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MCBM Part 1 > Kandpal - DNA Replication > Flashcards

Kandpal - DNA Replication Flashcards

1
Q

With hybridization , how many fragments of DNA can be hybridized?

A

Two

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2
Q

What is Southern hybridization?

A

Probe fragment to a DNA fragment

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3
Q

What is Northern hybridization?

A

Probe fragment to a RNA fragment

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4
Q

What does PCR stand for?

A

polymerase chain reaction

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5
Q

What are the requirements for PCR?

A
  1. Template
  2. Pair of primers
  3. 4 Deoxyribonucleotides
  4. Taq DNA polymerase
  5. Appropriate buffer
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6
Q

What are the 4 deoxyribonuceotides?

A

dATP, dGTP, dCTP and dTTP

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7
Q

What is the cycling process called in PCR?

A

Exponential amplification 2^n
Note: Denaturation occurs at 95 degrees Celsuis.
Note:DNA strand extension at optimum temp of Taq 72 degrees Celsius

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8
Q

What is separates the DNA strands?

A

Heat

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9
Q

What is added during step 2 in the PCR process?

A

Hybridization of primers

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10
Q

What occurs during step 3 of PCR?

A

DNA synthesis

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11
Q

If you have 2 cycles of replication, how many DNA strands will you have in total

A

4 double stranded molecules

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12
Q

What is microarray based hybridization?

A

Determing expression of genes in 2 tissues by using a poll of probes

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13
Q

What chemical could be used during microarray testing?

A

Fluorchrome

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14
Q

If you have the color yellow during microarray, what does it display?

A

Both genes are being expressed by both RNA

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15
Q

If you have the color red during microarray, what does it display?

A

The sample of 1 is being expressed.

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16
Q

If you have the color green during microarray, what does it display?

A

The sample of 2 is being expressed

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17
Q

During a paternity test, what are you trying to match?

A

Matching Allele based markers

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18
Q

Is the alleged father the real father, if yes or no, how can one conclude it?

A

Consider allele frequencies

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19
Q

What does VNTR stand for?

A

Variable Number of Tandem Repeats

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20
Q

What is the function of VNTR?

A

Repeated units of that are short(microsatellites), intermediate (minisatellites) or large

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21
Q

T or F, Using one marker will not provide a statistically signficant match?

A

False, match of a multiple markers can allow a conclusion of a statistically significance similarity between two samples.

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22
Q

Do prokaryotes and eukaryotes fallow the same general principles of replication?

A

YES!

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23
Q

What major therapeutics give application of molecular differences?

A

Antibiotics

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24
Q

What states that “Every cell in the body arises from an existing cell”?

