5.1: Human Pathogens Flashcards
When an unknown biological sample arrives in the lab for assessment and further characterization, the lab must take ______.
universal precautions
All handlers must treat all samples, known or unknown, as ______materials.
potentially hazardous (or pathogenic)
When assessing an unknown sample, technicians may make several basic yet essential observations using the ______ techniques.
differential
During the process of analyzing a microbial sample, a lab researcher would be certain to note:
(1) the morphological characteristics (size and shape) and
(2) the presence of any observable motility when viewed under a microscope
Then, if possible, they should capture images of any of the characteristics described above or at the very least manually draw the aforementioned observations.
Once differential testing has concluded, the technician should also document:
(1) whether the organism was Gram-positive or Gram-negative,
(2) the presence of any chemical reactions such as gas production (bubbling), fermentation, etc. and
(3) any distinct changes in color localized to the organism itself or its surrounding media (e.g. Staph aureus on MSA agar).
Properly documenting these observations significantly aids trained professionals in identifying the causative agent and selecting the appropriate treatments against foreign microbes.
______ occurs when a pathogen gains access to the body’s tissues disrupting their normal physiology.
Infection
Infection occurs when……
……a pathogen gains access to the body’s tissues disrupting their normal physiology.
How many steps are there in the Infection Process?
There are 5 steps of the infection process
What are the 5 Steps in the Infection Process?
- Entry
- Attachment
- Invasion
- Evasion
- Exit & Transmission
What is the FIRST of 5 Step Infection Process?
Entry: Pathogens use portals of entry, mucus membranes or parenteral entry, to gain access to host tissues.
What is the SECOND of 5 Step Infection Process?
Attachment: The pathogen attaches and binds to specific tissue surfaces by using its adhesin factors.
What is the THIRD of 5 Step Infection Process?
Invasion: The pathogen invades deeper into the host’s tissues and secures nutrients for growth and multiplication.
What is the FOURTH of 5 Step Infection Process?
Evasion: To successfully multiply, the pathogen must evade immune system defenses. Pathogens can a) “hide” from immune cells by entering the host’s cells (intracellular pathogen), masking its antigens, producing surface molecules similar to the host’s (antigen mimicry), or changing its antigens over time (antigen variation); b) undermine the host’s immune response by avoiding phagocytosis or causing immune suppression.
What is the FIFTH of 5 Step Infection Process?
Exit and transmission: Pathogens use a portal of exit to leave the host and be transmitted to a new host. Modes of transmission can be direct or indirect. Depending on the mode of transmission, transmission precautions should be followed in addition to standard precautions.
True or False: Humans have 5 times the amount of Bacterial Cells in our bodies than we do our own Eukaryotic Cells.
False. We have 10 times the amount of Bacterial Cells
Process of identification uses ___1___ and ___2___.
- Observation
- Differential Testing
During the Process of Identification, Observation uses ___1___ to view the pathogens ___2___ & ___3___.
- Microscopy
- Morphology
- Motility
After Observation the next step in the Process of Identification is ______.
Differential Testing
Differential Testing involves the use of ___1___, ___2___, and ___3___.
- Gram-Stain Status
- Chemical Reactions
- Plating Observations (Selective or Differential Plates)
Pathogenicity is……
The ability of a microbe to cause a disease
Virulence is…….
The ease of a pathogen to infect host and cause disease
The ability of a microbe to cause a disease
Pathogenicity
The ease of a pathogen to infect host and cause disease
Virulence
Parenteral Entry mean what?
Pathogens the infect using means that aren’t the GI tract.
When a pathogen attaches itself to a cell using molecules on its surface which bind to receptors on the target cell in the host is called what?
Ligand and Adhesion Factor
What are two types of transmissions of pathogens?
- Direct Contact
- Indirect Contact
Direct Contact Transmission
Is Direct contact between the source of pathogen and host
Is Direct Contact between the source of pathogen and host
Direct Contact Transmission
Indirect Contact
No Direct contact between the source of pathogen and host
No Direct contact between the source of pathogen and host
Indirect Contact
What AIIR stand for?
Airborne
Infection
Isolation
Rooms
