.

A

one week

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15
Q

Rubella multiplies in the ___1___ and in the ___2___ of the eye early in the course of infection.

A
  1. upper respiratory tract
  2. conjunctiva
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16
Q

From the eye, Rubella travels to the ___1___, ___2___, ___3___, and ___4___.

A
  1. intestinal tract
  2. urinary tract
  3. skin
  4. central nervous system
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17
Q

Patients may experience a combination of symptoms with Rubella such as ___1___, ___2___, ___3___, ___4___, and ___5___.

A
  1. fever
  2. flu-like symptoms
  3. cough
  4. conjunctivitis
  5. a red blotchy skin rash—usually presenting first on the face and then spreading to the trunk and other areas of the body
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18
Q

In pregnant women, Rubella can be transmitted across the ___1___ to the developing embryo or fetus and cause damage to the ___2___, ___3___, and ___4___ of the newborn infant.

A
  1. placenta
  2. eyes
  3. ears
  4. heart
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19
Q

Rubella is entirely preventable as children around the age of ___1___ can be inoculated with the ___2___.

A
  1. one year
  2. MMR
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20
Q

Rubella is also known as ______.

A

German measles

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21
Q

Measles is also known as ______.

A

rubeola

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22
Q

The rubeola virus belongs to a family of viruses called ______.

A

Paramyxovirus

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23
Q

Rubeola is transmitted via ______ formed during the coughing stage of the disease.

A

air-borne particles

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24
Q

In Rubeola ______ develop first on the forehead, then on the upper extremities, trunk, and lower extremities.

A

Red (koplik) spots with white centers

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25
Q

As it was with rubella, immunity to measles is provided by inoculation with the ______.

A

MMR

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26
Q

Mumps is also known as ______.

A

epidemic parotitis

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27
Q

The mumps virus also belongs to a family of viruses called ______.

A

Paramyxovirus

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28
Q

True or False: Mumps is highly contagious and can spread rapidly among those living in confined areas.

A

True

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29
Q

Transmission of Mumps is through both ___1___or via ___2___ with an infected individual.

A
  1. air-borne droplets (sneezing/coughs)
  2. direct contact
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30
Q

An Mumps infected individual is contagious approximately ___1___ and ___2___ after the initial symptoms are displayed.

A
  1. seven days prior
  2. eight days
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31
Q

Initial symptoms of Mumps resemble a cold: ___1___, ___2___, and ___3___. However, the disease is best characterized by painful ___4___ located in the neck.

A
  1. headache
  2. fever
  3. muscle ache
  4. swelling of the salivary (parotid) glands
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32
Q

While the ___1___ are the primary site of inflammation in Mumps, swelling may also occur in the ___2___ and the ___3___.

A
  1. salivary glands
  2. testes/ovaries
  3. pancreas
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33
Q

Immunity to mumps is provided by inoculation with the ______.

A

MMR

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34
Q

Chickenpox is also known as ______.

A

varicella virus or zoster virus

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35
Q

The chickenpox virus belongs to a family of ___1___, and it is also referred to as ___2___.

A
  1. Herpesviruses
  2. VZV (varicella-zoster virus)
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36
Q

The trademark phenotype of chickenpox is the ______ that can form anywhere on the body.

A

small, itchy, fluid-filled blisters

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37
Q

Chickenpox is highly contagious and can be transmitted through both ___1___ or via ___2___.

A
  1. air-borne droplets (sneezing/coughs)
  2. direct contact with the blisters of an infected individual
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38
Q

Individuals with Chickenpox are contagious only ___1___ before the rash appears and are considered non-contagious upon ___2___.

A
  1. one to two days
  2. the formation of scabs over the blisters
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39
Q

Although a patient will recover and the blisters will heal, the zoster virus also ______.

A

permanently remains in the body in a dormant (inactive) state

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40
Q

Most commonly around ___1___ years of age, the zoster virus can react, causing a new disease called ___2___.

A
  1. 60
  2. shingles
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41
Q

Prevention is possible with injections of ______ in the chickenpox vaccine.

A

inactivated VZ virus

42
Q

Shingles is also known as ______.

A

herpes zoster

43
Q

Shingles is due to the reactivation of the ______.

A

varicella-zoster virus (VZV)

44
Q

Because VZV lies dormant in inactive ___1___ cells, its reactivation typically results in ___2___.

A
  1. nerve
  2. painful blisters
45
Q

Unlike the initial chickenpox rash, the blisters caused by Shingles are ______.

A

localized and limited to small areas

46
Q

The first symptom of Shingles is usually ___1___, ___2___, or ___3___. Once the red patches form into small blisters, it is possible for the individual to infect someone who has not been previously exposed to ______.

