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MCBM Part 1 > Hovorka - Cell Structure and Function 1, 2 and 3 > Flashcards

Hovorka - Cell Structure and Function 1, 2 and 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Histology the study of?

A

the anatomical study of the microscopic structure of tissues

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2
Q

What is Cytology the study of?

A

Cell and its component parts

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3
Q

Names the 4 Imaging Modalities

A

Naked eye, Light Microscope, SEM and TEM

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4
Q

If a typical tissue is fixed and sectioned, what is their size?

A

5 to 50 micron thick slices

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5
Q

What is the most common stain?

A

Hemotoxylin-eosin stain

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6
Q

Hemotoxylin is deep purple in color, what 3 structures does it stain?

A
  1. Heterochromatin
  2. Nuclei
  3. Ribosomal RNA
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7
Q

Hemotoxylin stains structure that are ________philic

A

Baso - philic

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8
Q

Is Eosin a basic or acidic stain?

A

Acidic

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9
Q

Does Hemotoxylin have a high pH or a low pH?

A

Higher. It is a basic staining agent

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10
Q

What is the color of Eosin?

A

pink to red in color

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11
Q

Eosin stains what structure?

A

Cytoplasm

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12
Q

Cytoplasm, is it considered to be basophilic or eosinophilic?

A

Eosinophillic aka acidophillic

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13
Q

What is the full name for SEM?

A

Scanning Electron Microscopy

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14
Q

Whats is the full name for TEM?

A

Transmitting Electron Microscopy

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15
Q

What is one of the electron microscopy system that requires extreme cold temperatures and striking the specimen instead of slicing?

A

Freeze-Fracturing. Liquid Nitrogen can be used.

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16
Q

Freeze Fracturing reveals what type of membrane?

A

The Interior of the plasma membrane

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17
Q

PAS (Periodic acid-Schiff) staining detects?

A

Carbohydrates

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18
Q

Enzyme histochemistry is used to detect?

A

Presence of an enzyme

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19
Q

Acid Phosphatase reaction detects the presence of?

A

Phosphatase enzymes

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20
Q

Immunohistochemical staining uses dyes bound to antibodies to detect?

A

Antigens

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21
Q

Name the 4 main types of tissues in humans

A
  1. Epithelium
  2. Connective Tissue
  3. Nervous Tissue
  4. Muscle Tissue
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22
Q

What lines body cavities and forms glands?

A

Epithelium

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23
Q

Myosin and Actin are both tributaries of what?

A

Muscle tissue

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24
Q

Name the 3 types of Muscle tissue

A

Skeletal, Cardiac and Smooth

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25
Q

What type of tissue displays associated support cells and neurons?

A

Nervous Tissue

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26
Q

Cells consist of a cytoplasmic matrix but is surrounded by what type of membrane?

A

Plasma membrane (plasmalemma)

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27
Q

Cells are supported by what type of structure?

A

Cytoskeleton

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28
Q

Name 5 items that compose the matrix of the cytoplasm?

A

Water, enzymes, ions, macromolecules and dissolved gases.

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29
Q

How much percent is the approx. lipid composition within a membrane?

A

50%

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30
Q

What have Polar-Hydrophilic head and an uncharged-hydrophobic tail?

A

Membrane Phospholipids

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31
Q

The heads of the phospholipid by layer,are the heads hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophillic. Thus creating a hydrophobic interior

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32
Q

How thick is the lipid bilayer?

A

7nm thick

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33
Q

What is the distance between the polar heads?

A

3nm

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34
Q

What are the 3 functions of membrane proteins?

A
  1. Transporter
  2. Receptors
  3. Structural anchors
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35
Q

What type of proteins span the hydrophobic region of the lipid bilayer?

A

Integral Membrane Proteins

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36
Q

What type of proteins bind to the hydrophilic heads of the membrane lipids?

A

Peripheral Proteins

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37
Q

Who can strip proteins, other than Matt Moraton?

A

Salts or chelating agents. JK Matt!

38
Q

Can Glycolipids be modified by the addition of salts?

A

No.

39
Q

Can Glycolipids be modified by the additions of sugars?

A

Absolutley

40
Q

Carbs that extend from the extracellular surface of the membrane form what?

A

Glycocalyx of the cell.

41
Q

In the Plasma Membrane, can Cholestrol be incorporated?

A

YES!

42
Q

What is the site of storage of DNA?

A

The nucleus

43
Q

Nuclear envelope surrounds what membrane?

A

Nucleus

44
Q

What kind of membrane is the nuclear envelope?

A

Double lipid bilayer membrane

45
Q

The outer lipid bilayer membrane is continous with what organelle?