A

The Cell doctrine

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25
What phase of DNA replication is the longest in time?
Interphase
26
What phase to sister chromatids seperate and go to opposite sides to their poles?
Anaphase
27
What is the basis of Meiosis?
Replication + 2 rounds of cell division
28
What can cause mutation to disease?
During cyclin kinases
29
What are the 3 checkpoints?
1. DNA replicates only when conditions are right. 2. Mitosis occurs only after replication has completed. 3. Cytokinesis occurs only after all chromosomes have separated.
30
If each DNA strand during replication serves as a template to specify its complementary strand, what is this called?
Semiconservative
31
DNA polymer extends in what direction always?
5' to 3'
32
What is DNA polymerase type 1 for E. coli?
Low processivity (DNA repair)
33
What is DNA polymerase type 2 for E. Coli?
Somewhat higher processivity (DNA repair)
34
What is DNA polymerase type 3 for E. Coli?
Highest processivity (DNA replication)
35
What is processivity?
Continue to synthesize due to the fact it can replicate by latching back to the a new strand.
36
Out of the 3 polymerase for E. Coli, which one is part of replicase?
Pol 3.
37
Out of the 3 polymerase for E. Coli which one has 3 activities compared to the others, which have 2.
Pol 1 has three.
38
Name the 6 bacterial protiens and their gene names.
1. dnaA Initiator protein 2. dnaB Helicase 3. dnaG Primase 4. polA Polymerase I 5. polB Polymerase II 6. dnaE Polymerase III
39
T or F, DNA has parallel polarity?
False, Antiparallel polarity
40
What happens when a wrong base is incorporated?
DNA Polymerase has an editing (exonuclease) activity
41
What is the error frequency after proofreading E. Coli?
10-9.
42
What is the genome size basepairs for E. Coli?
Genome size 4.64 x 106 basepairs | ~5 x 10-3 errors per replication cycle
43
How large is the HUMAN genome in basepairs?
3.2 x 10-9 basepairs
44
T or F, A nucleotide cannot be completed if the base pair is incomplete?
True.
45
What is the error rate for the Human genome?
Approx. 3/cell/replication
46
How many cells do humans have and what is the percentage in coding DNA?
10^14 cells and the Approx 1% is coding DNA
47
Replication begins at which point in order to start replication?
Origin of replication
48
T or F, Initiator protein (dnaA) binds to the origin and denatures A-T base pairs?
True.
49
What type of helicase unwinds the double stranded DNA?
dnaB (ATP dependent)
50
What relieves overwinding of DNA?
Type 2 topoisomerase (gyrase in E. Coli)
51
T or F, DNA cannot start without a primer?
True
52
How long is the primase synthesis nucleotide?
15 nucleotides long
53
DNA polymerase 3 adds new nucleotides to which side?
3' OH end
54
T or F, 5' to 3' is where polymerase 1 will remove the RNA sequence?
True
55
What energy is released during step 2 of DNA ligase?
AMP
56
What energy is used during DNA ligase?
ATP
57
Polymerase 3 is part of a hugh part of replication, what is another name for Polymerase 3
Holoenzyme
58
What are the 4 main key subunits of holoenzyme
1. Catalytic core of three subunits a-e-q, 2. Clamp subunits (b, b) for processivity 3. Clamp loader (g complex) 4. Assembly subunit (t, t)
59
What lays does the DNA helicases?
Kinase
60
IN THIS LECTURE GO OVER SLIDE 41 FOR BETTER CLARIFICATION ON E. COLI REPLICATION
......
61
Why do we look at E.Coli for information?
The replication principle is the same for mammalian E.Coli cells, leading to potential creation of antibiotics.
62
What is a logical target for inhibiting bacterial life process?
Enzymes of DNA replication
63
What type of microbes produce aminocoumarin class of antibiotics like "Novobiocin"?
Streptomyces spheroides and Stretpmyces niveus
64
What are synthetic antibiotics for replication and transcription?
Levofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin
65
True of False, Type 1 Topoisomerases will cut one strand of DNA?
True.
66
True of False, Type 2 Topoisomerases will cut 1 strand?
False, it cuts 2.
67
What is another definition of Positive super coiling?
Overwound
68
What is another definition of Negative supercoiling?
Underwound
69
What is the target enzye for fluoroquinolones?
Bacterial Gyrase (Topoisomerase Type 2)
70
Is Gyrase a homotetramer or heterotetramer?
Heterotetramer (GyrA2 and GyrB2)
71
T or F, GyrB carries out ATP hydrolysis?
True
72
Which one out of Fluoroquinolones or Novobiocin, prevent the reversible ligation step carried out by GyrA?
Fluoroquinolones. Novobiocin complete with ATP for binding to GyrB.
73
What drug, FDA approved, used for small cell lung cancer and ovarian cancer?
Topotecan (Hycamtin)
74
Name some causes of antibiotic resistance?
1. Bacterial Genomes are small 2. Replication and doubling times are shorter 3. Errors in replication are likely to occur 4. Errors lead to mutations and produce mutant bacteria
75
T or F, Mutant bacterium will be selected and the susceptible bacteria will perish.
True
76
What are 2 resistances to Quinolone?
1. N-terminal end of GyrA (most mutations) | 2. C-terminal end of GyrB (few mutations)

MCBM Part 1 (29 decks)

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