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MCBM Part 1 > Misouras - Fed State, Fasting and Starvation > Flashcards

Misouras - Fed State, Fasting and Starvation Flashcards

1
Q

what is the time period for the fed state (post-prandial state)

A

0-4 hours after eating

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2
Q

what is the fasting state

A

more than 4 hours after eating

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3
Q

what is the starving state

A

more than 3 days without food

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4
Q

what are the 2 metabolic pathways

A

catabolic and anabolic

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5
Q

what happens in each of the metabolic pathways

A 
catabolic = energy production
anabolic = meets demand for biosynthesis of macromolecules
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6
Q

what occurs in the fed/absorptive state

A

digestion, absorption, transportation and distribution of dietary nutrients (thermic effect of food) - both catabolic and anabolic

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7
Q

what metabolic pathway occurs in the fasting state

A

catabolic pathway

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8
Q

what metabolic pathway occurs in the starvation state

A

catabolic pathway

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9
Q

what is the goal of metabolism

A

adequate energy to satisfy requirements of organism/homeostasis

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10
Q

what are the 5 main “organs or targets” for nutrients

A

adipose, brain, muscles, liver and RBCs

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11
Q

what are the sources of metabolic fuels in the fed state

A

dietary intake (carbohydrates, proteins, fats)

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12
Q

what are the sources of metabolic fuels in the fasting state

A

glycogen stored in liver

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13
Q

what are the sources of metabolic fuels in the starvation state

A

fat (fatty acids) stored in adipose tissue

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14
Q

what source of metabolic fuel do the RBCs utilize

A

only glucose

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15
Q

what source of metabolic fuel does the brain utilize

A

mainly glucose and then ketone bodies

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16
Q

what source of metabolic fuel does the liver utilize

A

first glucose and then fatty acids

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17
Q

what source of metabolic fuel do the muscles utilize

A

first glucose (only during excersie) and then fatty acids and ketone bodies

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18
Q

what source of metabolic fuel do the adipose cells utilize

A

first glucose and then fatty acids

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19
Q

what is the first choice of fuel for all organs

A

glucose

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20
Q

which organ needs a constant supply of glucose

A

the RBCs

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21
Q

what is the source of glucose in the fed state

A

from dietary carbohydrates - glucose is abundant

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22
Q

what is the source of glucose in the fasting state

A
  1. glycogen stores (primary source)

2. glucose from new synthesis

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23
Q

what is the source of glucose in the starving state

A

only from new synthesis

24
Q

what do normal blood glucose levels need to be for RBCs and the brain to function properly

A

70-100 mg/dL

25
Q

what is the active pathway for glucose for the brain and what does insulin stimulate in the fed state

A

glycolysis (ATP from glucose) and no effect from insulin

26
Q

what is the active pathway for glucose for the RBCs and what does insulin stimulate in the fed state

A

glycolysis (ATP from glucose) and no effect from insulin

27
Q

what is the active pathway for glucose for the liver and what does insulin stimulate in the fed state

A

glycolysis, glucogenesis, and fatty acid synthesis - insulin stimulates all of these pathways

28
Q

what is the active pathway for glucose for adipose and what does insulin stimulate in the fed state

A

glycolysis and lipogenesis (storage of fatty acids) - insulin stimulates glucose transport into cells and lipogenesis

29
Q

what is the active pathway for glucose for the muscles and what does insulin stimulate in the FED STATE

A

glycolysis, glycogenesis, and protein synthesis

insulin stimulates: glucose & amino acid transport into cells, glycogenesis & protein synthesis

30
Q

when are glucose levels returned to basal level and what signals the fasting state

A

4 hours after a meal and glucagon is secreted by pancreas to signal fasting state

31
Q

how are the blood glucose levels maintained during the fasting state

A

mobilization of stores (glycogenolysis) and synthesis of glucose from non-sugar precursors (gluconeogenesis)

32
Q

what generates fatty acids to be used as energy in muscle, liver and other tissues

A

lipolysis in adipose tissue

33
Q

what are converted to ketone bodies in the liver

A

fatty acids

34
Q

what are ketone bodies used for

A

as an energy source by muscle and other tissues in low blood glucose situations

35
Q

what maintains blood glucose during starvation

A

gluconeogenesis in the liver

36
Q

what organs still use glucose sources during starvation

A

brain and RBCs (brain can adapt to use ketone bodies as well)

37
Q

what happens in the liver during starvation

A

increased ketogenesis to support energy needs of the brain

38
Q

what do adipose, muscle, and liver use for fuel during starvation

A

fatty acids - saving the ketone bodies for the brain and the remaining glucose for RBCs

39
Q

when are ketone bodies used for metabolic fuel and what pathway creates them

A

used by muscle and brain when there is no glucose - broken down into amino acids by ketolysis and enter various oxidation pathways to create ATP

40
Q

what are the insulin and glucagon levels like in the fed state and what pathways do they regulate

A

insulin is abundant- glucagon is low; high blood glucose after a meal. Regulate glycogenesis and glycolysis

41
Q

what are the insulin and glucagon levels like in the fasting/starvation states and what pathways do they regulate

A

glucagon is abundant - low blood glucose and it stimulates catabolic processes

42
Q

what is the signal of metabolic stress (low levels of glucose)

A

glucagon

43
Q

what is the primary stimulation of lipolysis (adipose)

A

epinephrine- glucagon plays a lesser role

44
Q

what are the active pathway and glucagon effects in the brain during the fasting state

A

glycolysis (glucose) and ketolysis (ketone bodies) - no effect from glucagon

45
Q

what are the active pathway and glucagon effects in the RBCs during the fasting state

A

glycolysis (glucose) - no effect from glucagon

46
Q

what are the active pathway and glucagon effects in the liver during the fasting state

A

ketogenesis (fatty acids), gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and beta-oxidation (fatty acids) - glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

47
Q

what are the active pathway and glucagon effects in the adipose during the fasting state

A

lipolysis (fatty acids) and beta-oxidation (fatty acids) - glucagon stimulates lipolysis

48
Q

what are the active pathway and glucagon effects in the muscles during the fasting state

A

beta-oxidation (fatty acids), ketolysis (ketone bodies) and protein degredation - no effect from glucagon

49
Q

what is the difference between fasting and starvation

A

fasting has glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver and starvation only has gluconeogenesis as source

50
Q

what happens to glucose levels in diabetes mellitus

A

there is an absence of endrogenous insulin or defective insulin signaling and the fed state is interpreted as fasting/starvation –> glucose levels stay HIGH

51
Q

what is hypoglycemia

A

when blood glucose is below 40 mg/dL –> insufficient glucose for brain

52
Q

what are 4 causes of hypoglycemia

A

fasting, neonatal, insulin-induced (opposite of diabetes) and alcohol-induced

53
Q

what is fasting hypoglycemia

A

reduced glucose production by liver: hepatocellular damage or fasting individuals consuming lots of alcohol

54
Q

what is neonatal hypoglycemia

A

newborns with metabolic defects or a diabetic mother can cause brain damage

55
Q

what is insulin-induced hypoglycemia

A

abnormal insulin levels: diabetics on insulin or patients with insulinomas (insulin tumors)

56
Q

what is alcohol- induced hypoglycemia

A

excessive alcohol intake impairs gluconeogenesis - worse in people with depleted glycogen stores

57
Q

what are some complications of high glucose levels

A

macro and microvascular complications that can lead to cardiovascular disease, nephropathy and retinopathy

MCBM Part 1 (29 decks)

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