A

RER (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum)

46
Q

Is the inner surface of the nuclear envelope lined with lamins?

A

Yes, bind the membrane and provide structural support

47
Q

The nuclear envelope has thousands of what kind of pores?

A

Nuclear Pores

48
Q

What is bound by DNA with histones and other proteins?

A

Chromatin

49
Q

Is hetreochromatin active or inactive?

A

inactive

50
Q

Euchromatin is also DNA, but can it stain?

A

Yes, it is lightly stained by Eosin

51
Q

Where is rRNA transcribed?

A

nucleolus

52
Q

What is the area, a chromosome occupies, called?

A

Chromosomal Territory

53
Q

Name the 4 functions of the cytoskeleton

A
  1. Determines shape
  2. Provides support
  3. Its organelles creates movement
  4. Facilitates the transport of organelles throughout the cell
54
Q

Name the 3 cytoskeletal systems that utilize different sets of cytoskeletal filaments.

A
  1. Actin cytoskeleton (thin filaments) - Maintains shape and movement
  2. Microtubules- Organelle movement
  3. Intermediate Filaments - provide strength to the cytoskeleton.
55
Q

What is the process called when Ribosomes synthesize protein from mRNA that was transcribed in the nucleus?

A

Translation

56
Q

How large is a ribosome?

A

20nm and can be seen by electron microscope

57
Q

Are Ribosomes acidophillic or basophillic?

A

Basophillic

58
Q

Free Ribsomes are located in which 2 areas?

A

Within the Mitochondrial Matrix and Cytoplasm

59
Q

What happens to proteins which function in the cytoplasm, nucleus and peroxisomes?

A

Synthesized by Free ribosomes

60
Q

What organelle is directly involved with lipid synthesis of lipid sysnthesis?

A

Smooth ER

61
Q

What organelle is involved with the synthesis of protein synthesis?

A

Rough ER

62
Q

What organelle is membrane bound and is a series of flattened vesicles?

A

Golgi Apparatus

63
Q

What kind of Golgi cisternae transport vesicles between RER?

A

CIS-cisternae

64
Q

Which type of Golgi cisternae is involved with sorting and packaging?

A

TRANS-Cisternae

65
Q

What organelle is involved with digestion of material take up from the cell?

A

Lysosomes

66
Q

When there is a malfunction in lysosomes, what is one kind of disease it can lead to?

A

Tay-Sach’s disease - Undigested material which continues to accumulate within the cell

67
Q

What type of lysosome are awaiting substrates for digestion?

A

Primary

68
Q

What type of lysosomes are in the process of digestion?

A

Secondary

69
Q

What type of granules are filled with undigested material?

A

Lipofuscion

70
Q

What type of vesicles are involved in the release of neurotransmitters?

A

Secretory Vesicles

71
Q

What type of secretion is involved in the default pathway of the Golgi appartus?

A

Constituative secretion

72
Q

What organelle is known as the primary sources of ATP for the cell

A

Mito-……. wait for it……. -chondria (MC)

73
Q

Do new mitochondria originate from old mitochondria?

A

Yes it does.

74
Q

Does the Outer Mitochondrial membrane seperate the inner membrane space from the cytoplasm?

A

Yes it does……would I lie to you???

75
Q

What are the folds within the Mitochondria called?

A

Cristae

76
Q

Where does the TCA and beta oxidation of fatty acids occur?

A

Mitochondrial matrix, located withing the mitochondrial membrane.

77
Q

What do peroxisomes contain? Its either oxygen or CO2.

A

Oxygen

78
Q

Humans have how many chromosomes?

A

23

79
Q

Name the 3 phases of Interphase.

A
  1. G1
  2. S-phase
  3. G2
80
Q

What phase does the cell duplicate its DNA?

A

S phase

81
Q

Which phase grow and synthesizes protein needed for DNA synthesis?

A

G1

82
Q

Repairing of DNA occurs during this phase.

A

G2

83
Q

How long does mitosis last?

A

1 hour

84
Q

How many phases does Mitosis have?

A

4

85
Q

Name the phases of Mitosis.

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
86
Q

What phase do the chromosomes condense for Mitosis?

A

Prophase

87
Q

What phase does the nuclear envelop reform during Mitosis

A

Telophase

88
Q

What phase during mitosis do the centrioles duplicate?

A

Prophase

89
Q

During what Mitosis phase do the chromatids get pulled towards the MOTCs at opposite poles of the cell?

A

Anaphase

90
Q

What phase do chromosomes decondense and Nucleoli reappear during Mitosis?

A

Telophase

MCBM Part 1 (29 decks)

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