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MCBM Part 1 > Kuehn - Development and Meiosis > Flashcards

Kuehn - Development and Meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is a zygote?

A

fertilized egg, after nuclear fusion

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2
Q

What period of time do the pre-embryonic stages consist of?

A

first two weeks of development

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3
Q

What are the three different stages of development?

A

Pre-embryonic, embryo, and fetus

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4
Q

List the 4 pre-embryonic stages

A

zygote, 2-8 cell stages, morula, and blastocyst

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5
Q

What is an embryo

A

developing organism from 2-8 weeks

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6
Q

What is a fetus

A

developing organism from week 9 to birth

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7
Q

What are two additional terms associated with development

A

Conceptus and Trimester

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8
Q

What does CONCEPTUS mean

A

embryo or fetus including all surrounding membranes derived from zygote

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9
Q

What is a TRIMESTER

A

1/3 of the human gestational period (not related to developmental stages)

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10
Q

List the 9 basic processes of development

A

growth, differential growth, selective cell death, cell differentiation, migration, epithelial folding, cavitation and cannalization

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11
Q

What is growth and what three things increase in this process?

A

an increase in overall cell size; cell number, cell size, and extracellular matrix

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12
Q

What pathology is associated with GROWTH

A

hyperplasia (number) and hypertrophy (size)

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13
Q

What is differential growth?

A

one side or part of a structure grows faster than another

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14
Q

What is is differential growth mechanism for?

A

it is the major mechanism that allows organs to reach their ultimate shape

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15
Q

What is induction

A

a chemical signal causing a change in cells resulting in migration, differentiation, or other change

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16
Q

What two things can this chemical signal (induction) be?

A

a surface signaling molecule or chemical released into extracellular matrix

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17
Q

What is an example of double indcution?

A

lens of eye

optic vesicle → lens → optic cup

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18
Q

Cells programmed (by specific genes) to die to allow structure to develop is know as which process?

A

selective cell death

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19
Q

Provide two examples of selective cell death

A

hands (cells btwn fingers die) and the brain (many cells die in fetal life)

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20
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

Cells change from undifferentiated (nonspecialized) to differentiated (specialized) types

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21
Q

What is metaplasia

A

a pathologic de-differentiation and re-differentiation

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22
Q

What is physical movement of cells from one location to another called?

A

Migration

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23
Q

What type of movement does migration usually involve

A

amoeboid and chemotaxis towards or away from specific developmental factors

24
Q

What is important in cases of nerve axons related to migration

A

it can involve only a part of the cell

25
Q

What is epithelial folding and when does it take place?

A

When the edges of some types of undifferentiatiated, flat epithelia can fold over on themselves; Upon appropriate induction

26
Q

What 2 things does epithelial folding form and provide an example for each?

A

Form a tube (e.g., neural tube)

Form a ball (e.g., eye, lens of eye, or otic cyst)

27
Q

What contracts in the terminal web of the epithelial cells during folding?

A

actin filaments contract

28
Q

What are cavitations and cannalizations?

A

opening of spaces in originally solid tissues as the cells move to a peripheral location

29
Q

What do cavitations and cannalizations create?

A

the blastocyst cavity, celom, and lumen of the gut cavity

30
Q

Name the different classes and developmental factors commonly used during development

A

Morphogens, notch, transcription factors, and receptor tyrosine kinases,

31
Q

What are morphogens

A

Diffusable molecules, released locally; react with cells to govern pattern of development

32
Q

List the 5 morphogens

A

Retinoic acid, transforming growth factor β, bone morphogenic proteins, hedgehogs, and WNT

33
Q

What does retinoic acid (vitamin A) do?

A

it fine tunes interactions of other developmental factors

34
Q

What does transforming growth factor β do?

A

it promotes cell growth and differentiation

35
Q

What pathway does transforming growth factor β use?

A

uses SMAD pathway

36
Q

What are bone morphogenic proteins?

A

pivotal developmental signaling molecules

37
Q

Why are bone morphogenic proteins important?

A

they are critical for anything derived from mesoderm (ie. muscles, etc)

38
Q

What is a hedgehog series (ie. SHH)?

A

a critical developmental gene requiring cholesterol to become active

39
Q

Why is WNT important?

A

it is critical in pattern development and axis patterning. Critical for early development!

40
Q

What does WNT use?

A

it uses β-catenin to activate gene sequences

41
Q

What are transcription factors?

A

a large class of intracellular/integral proteins that regulate expression of target genes

42
Q

How do transcription factors regulate expression?

A

they either activate or repress

43
Q

what is a HISTONE transcription factor?

A

proteins that bind to and organize DNA

44
Q

What is a Hox/Homeobox transcription factor?

A

proteins found in all animal species and invertebrates, that regulate segmental separation and development

45
Q

What are Paired Box (Pax) genes transcription factors?

A

with paired domains, are factors which can either activate or repress specific genes

46
Q

What are Basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) transcription factors?

A

factors which help regulate fate determination and differentiation

47
Q

What do Basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) have?

A

have a charged DNA binding region and hydrophobic parts for protein-protein interactions

48
Q

Name two Basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) transcription factors?

A

Myogenin and Neurogenin

49
Q

What are receptor tyrosine kinases?

A

cell surface receptors including growth factors transfer high energy phosphates

50
Q

What do receptor tyrosine kinases regulate (5)?

A

cell migration, proliferation, survival, apoptosis, and new growth, etc. (also used in normal cell function)

51
Q

What growth factors do receptor tyrosine kinases include?

A

insulin, epidermal growth factors, nerve growth factors, etc

52
Q

What are the 3 domains of the receptor tyrosine kinases?

A

extra-cellular ligand binding domain, trans-membrane domain, intra-cellular kinase domain

53
Q

In what type of cells does meiosis occur?

A

In germinal (sex) cells only

54
Q

What are the 9 basic steps of Meiosis?

A

Interphase1, Prophase (1,2), Metaphase (1,2) Anaphase (1,2), and Telophase (1,2)

55
Q

What are 3 main points regarding Mitosis?

A

same number of chromosomes at start and end, ends with 2 diploid cells, and happens in all cells

56
Q

What are 3 main points regarding Meiosis?

A

Only occurs in gametes, Meiosis 1 is known as “reduction division”, and final 4 cells are haploids

57
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis?

A

to create a distinct individual with a unique genome

MCBM Part 1 (29 decks)

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