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MCBM Part 1 > Misouras - Fed State, Fasting and Starvation > Flashcards

Misouras - Fed State, Fasting and Starvation Flashcards

1
Q

what is the time period for the fed state (post-prandial state)

A

0-4 hours after eating

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2
Q

what is the fasting state

A

more than 4 hours after eating

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3
Q

what is the starving state

A

more than 3 days without food

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4
Q

what are the 2 metabolic pathways

A

catabolic and anabolic

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5
Q

what happens in each of the metabolic pathways

A 
catabolic = energy production
anabolic = meets demand for biosynthesis of macromolecules
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6
Q

what occurs in the fed/absorptive state

A

digestion, absorption, transportation and distribution of dietary nutrients (thermic effect of food) - both catabolic and anabolic

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7
Q

what metabolic pathway occurs in the fasting state

A

catabolic pathway

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8
Q

what metabolic pathway occurs in the starvation state

A

catabolic pathway

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9
Q

what is the goal of metabolism

A

adequate energy to satisfy requirements of organism/homeostasis

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10
Q

what are the 5 main “organs or targets” for nutrients

A

adipose, brain, muscles, liver and RBCs

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11
Q

what are the sources of metabolic fuels in the fed state

A

dietary intake (carbohydrates, proteins, fats)

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12
Q

what are the sources of metabolic fuels in the fasting state

A

glycogen stored in liver

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13
Q

what are the sources of metabolic fuels in the starvation state

A

fat (fatty acids) stored in adipose tissue

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14
Q

what source of metabolic fuel do the RBCs utilize

A

only glucose

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15
Q

what source of metabolic fuel does the brain utilize

A

mainly glucose and then ketone bodies

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16
Q

what source of metabolic fuel does the liver utilize

A

first glucose and then fatty acids

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17
Q

what source of metabolic fuel do the muscles utilize

A

first glucose (only during excersie) and then fatty acids and ketone bodies

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18
Q

what source of metabolic fuel do the adipose cells utilize

A

first glucose and then fatty acids

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19
Q

what is the first choice of fuel for all organs

A

glucose

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20
Q

which organ needs a constant supply of glucose

A

the RBCs

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21
Q

what is the source of glucose in the fed state

A

from dietary carbohydrates - glucose is abundant

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22
Q

what is the source of glucose in the fasting state

A
  1. glycogen stores (primary source)

2. glucose from new synthesis

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23
Q

what is the source of glucose in the starving state

A

only from new synthesis

24
Q

what do normal blood glucose levels need to be for RBCs and the brain to function properly

A

70-100 mg/dL

25
what is the active pathway for glucose for the brain and what does insulin stimulate in the fed state
glycolysis (ATP from glucose) and no effect from insulin
26
what is the active pathway for glucose for the RBCs and what does insulin stimulate in the fed state
glycolysis (ATP from glucose) and no effect from insulin
27
what is the active pathway for glucose for the liver and what does insulin stimulate in the fed state
glycolysis, glucogenesis, and fatty acid synthesis - insulin stimulates all of these pathways
28
what is the active pathway for glucose for adipose and what does insulin stimulate in the fed state
glycolysis and lipogenesis (storage of fatty acids) - insulin stimulates glucose transport into cells and lipogenesis
29
what is the active pathway for glucose for the muscles and what does insulin stimulate in the FED STATE
glycolysis, glycogenesis, and protein synthesis | insulin stimulates: glucose & amino acid transport into cells, glycogenesis & protein synthesis
30
when are glucose levels returned to basal level and what signals the fasting state
4 hours after a meal and glucagon is secreted by pancreas to signal fasting state
31
how are the blood glucose levels maintained during the fasting state
mobilization of stores (glycogenolysis) and synthesis of glucose from non-sugar precursors (gluconeogenesis)
32
what generates fatty acids to be used as energy in muscle, liver and other tissues
lipolysis in adipose tissue
33
what are converted to ketone bodies in the liver
fatty acids
34
what are ketone bodies used for
as an energy source by muscle and other tissues in low blood glucose situations
35
what maintains blood glucose during starvation
gluconeogenesis in the liver
36
what organs still use glucose sources during starvation
brain and RBCs (brain can adapt to use ketone bodies as well)
37
what happens in the liver during starvation
increased ketogenesis to support energy needs of the brain
38
what do adipose, muscle, and liver use for fuel during starvation
fatty acids - saving the ketone bodies for the brain and the remaining glucose for RBCs
39
when are ketone bodies used for metabolic fuel and what pathway creates them
used by muscle and brain when there is no glucose - broken down into amino acids by ketolysis and enter various oxidation pathways to create ATP
40
what are the insulin and glucagon levels like in the fed state and what pathways do they regulate
insulin is abundant- glucagon is low; high blood glucose after a meal. Regulate glycogenesis and glycolysis
41
what are the insulin and glucagon levels like in the fasting/starvation states and what pathways do they regulate
glucagon is abundant - low blood glucose and it stimulates catabolic processes
42
what is the signal of metabolic stress (low levels of glucose)
glucagon
43
what is the primary stimulation of lipolysis (adipose)
epinephrine- glucagon plays a lesser role
44
what are the active pathway and glucagon effects in the brain during the fasting state
glycolysis (glucose) and ketolysis (ketone bodies) - no effect from glucagon
45
what are the active pathway and glucagon effects in the RBCs during the fasting state
glycolysis (glucose) - no effect from glucagon
46
what are the active pathway and glucagon effects in the liver during the fasting state
ketogenesis (fatty acids), gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and beta-oxidation (fatty acids) - glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
47
what are the active pathway and glucagon effects in the adipose during the fasting state
lipolysis (fatty acids) and beta-oxidation (fatty acids) - glucagon stimulates lipolysis
48
what are the active pathway and glucagon effects in the muscles during the fasting state
beta-oxidation (fatty acids), ketolysis (ketone bodies) and protein degredation - no effect from glucagon
49
what is the difference between fasting and starvation
fasting has glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver and starvation only has gluconeogenesis as source
50
what happens to glucose levels in diabetes mellitus
there is an absence of endrogenous insulin or defective insulin signaling and the fed state is interpreted as fasting/starvation --> glucose levels stay HIGH
51
what is hypoglycemia
when blood glucose is below 40 mg/dL --> insufficient glucose for brain
52
what are 4 causes of hypoglycemia
fasting, neonatal, insulin-induced (opposite of diabetes) and alcohol-induced
53
what is fasting hypoglycemia
reduced glucose production by liver: hepatocellular damage or fasting individuals consuming lots of alcohol
54
what is neonatal hypoglycemia
newborns with metabolic defects or a diabetic mother can cause brain damage
55
what is insulin-induced hypoglycemia
abnormal insulin levels: diabetics on insulin or patients with insulinomas (insulin tumors)
56
what is alcohol- induced hypoglycemia
excessive alcohol intake impairs gluconeogenesis - worse in people with depleted glycogen stores
57
what are some complications of high glucose levels
macro and microvascular complications that can lead to cardiovascular disease, nephropathy and retinopathy

MCBM Part 1 (29 decks)

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