6.5: Viruses in Microbiology II Flashcards
1
Q
Polio, also known as what?
Linear or Non-Linear:
Strands:
Enveloped or Naked:
RNA or DNA:
Nucleotide Count:
Belongs to a family of viruses called:
Transmission:
Symptoms:
A
-poliomyelitis
-single-stranded
-non-enveloped
-RNA virus
-about 7,700 nucleotides long
-Picornaviridae
- Respiratory Droplets and Fecal-Oral Route
-damages motor neurons which can lead to temporary or permanent paralysis.
2
Q
Influenza, also known as what?
Linear or Non-Linear:
Strands:
Enveloped or Naked:
RNA or DNA:
Nucleotide Count:
Belongs to a family of viruses called:
Transmission:
Symptoms:
A
-There are three common subtypes named influenza A, B, or C
-segmented single-stranded
-enveloped
-RNA virus
-50 to 120 nm in diameter
-Orthomyxoviridae
-Respiratory drops and Fomites
-Fever/Chills, body aches, coughing/sneezing
3
Q
Polio is also known as ______.
A
poliomyelitis
4
Q
Polio is ______-stranded.
A
Single
5
Q
Is Polio enveloped or naked (non-enveloped)
A
Naked/Non-enveloped
6
Q
Polio is DNA or RNA Virus?
A
RNA Virus
7
Q
Polio Virus is ______ nucleotides long.
A
7,700
8
Q
Poliovirus belongs to a family of viruses called ______.
A
Picornaviridae.
9
Q
Polio’s viral particle is only about ___1___ in diameter and is often considered the most ___2___.
A
- 30 nm
- significant small virus
10
Q
When infected, the poliovirus can enter the ___1___ where it replicates in and damages ___2___.
A
- central nervous system (CNS)
- motor neurons
11
Q
Polio Infected neurons can be found within the ___1___, ___2___, or ___3___ regions, all of which can lead to temporary or permanent ___4___.
A
- spinal cord
- brain stem
- motor cortex
- paralysis
12
Q
Polio, once a worldwide epidemic, the introduction of the polio vaccine in ______ radically altered the landscape of medicine.
A
1955
13
Q
The polio vaccine was developed by ___1___ at the ___2___.
A
- Jonas Salk
- University of Pittsburgh
14
Q
Approximately ______ percent of individuals receiving an injection of the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) developed protective antibodies against the virus.
A
90
15
Q
What does IPV stand for?
A
inactivated polio vaccine
16
Q
In ___1___, ___2___ developed an oral vaccine given by mouth (OPV) containing a live but weakened (attenuated) virus.
A
- 1961
- Albert Sabin
17
Q
Individuals receiving the OPV also developed protective antibodies and with repeated dosages about ______ percent protection.
A
95
18
Q
True or False: Although immune protection was higher in IPV cases, the administration benefits (drops placed in mouth vs injection with a sterile syringe) made OPV a popular choice, especially in developing countries.
A
True
19
Q
Influenza belongs to a family of viruses called ______.
A
Orthomyxoviridae
20
Q
There are three common subtypes of influenza named ___1___, ___2___, and ___3___.
A
- Influenza A
- Influenza B
- Influenza C
21
Q
Influenza is ______-stranded
A
segmented single
22
Q
Is Influenza enveloped or non-enveloped(naked)?
A
enveloped
23
Q
Influenza is ______NA virus
A
RNA Virus
24
Q
Influenza is about ______ in diameter.
A
about 50 to 120 nm in diameter.
25
Influenza ______ viruses are the most pathogenic subtype of influenza and cause the most severe disease in humans.
A
26
The Influenza viral envelope contains two key ______.
glycoproteins
27
The Influenza viral envelope contains two key glycoproteins, ___1___ and ___2___
1. hemagglutinins (HA)
2. neuraminidase (N)
28
In Influenza ___1___ are heavily involved in the entry of the viral particle into a host cell, while ___2___ proteins are involved in the budding and release of new viral particles from the host cell.
1. Hemagglutinins
2. neuraminidase
29
In influenza, which glycoproteins are heavily involved in the entry of the viral particle into a host cell?
Hemagglutinins
30
In influenza, which glycoproteins are involved in the budding and release of new viral particles from the host cell?
Neuraminidase
31
What two things are the common drug targets for therapeutic intervention, Influenza cases?
HA (Hemagglutinins) and N (Neuraminidase) proteins
32
There are ___1___ subtypes of HA proteins and ___2___ subtypes of N proteins that have been discovered to date and can appear in various combinations on the viral envelope.
1. 16
2. 9
33
True or False: All HA and N subtypes are present on each virion.
False. All HA and N subtypes are NOT present on each virion.
34
The nomenclature (naming) of the Influenza virus is often designated based on what?
Which HA and N variant is expressed on the envelope.
35
The strain of influence responsible for the (human) Asian flu epidemic in 1957 was referred to as ______.
H2N2
36
The most recent influenza epidemic in 2009 was referred to as ______.
H1N1
37
Due to the ______, the flu vaccine is unable to vaccinate against all subtypes.
large number of variants
38
Coronaviruses
Linear or Non-Linear:
Strands:
Enveloped or Naked:
RNA or DNA:
Nucleotide Count:
Belongs to a family of viruses called:
Transmission:
Symptoms:
-named for the crown-like shape its spike proteins produce on the virion envelop.
-single
-enveloped
-RNA Virus
-Coronavirdae
-high transmissibility via respiratory droplets
-range from asymptomatic infection to high fever, chills, headache malaise and body aches. Other symptoms associated with COVID-19 are sore throat, loss of smell and taste, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Long-term complications observed in some patients include inflammation of the heart tissue, abnormal lung function, acute kidney injury, rash and hair loss, and depression. Life-threatening complications can arise from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), respiratory failure, or cytokine storm (an abnormal amount of inflammatory chemicals are released from the immune system damaging the body’s tissues and organs).
39
Coronaviruses are named from the what?
crown-like shape its spike proteins produce on the virion envelop
40
Coronaviruses are the ______ leading virus responsible for the common cold in people.
second
41
What is the first leading virus responsible for the common cold in people?
rhinoviruses
42
What are 3 major outbreaks of severe coronavirus that have been with associated infections?
1. SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) occurred in China in 2003
2. MERS (Middle East Respiratory Virus) started on the Arabian Peninsula in 2012
3. SARS-CoV-2, which is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, began in late 2019 in Wuhan, China
43
Is Coronavirus enveloped or non-enveloped?
Enveloped
44
Coronavirus is ______-stranded.
single
45
Coronavirus is a ______NA virus.
RNA Virus
46
Coronavirus belong to the ______ family.
Coronavirdae
47
True or False: There is no correlation between increased age and the rate of hospitalizations and mortality from the COVID-19 infection.
False. There is a CLEAR correlation between increased age and the rate of hospitalizations and mortality from the COVID-19 infection.
48
What are the life threatening complications associated with Coronavirus?
Life-threatening complications can arise from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), respiratory failure, or cytokine storm.
49
What is a Cytokine Storm?
An abnormal amount of inflammatory chemicals are released from the immune system damaging the body’s tissues and organs
50
An abnormal amount of inflammatory chemicals are released from the immune system damaging the body’s tissues and organs is called a ______.
Cytokine Storm
51
ARDS stands for what?
acute respiratory distress syndrome
52
What are are the long term complications associated with Coronavirus?
Long-term complications observed in some patients include inflammation of the heart tissue, abnormal lung function, acute kidney injury, rash and hair loss, and depression.
53
As of ______, the FDA granted emergency use authorization for vaccinations to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 infection.
2021
54
All coronavirus vaccines use ___1___ to deliver components of the viral genome to people’s cells with the goal that the cells will produce ___2___ to create an immune response and immunity.
1. recombinant technology
2. non-pathogenic viral antigens
55
A ______delivers mRNA encoding for part of the SARS-CoV-2 viral spike protein. The body’s cells that take up the mRNA will produce the viral antigen, alerting the immune system to the foreign material, and create immunity to the virus that causes COVID-19.
mRNA vaccine
56
How does mRNA Vaccine work?
It delivers mRNA encoding for part of the SARS-CoV-2 viral spike protein. The body’s cells that take up the mRNA will produce the viral antigen, alerting the immune system to the foreign material, and create immunity to the virus that causes COVID-19.
