2.1: Metabolism Flashcards
Most metabolic functions in cells rely on ______ to facilitate the biochemical reactions.
Enzymes
What is an Enzyme?
An enzyme is a protein, or group of proteins, that catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions.
_____ is a protein, or group of proteins, that catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions.
Enzyme
TRUE or FALSE: The enzyme is consumed during the reaction and can not be used repeatedly by the cell
FALSE
TRUE or FALSE: The enzyme is not consumed during the reaction and can be used repeatedly by the cell
TRUE
The specificity and function of some enzymes can also be regulated by a _____.
Cofactor
A Cofactor can also regulate the _____ and _____ of some Enzymes.
Specificity and Function
_____ is a small chemical component, usually metal ions, that assist enzymes during the catalysis reactions.
Cofactor
What is a Cofactor?
A Cofactor is a small chemical component, usually metal ions, that assist enzymes during the catalysis reactions.
_____ serve as regulators of chemical reactions: In the absence of the proper _____, enzymes are inactive, while in its presence enzymes are active.
Cofactors
In order to produce sufficient levels of energy, microorganisms must do what?
Must break down complex nutrients into smaller, manageable (and useful) subunits.
Enzymes break down proteins into __1__, fats/lipids into ___2___, and polysaccharides into __3__.
- Amino Acids
- glycerol/fatty acids
- monosaccharides.
Most metabolic processes can be classified as either _____ or _____.
catabolism or anabolism
_____ is the process of breaking down larger molecules into useful energy sources.
Catabolism
What is Catabolism?
Catabolism is the process of breaking down larger molecules into useful energy sources.
_____ is the building up or biosynthesis of macromolecules from smaller molecular units into larger complexes.
Anabolism
What is Anabolism?
Anabolism is the building up or biosynthesis of macromolecules from smaller molecular units into larger complexes.
What Metabolic process is often used during growth and repair phases of the cell?
The Anabolic Phase
What happens if a cell runs out of energy before the necessary reactions conclude.
It dies
A cell dies when……
It runs out of energy before the necessary reactions conclude.
The most widely used form of energy in the cells is……..
adenosine triphosphate, or ATP.
ATP is short for what?
adenosine triphosphate
If a phosphate group is removed from ATP, it becomes…….
………adenosine diphosphate, or ADP.
ADP stands for what?
adenosine diphosphate, or ADP
ATP has energy to (1), while ADP can (2) energy (phosphate group) to become ATP.
- Donate
- Accept
ADP becomes what after excepting energy from ATP.
Adenosine Triphosphate(ATP)
By donating available phosphate groups, ATP transfers energy from (1) reactions to be used for (2).
- Catabolic (Breaking Down)
- Anobolism (Building Up)
The process of donating and/or accepting energy does what for a cell?
Fuels a cell to carry out the necessary biochemical reactions for survival.
How microbes produce ATP, specifically the starting source of electrons, can also be used as a means to further……..
………..differentiate and characterize microorganisms.
True or False:
How microbes produce ATP, specifically the starting source of electrons, can also be used as a means to further differentiate and characterize microorganisms.
True
______ acquire energy from photons of light to generate ATP from ADP
Phototrophs
How do Phototrophs acquire energy?
Phototrophs acquire energy from photons of light to generate ATP from ADP
_____ acquire energy from preformed (already existing) chemicals found in the environment.
Chemotrophs
How do Chemotrophs acquire energy?
Chemotrophs acquire energy from preformed (already existing) chemicals found in the environment.
Chemotrophs can be subdivided into what 2 groups?
- Organotrophs, which remove electrons from organic molecules (such as glucose)
- Lithotrophs, which remove electrons from inorganic molecules (such as elemental sulfur).
______ can be subdivided into organotrophs, which remove electrons from organic molecules (such as glucose), or lithotrophs, which remove electrons from inorganic molecules (such as elemental sulfur).
Chemotrophs
Which subdivision of Chemotrophs remove electrons from organic molecules (such as glucose)?
Organotroph
Which subdivision of Chemotrophs remove electrons from inorganic molecules (such as elemental sulfur).
Lithotroph
Organotroph, a subdivision of Chemotrophs, remove…………..
……………electrons from organic molecules (such as glucose),
Lithotroph, a subdivision of Chemotrophs, remove…………………
…………….electrons from inorganic molecules (such as elemental sulfur).
In order to carry out metabolic processes, microbes must also have a source of ______.
Carbon
A source of Carbon is necessary for microbes to carry out ______ processes.
Metabolic Processes
True or False:
Where Microbes get their source of Carbon from may also be used to further classify microbes.
True
A microorganism that derives its carbon from organic molecules, such as sugars, is called a ______.
Heterotroph
A Heterotroph derives its carbon from……………
……organic molecules, such as sugars.
A microorganism that derives its carbon from inorganic molecules, most often from carbon dioxide (CO2), is called a ______.
Autotroph
An Autotroph derives its carbon from…………….
…….inorganic molecules, most often from carbon dioxide (CO2)
*Note: A microbe that utilizes glucose in all three criteria (for its electron, carbon, and energy source), it could be described as a…….
Chemoorganoheterotroph.
What is Phosphorylation?
Is the addition of a phosphate group, that turns ADP into ATP.
What is it called when a Phosphate Group is added to turn ADP into ATP?
Phosphorylation
What are the 3 different processes of Phosphorylation?
- Photophosphorylation
- Substrate-level phosphorylation
- Oxidative phosphorylation
How man processes of Phosphorylation are there? What are they?
- Photophosphorylation
- Substrate-level phosphorylation
- Oxidative phosphorylation
What is Photophosphorylation?
Photophosphorylation: Light energy is used to power the formation of ATP from ADP.
______ is when Light energy is used to power the formation of ATP from ADP
Photophosphorylation
What is Substrate-level phosphorylation?
The phosphoryl (PO3) group of a chemical compound is transferred and donated (added) directly to ADP. The chemical compound losing the phosphate group is referred to as the phosphorylated reactive intermediate.
______ is when the phosphoryl (PO3) group of a chemical compound is transferred and donated (added) directly to ADP. The chemical compound losing the phosphate group is referred to as the phosphorylated reactive intermediate.
Substrate-level Phosphorylation
What is Oxidative phosphorylation?
This process is used by chemotrophs. The energy released by the chemical oxidation of nutrients is used to reform ATP. This process occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and is highly efficient.
______ is the process used by chemotrophs. The energy released by the chemical oxidation of nutrients is used to reform ATP. This process occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and is highly efficient.
Oxidative phosphorylation
In Oxidation-Reduction Reactions the acronym O.I.L. R.I.G. means what?
O.I.L.: Oxidation Involves Loss, meaning when a molecule loses an electron it becomes Oxidize (Lost an electron, Charge is Increased)
R.I.G.: Reduction Involves Gain, meaning when a molecule gains an electron it is Reduced (Gained an electron, Charge is Reduced)
NADH is known as ______ Carrier.
Activated
