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MCBM Part 1 > Mitsouras - Intro to Metabolism and Nutrition > Flashcards

Mitsouras - Intro to Metabolism and Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

what is dietary fiber

A

non- digestible, non-starch carbohydrate and lignin with NO energy yield and excreted in feces

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2
Q

what is an adequate intake of dietary fiber for men and women

A

men: 38 g/day and females: 25 g/day (US diets have about 15 g/day)

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3
Q

what 3 diseases/conditions does dietary fiber reduce the risk for

A

diverticulitis, colon cancer and carcinogens, and cardiovascular disease

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4
Q

what are micronutrients

A

vitamins, minerals, other trace elements that cannot be synthesized by our bodies and are required for a variety of cell processes (small amounts needed)

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5
Q

what are 4 uses for micronutrients- vitamins

A

enzyme cofactors, antioxidants, ligands for hormone receptors and other functions

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6
Q

what is an example of a use for micronutrient-minerals and trace elements

A

biological processes like bone mineralization to cellular transport

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7
Q

what are macronutrients

A

carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and alcohols that are oxidized for energy/calories (needed to larger amounts)

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8
Q

what are carbohydrates needed for

A

(4 cal/g) mono-, di-, and polysaccharides for energy production

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9
Q

what are proteins needed for

A

(4 cal/g) amino acids (essential and non-essential) for protein synthesis and carbons for glucose synthesis

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10
Q

what are fats needed for

A

(9 cal/g) saturated, unsaturated, mono and polysaturated for energy production of fat soluble vitamins, prostaglandin synthesis and components of cell membrane

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11
Q

what is AMDR (acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges)

A

help reduce risk of chronic disease: fats 20-30%, proteins 10-35% and carbs 45-65% of total daily calories

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12
Q

what is EAR (estimated average requirement)

A

average daily intake adequate for 50% of individuals in specific life stages and gender group

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13
Q

what is RDA (recommended dietary allowance)

A

average daily intake adequate for 97% of individuals in specific life stage and gender group

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14
Q

what is adequate intake (AI)

A

estimated range of intake when RDA or EAR cannot be established due to insufficient scientific evidence

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15
Q

what is tolerable upper level intake (UL)

A

highest average daily intake with NO adverse effects to almost no individuals (intake above UL the risk increases)

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16
Q

what is the resting metabolic rate (RMR)

A

energy expenditure of resting, post-absorptive individual over 24 hr period (calories needed for basic life functions) affected by age, gender, body temp, and thyroid function

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17
Q

what is the thermic effect of food (TEF)

A

the energy expended to process/digest food

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18
Q

what is the total energy expenditure (TEE)

A

total energy expended over 24 hours (TEE = RMR +TEF + physical activity)

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19
Q

what happens if the TEE is equal to the calorie intake

A

energy balance - weight is maintained

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20
Q

what happens if TEE is greater than the calorie intake

A

body uses stored energy to make up difference = weight loss

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21
Q

what happens if TEE is less than the calorie intake

A

body stores excess = weight gain

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22
Q

what are the 2 ways the body stores excess

A

in adipose tissue and muscle and liver

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23
Q

what is stored in adipose tissue

A

fatty acids and carbs –> TAG’s (triacylglceride): lower H2O when stored, unlimited supply/storage and more kcal when stored

24
Q

what is stored in muscle and liver

A

glycogen (24 hr supply), higher H2O, and fewer kcal/g when stored

25
Q

what is BMI

A

measure of body fat based on height and weight that applies to adult men and women.

26
Q

what is the BMI equation

A

BMI = weight (kg) / height (m)2

27
Q

what is the range for normal BMI

A

18.5-24.9

28
Q

what underweight BMI

A

under 18.5

29
Q

what the overweight BMI

A

25-29.9

30
Q

what is obese BMI

A

over 30

31
Q

what other factors besides BMI do you consider when diagnosing obesity

A

waist circumference/abdominal fat, high blood pressure, and physical inactivity

32
Q

what is metabolism

A

sum of chemical and physical changes- goal is energy production and synthesis of macromolecules

33
Q

what are the 2 processes for metabolism

A

anabolism and catabolism

34
Q

what is anabolism

A

biosynthesis (building) and energy input is required

35
Q

what is catabolism

A

breakdown of dietary nutrients and yields energy

36
Q

what are 3 properties of metabolic pathways

A

reactions are linked into pathways, pathways are linked to other pathways and coupling (combining energetically favored pathways or reactions)

37
Q

what is Gibbs Free Energy

A

a way to determine if a reaction and/or pathway is going to be spontaneous or not

38
Q

what is the Gibbs free energy equation

A

∆G0 = RT(lnKeq)

39
Q

what happens if ∆G0 is less than 0

A

spontaneous reaction

40
Q

what happens if ∆G0 is greater than 0

A

non-spontaneous reaction

41
Q

what happens if spontaneous and non-spontaneous reaction are coupled together

A

Energy from ∆G0 < 0 drives ∆G0 > 0

42
Q

what does ATP do in metabolic pathways

A

acts as an energy storage molecule with high energy phosphate bonds “energy carrier”

43
Q

what happens to ATP in the catabolic pathway

A

it synthesizes ATP and produces energy

44
Q

what happens to ATP in the anabolic pathway

A

it hydrolyzes ATP –> ADP or AMP

45
Q

what metabolic pathway has low ATP

A

catabolism pathway

46
Q

what metabolic pathway has high ATP

A

anabolism pathway

47
Q

what is the effect of allosteric enzymes on metabolic pathways

A

fast, transient changes, short range, positive or negative effects, and allows enzymes to respond to intracellular signals and conditions (effector can be substrate or product in same pathway)

48
Q

where do allosteric enzymes bind to

A

sites different from active site

49
Q

are allosteric enzymes single or multi subunits

A

almost always multi-subunit

50
Q

what are 2 types of allosteric regulation

A

feed-forward stimulation and feed-back inhibition

51
Q

what is feed- forward stimulation

A

drives the reaction forward, fast and short range

52
Q

what is feed-back inhibition

A

inhibits the reaction, fast and short range

53
Q

what is the effect of induction and response hormone mechanisms on metabolic pathways

A

slower, permanent changes, long range effects, mediated by hormones, and allow cell to respond to extacellular signals

54
Q

what is the effect of covalent mechanisms on metabolic pathways

A

fast, transient changes, long range effects, positive or negative effects, allows cell to respond to extracellular signals, and phosphorylation/dephosphorylation

55
Q

what is a committed step

A

the first irreversible step that is unique to the pathway

56
Q

is the enzyme catalyzing the committed step regulated or unregulated

A

regulated

57
Q

what 2 things regulate metabolism

A

substrate availability and accessibility and enzyme acitivity

MCBM Part 1 (29 decks)

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