Hovorka - Cell Structure and Function 1, 2 and 3

Question 1

What is Histology the study of?

Answer 1

the anatomical study of the microscopic structure of tissues

Question 2

What is Cytology the study of?

Answer 2

Cell and its component parts

Question 3

Names the 4 Imaging Modalities

Answer 3

Naked eye, Light Microscope, SEM and TEM

Question 4

If a typical tissue is fixed and sectioned, what is their size?

Answer 4

5 to 50 micron thick slices

Question 5

What is the most common stain?

Answer 5

Hemotoxylin-eosin stain

Question 6

Hemotoxylin is deep purple in color, what 3 structures does it stain?

Answer 6

1. Heterochromatin
2. Nuclei
3. Ribosomal RNA

Question 7

Hemotoxylin stains structure that are ________philic

Answer 7

Baso - philic

Question 8

Is Eosin a basic or acidic stain?

Answer 8

Acidic

Question 9

Does Hemotoxylin have a high pH or a low pH?

Answer 9

Higher. It is a basic staining agent

Question 10

What is the color of Eosin?

Answer 10

pink to red in color

Question 11

Eosin stains what structure?

Answer 11

Cytoplasm

Question 12

Cytoplasm, is it considered to be basophilic or eosinophilic?

Answer 12

Eosinophillic aka acidophillic

Question 13

What is the full name for SEM?

Answer 13

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Question 14

Whats is the full name for TEM?

Answer 14

Transmitting Electron Microscopy

Question 15

What is one of the electron microscopy system that requires extreme cold temperatures and striking the specimen instead of slicing?

Answer 15

Freeze-Fracturing. Liquid Nitrogen can be used.

Question 16

Freeze Fracturing reveals what type of membrane?

Answer 16

The Interior of the plasma membrane

Question 17

PAS (Periodic acid-Schiff) staining detects?

Answer 17

Carbohydrates

Question 18

Enzyme histochemistry is used to detect?

Answer 18

Presence of an enzyme

Question 19

Acid Phosphatase reaction detects the presence of?

Answer 19

Phosphatase enzymes

Question 20

Immunohistochemical staining uses dyes bound to antibodies to detect?

Answer 20

Antigens

Question 21

Name the 4 main types of tissues in humans

Answer 21

1. Epithelium
2. Connective Tissue
3. Nervous Tissue
4. Muscle Tissue

Question 22

What lines body cavities and forms glands?

Answer 22

Epithelium

Question 23

Myosin and Actin are both tributaries of what?

Answer 23

Muscle tissue

Question 24

Name the 3 types of Muscle tissue

Answer 24

Skeletal, Cardiac and Smooth

Question 25

What type of tissue displays associated support cells and neurons?

Answer 25

Nervous Tissue

Question 26

Cells consist of a cytoplasmic matrix but is surrounded by what type of membrane?

Answer 26

Plasma membrane (plasmalemma)

Question 27

Cells are supported by what type of structure?

Answer 27

Cytoskeleton

Question 28

Name 5 items that compose the matrix of the cytoplasm?

Answer 28

Water, enzymes, ions, macromolecules and dissolved gases.

Question 29

How much percent is the approx. lipid composition within a membrane?

Answer 29

50%

Question 30

What have Polar-Hydrophilic head and an uncharged-hydrophobic tail?

Answer 30

Membrane Phospholipids

Question 31

The heads of the phospholipid by layer,are the heads hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Answer 31

Hydrophillic. Thus creating a hydrophobic interior

Question 32

How thick is the lipid bilayer?

Answer 32

7nm thick

Question 33

What is the distance between the polar heads?

Answer 33

3nm

Question 34

What are the 3 functions of membrane proteins?

Answer 34

1. Transporter 2. Receptors 3. Structural anchors

Question 35

What type of proteins span the hydrophobic region of the lipid bilayer?

Answer 35

Integral Membrane Proteins

Question 36

What type of proteins bind to the hydrophilic heads of the membrane lipids?

Answer 36

Peripheral Proteins

Question 37

Who can strip proteins, other than Matt Moraton?

Answer 37

Salts or chelating agents. JK Matt!

Question 38

Can Glycolipids be modified by the addition of salts?

Answer 38

No.

Question 39

Can Glycolipids be modified by the additions of sugars?

Answer 39

Absolutley

Question 40

Carbs that extend from the extracellular surface of the membrane form what?

Answer 40

Glycocalyx of the cell.

Question 41

In the Plasma Membrane, can Cholestrol be incorporated?

Answer 41

YES!

Question 42

What is the site of storage of DNA?

Answer 42

The nucleus

Question 43

Nuclear envelope surrounds what membrane?

Answer 43

Nucleus

Question 44

What kind of membrane is the nuclear envelope?

Answer 44

Double lipid bilayer membrane

Question 45

The outer lipid bilayer membrane is continous with what organelle?

Answer 45

RER (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum)

Question 46

Is the inner surface of the nuclear envelope lined with lamins?