A
  1. severe pain
  2. tingling
  3. burning localized where the rash will later present
  4. VZV
47
Q

Someone who has a) neither previously had chickenpox or b) has not been administered the VZV vaccine is susceptible to being exposed to and developing ______ from a person during the contagious stage of their shingles outbreak.

A

chickenpox (not shingles)

48
Q

Patients with mild symptoms of Shingles can be treated with ___1___, while those with increasingly painful blisters can be treated with the anti-viral drug, ___2___.

A
  1. over-the-counter pain medications
  2. acyclovir
49
Q

Smallpox is also known as ______.

A

variola virus

50
Q

There are two variants to the smallpox virus:

A

variola major and variola minor

51
Q

How many variants of smallpox are there and what are they?

A

2
variola major and variola minor

52
Q

______ was classified as the more severe and most common manifestation of smallpox.

A

Variola major

53
Q

True or False: Smallpox is highly contagious—it is easily transmitted through the air as well as through contact with an infected individual.

A

False. Smallpox “WAS” highly contagious—it “WAS” easily transmitted through the air as well as through contact with an infected individual.

54
Q

Smallpox was characterized by an initial ___1___ followed by a rash in the ___2___ or ___3___, as this was often the point of entry.

A
  1. high fever
  2. mouth
  3. throat
55
Q

True or False: The Smallpox virus has been globally eradicated.

A

True

56
Q

A smallpox vaccine was developed in ___1___ by ___2___.

A
  1. 1796
  2. Edward Jenner
57
Q

Global vaccination efforts have prevented smallpox from appearing in humans since ______.

A

October 26, 1977

58
Q

What was the first infectious disease to ever to be eradicated?

A

Smallpox

59
Q

True or False: Even if a virus causes an observable skin manifestation that doesn’t necessarily mean the virus infects skin cells.

A

True

60
Q

What is a Lesion?

A

Any observable change or abnormality of the skin

61
Q

What is a rash?

A

Widespread outbreak of Lesions that may or may not be accompanied by other symptoms

62
Q

How many types of Lesions are there and what are they?

A

Primary Lesion
Secondary Lesion

63
Q

What is a Primary Lesion?

A

Is a lesion associated with a specific disease and can help as a diagnostic feature.

64
Q

How many Primary Lesion are there and what are they?

A
  1. Vesicle/Vesicular Rash
  2. Macule
  3. Papule (Papular Rash)
  4. Pustule
  5. Maculopapular Rash
65
Q

Name and Define this Primary Lesion:

A
66
Q

Name and Define this Primary Lesion:

A
67
Q

Name and Define this Primary Lesion:

A
68
Q

Name and Define this Primary Lesion:

A
69
Q

Name and Define this Primary Lesion:

A
70
Q

Because of vaccination that started back in 1969, the virus ______ is no longer considered endemic nor is it found in the United States.

A

Rubella(German Measles)

71
Q

What does the name Rubella mean?

A

“Little Rash” which is in reference to its rash.

72
Q

What kind of rash does Rubella cause?

A

Maculopapular

73
Q

Inflammation of the brain

A

Encephalitis

74
Q

Although rare Rubella can cause ______.

A

Encephalitis

75
Q

What is Encephalitis

A

Inflammation of the brain

76
Q

What is R0(R-naught)?

A

A measure to figure out transmissibility.

77
Q

What is Measles R0 and what is significant about it?

A

12-18. It is the highest known of any communicable disease.

78
Q

What is the R0 of Respiratory Flu?

A

1-2

79
Q

What is the R0 of covid-19?

A

2-3

80
Q

What is orchitis?

A

Swelling of the testes

81
Q

Swelling of the testes is called what?

A

Orchitis

82
Q

Shingles rash does not spread across the entire body instead is isolated to small regions of the body following the ______ that the virus has been re-activated in.

A

Peripheral Nerve

83
Q

True or False: Vaccines stop us from being infected.

A

False. Vaccines do not stop us from being infected. They do however, stop the establishment of an infection and therefore prevent us from becoming symptomatic by creating a rapid and effective immune response.

84
Q

These vaccines are made from active virus particles or live bacterium that been cultured to lose their Pathogenicity. This creates memory cells in the immune system.

A

Live Attenuated Vaccines

85
Q

What are some drawbacks of live vaccines?

A

-The pathogens or viruses can mutate back and cause an infection
-Individuals who are Immunol Compromised can become symptomatic

86
Q

The Varicella-Zoster Vaccine is used to vaccinate against what?

A

Chickenpox (varicella virus or zoster virus)

87
Q

What does OPV stand for?

A

Oral Polio Vaccine

88
Q

The origin of smallpox is ______.

A

Unknown

89
Q

What is a Fomite?

A

A contaminated object

90
Q
A
91
Q
A
92
Q
A
93
Q
A
94
Q
A
95
Q
A

Measles

96
Q
A
97
Q
A
98
Q
A
99
Q
A
100
Q
A

Microbiology (39 decks)

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