57
In a ______ the double stranded DNA of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is delivered in a live viral vector (a non-pathogenic adenovirus). The viral vector can attach, enter, uncoat and replicate the genome of the antigen in a person’s cells. However, it will not assemble and release new virions. The vaccine’s virus delivers the DNA to cells, which make the spike protein antigen to create an immune response and immunity to the virus.
recombinant vector vaccine
58
How does recombinant vector vaccine work?
the double stranded DNA of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is delivered in a live viral vector (a non-pathogenic adenovirus). The viral vector can attach, enter, uncoat and replicate the genome of the antigen in a person’s cells. However, it will not assemble and release new virions. The vaccine’s virus delivers the DNA to cells, which make the spike protein antigen to create an immune response and immunity to the virus.
59
HIV
Linear or Non-Linear:
Strands:
Enveloped or Naked:
RNA or DNA:
Nucleotide Count:
Belongs to a family of viruses called:
Transmission:
Symptoms:
-Human immunodeficiency virus
-linear
-single
-enveloped
-RNA
-10,000 nucleotides long
-Retroviridae
-
-
60
HIV contains ______ of single-stranded, linear RNA that is enclosed by a capsid.
two copies
61
Surrounding the two RNA strands of HIV is a ___1___ comprised of about ___2___ copies of the viral protein ___3___.
1. conical (cone-shaped) capsid
2. 2,000
3. p24
62
Within the envelope of HIV are two key glycoproteins:
gp120 and gp41
63
Within the envelope of HIV are two key ______.
glycoproteins
64
For HIV to enter the cell, the viral ___1___ protein binds first to the host protein receptor ___2___, which allows ___3___ to bind to the host ___4___ receptors ___5___ or ___6___.
1. gp120
2. CD4
3. gp41
4. chemokine
5. CXCR4
6. CCR5
65
Once HIV enters a cell the capsid is degraded, a process called ______.
uncoating
66
True or False: An individual does not die from HIV but rather from other opportunistic infections acquired while their immune system is compromised.
True
67
Human Immunodeficiency Virus. A schematic representation of HIV is shown. The cone-shaped capsid houses two strands of RNA. Within the capsid also lie several key proteins such as integrase and reverse transcriptase. Embedded within the viral envelope are the two glycoproteins (gp120 and gp41) essential for attachment to the host cell.
68
Polio is an ______virus
enterovirus
69
Polio is transmitted through ___1___ and then enters the body through ___2___
1. fecal/oral route
2. the mucosal membrane of the GI tract
70
What does Pico mean?
Very Small
71
Polio destroys the host cell making it a _______.
Cytolytic Virus
72
When does Post Polio Syndrome symptoms typically emerge?
30-40 years after initial infection
73
Developing ______ is a risk of Influenza.
Pneumonia
74
Influenza ___1___ and ___2___ are consider endemic whilst Influenza ___3___ is not.
1. A
2. B
3. C
75
What's notable about the Influenza strain H7N9?
Its resist all current viral treatments.
76
H5N1 is a ___1___ Flu and kills about ___2___ percent of infected
1. Bird
2. 60
77
The Glycoproteins on the surface of the Influenza Virion can change because of genetic mutations and as they change the bodies immune system may not recognize the new variant which prevents.........
Immunity from the new variation of the virus.
78
What are the two types of antigenic changes in Influenza?
1. Drift
2. Shift
79
What is Antigenic Drift?
Its mutations of HA and N proteins that occur during replication.
80
What is Antigenic Shift?
Its when two different strains of Influenza enter a host and a reassortment(mixing of the genes) occurs that creates a new highly virulent strain with drastically different HA and N antigens.
81
What is the greatest danger with Antigenic Shift?
There is absolutely no immunity in the human population.
82
What are Cytokines?
They're signaling molecules released from tissues to activate the inflammatory response and immune system.
83
What are Adjuvants?
Are a pharmaceutical additive that stimulate immune cells to take up the antigen and then release cytokines to stimulate a robust immune response.
84
What does SARS stand for?
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
85
What does ARDS stand for?
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
86
What is a Recombinant Vector Vaccine?
Is a gene for an antigen which is placed in a viral vector.
87
HIV infects the helper ___1___ Cells of our immune system. These cells are also called ___2___ Cells, named after the ___3___ on their surface.
1. T Cells
2. CD4
3. Glycoprotein
88
T cells(CD4) are key to turning on our ______.
Adaptive Immune Response.
89
What three criteria need to be met in order to be diagnosed with AIDS?
When there is less than 200 CD4 cells per microliter of blood, the presence of an opportunistic infection, and having an HIV+ status.
90
What does ART stand for?
Antiretroviral Therapy
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