Answer 46

Yes, bind the membrane and provide structural support

Question 47

The nuclear envelope has thousands of what kind of pores?

Answer 47

Nuclear Pores

Question 48

What is bound by DNA with histones and other proteins?

Answer 48

Chromatin

Question 49

Is hetreochromatin active or inactive?

Answer 49

inactive

Question 50

Euchromatin is also DNA, but can it stain?

Answer 50

Yes, it is lightly stained by Eosin

Question 51

Where is rRNA transcribed?

Answer 51

nucleolus

Question 52

What is the area, a chromosome occupies, called?

Answer 52

Chromosomal Territory

Question 53

Name the 4 functions of the cytoskeleton

Answer 53

1. Determines shape 2. Provides support 3. Its organelles creates movement 4. Facilitates the transport of organelles throughout the cell

Question 54

Name the 3 cytoskeletal systems that utilize different sets of cytoskeletal filaments.

Answer 54

1. Actin cytoskeleton (thin filaments) - Maintains shape and movement 2. Microtubules- Organelle movement 3. Intermediate Filaments - provide strength to the cytoskeleton.

Question 55

What is the process called when Ribosomes synthesize protein from mRNA that was transcribed in the nucleus?

Answer 55

Translation

Question 56

How large is a ribosome?

Answer 56

20nm and can be seen by electron microscope

Question 57

Are Ribosomes acidophillic or basophillic?

Answer 57

Basophillic

Question 58

Free Ribsomes are located in which 2 areas?

Answer 58

Within the Mitochondrial Matrix and Cytoplasm

Question 59

What happens to proteins which function in the cytoplasm, nucleus and peroxisomes?

Answer 59

Synthesized by Free ribosomes

Question 60

What organelle is directly involved with lipid synthesis of lipid sysnthesis?

Answer 60

Smooth ER

Question 61

What organelle is involved with the synthesis of protein synthesis?

Answer 61

Rough ER

Question 62

What organelle is membrane bound and is a series of flattened vesicles?

Answer 62

Golgi Apparatus

Question 63

What kind of Golgi cisternae transport vesicles between RER?

Answer 63

CIS-cisternae

Question 64

Which type of Golgi cisternae is involved with sorting and packaging?

Answer 64

TRANS-Cisternae

Question 65

What organelle is involved with digestion of material take up from the cell?

Answer 65

Lysosomes

Question 66

When there is a malfunction in lysosomes, what is one kind of disease it can lead to?

Answer 66

Tay-Sach's disease - Undigested material which continues to accumulate within the cell

Question 67

What type of lysosome are awaiting substrates for digestion?

Answer 67

Primary

Question 68

What type of lysosomes are in the process of digestion?

Answer 68

Secondary

Question 69

What type of granules are filled with undigested material?

Answer 69

Lipofuscion

Question 70

What type of vesicles are involved in the release of neurotransmitters?

Answer 70

Secretory Vesicles

Question 71

What type of secretion is involved in the default pathway of the Golgi appartus?

Answer 71

Constituative secretion

Question 72

What organelle is known as the primary sources of ATP for the cell

Answer 72

Mito-....... wait for it....... -chondria (MC)

Question 73

Do new mitochondria originate from old mitochondria?

Answer 73

Yes it does.

Question 74

Does the Outer Mitochondrial membrane seperate the inner membrane space from the cytoplasm?

Answer 74

Yes it does......would I lie to you???

Question 75

What are the folds within the Mitochondria called?

Answer 75

Cristae

Question 76

Where does the TCA and beta oxidation of fatty acids occur?

Answer 76

Mitochondrial matrix, located withing the mitochondrial membrane.

Question 77

What do peroxisomes contain? Its either oxygen or CO2.

Answer 77

Oxygen

Question 78

Humans have how many chromosomes?

Answer 78

23

Question 79

Name the 3 phases of Interphase.

Answer 79

1. G1 2. S-phase 3. G2

Question 80

What phase does the cell duplicate its DNA?

Answer 80

S phase

Question 81

Which phase grow and synthesizes protein needed for DNA synthesis?

Answer 81

G1

Question 82

Repairing of DNA occurs during this phase.

Answer 82

G2

Question 83

How long does mitosis last?

Answer 83

1 hour

Question 84

How many phases does Mitosis have?

Answer 84

4

Question 85

Name the phases of Mitosis.

Answer 85

1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase

Question 86

What phase do the chromosomes condense for Mitosis?

Answer 86

Prophase

Question 87

What phase does the nuclear envelop reform during Mitosis

Answer 87

Telophase

Question 88

What phase during mitosis do the centrioles duplicate?

Answer 88

Prophase

Question 89

During what Mitosis phase do the chromatids get pulled towards the MOTCs at opposite poles of the cell?

Answer 89

Anaphase

Question 90

What phase do chromosomes decondense and Nucleoli reappear during Mitosis?

Answer 90

Telophase