Mitsoura - Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the sources of GLUCOSE for glycolysis and how these sources are used as a function of metabolic state

A

Dietary intake (fed state), from glycogenolysis (fasting state), from gluconeogenesis (starving state - new glucose synthhesis)

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2
Q

Where is glucokinase found/located?

A

liver and pancreas only

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3
Q

Glucokinase has a high Km for glucose. What does this mean?

A

It has a low affinity for glucose and therefore it has a high Vmax

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4
Q

When does glucokinase work best?

A

Works best during the fed state to take in large amounts of blood glucose

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5
Q

What sugars does glucokinase have an affinity for?

A

only glucose!

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6
Q

Where is hexokinase found/located?

A

all tissues and organs outside liver and pancreas

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7
Q

When does hexokinase work best?

A

it works at all metabolic states

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8
Q

What effect does insulin have on glucokinase and hexokinase?

A

insulin has no effect on hexokinase, but glucokinase is inducible by it

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9
Q

What sugars does hexokinase have an affinity for?

A

Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose

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10
Q

What is the investment phase of glycolysis?

A

Step #1: Glucose → Glucose-6-Phosphate (enzyme: hexokinase/glucokinase)
Step #3: Fructose-6-Phosphate → Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (enzyme: PFK-1)

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11
Q

What is the splitting phase?

A

Step #4: Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate → Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate (G3P) + Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate (DHAP)
(enzyme: Aldolase A)

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12
Q

How many energy generating steps are there?

A

there are 3 steps

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13
Q

List the first energy generating step

A

Step #: G3P ↔ 1,3-biphosphoglycerate
(enzyme: glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase)
generates 2 NADH

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14
Q

Where do the NADHs from the first energy generating step go?

A

to electron transport chain for ATP production

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15
Q

List the second energy generating step

A

1,3-biphosphoglycerate ↔ 3-Phosphoglycerate
(enzyme: phosphoglycerate kinase)
generates 2 ATP

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16
Q

List the third energy generating step

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) → Pyruvate
(enzyme: pyruvate kinase)
generates 2 ATP
[this is a regulated step]

17
Q

What is the net energy generated in glycolysis

A

2 ATP and 2 NADH

18
Q

How much energy is produced anaerobically?

A

2 ATP, zero NADH

19
Q

How does insulin stimulate glycolysis?

A

by activating PFK-2, catalyzing F-6-P → F-2,6-bisphosphate, which acts as an allosteric activator of PFK-1

20
Q

How does glucagon inhibit glycolysis?

A

by activating F-2,6-bisphosphatase, catalyzing F-2,6-bisP → F-6-P, which then inhibits PFK-1

21
Q

What stimulates and inhibits glucokinase?

A

stimulation: insulin and glucose
inhibition: glucagon and ATP

22
Q

What inhibits hexokinase?

A

ATP and glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P)

23
Q

What stimulates and inhibits phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)?

A

stimulation: AMP, Insulin, Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
inhibition: Glucagon, ATP, Citrate (TCA cycle)

24
Q

What stimulates and inhibits pyruvate kinase?

A

stimulation: Insulin, Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
inhibition: ATP and Glucagon

25
Q

When does lactic acidosis occur?

A

it occurs when there is a build up of lactate

26
Q

What is the build up of lactate due to?

A

high concentrations of Pyruvate

27
Q

What enzyme converts Pyruvate to Lactate?

A

Lactate Dehydrogenase

28
Q

What diseases cause/result in lactic acidosis?

A

severe lung disease, Von Gierke’s (GSD), Leukemia, Metastatic carcinoma

29
Q

What two deficiencies cause/result in lactic acidosis?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency

30
Q

What 6 other conditions/factors result in lactic acidosis?

A

strenuous exercise, high altitude, drowning, carbon monoxide poisoning, cyanide poisoning, and alcohol intoxication

31
Q

How does pyruvate kinase deficiency result in hemolytic anemia?

A

pyruvate kinase deficiency reduces amount of pyruvate produced, in turn reducing ATP produced via TCA cycle
structural integrity of RBCs decreases → forming acanthocytes → leading to cell lysis (aka: non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia)