Kandpal- The Genome, Gene and Molecular Medicine

Question 1

What is integral in designing treatment options?

Answer 1

DNA sequence

Question 2

What major enzyme is missing in Humans and is within chimps?

Answer 2

CMAH (CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase)

Question 3

What does the enzyme CMAH do?

Answer 3

Converts CMP-Neu5Ac
to
CMP-Neu5Gc

Question 4

How many basepairs deletions had occurred due to the loss of the CMAH activity?

Answer 4

92 basepairs

Question 5

Due to the lack of CMAH enzyme, what are humans susceptible of?

Answer 5

Plasmodium falciparum

Question 6

Since chimps have CMAH what problem are they susceptible of?

Answer 6

Pamosdium reichenowi

Question 7

Name 2 type of DNA related treatment prescriptions for breast cancer patients.

Answer 7

Hormonal and Chemotherapy

Question 8

Name a blood thinner that is based on genotype.

Answer 8

Warfarin (Coumadin)

Question 9

What major enzyme is missing in Humans and is within chimps?

Answer 9

CMAH (CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase)

Question 10

Name a gene that metabolizes (by hrydoxylating and other rxns) drugs

Answer 10

CYP (Cytochrome P450)

Question 11

T or F, CYP can carry out reactions including hydroxylation?

Answer 11

Yes it can. Xenobiotis are hydroxylated and then excreted dur to CYP.

Question 12

What is an alleles?

Answer 12

2 alternative forms of a gene or DNA sequence

Question 13

What are the 2 copies of gene/chromsome made of?

Answer 13

Maternal and Paternal genes

Question 14

If a geneotype of a cell has identical alleles what is the terminology of the genotype?

Answer 14

Homozygous

Question 15

If a genotype of a cell has two non-identical alleles is termed as?

Answer 15

Heterozygous

Question 16

In homozygote or heterozygote do you find a recessive trait?

Answer 16

Homozygote

Question 17

What is the name of a phenotype manifesting in a heterozygote?

Answer 17

Dominant

Question 18

Can CYP2C9 and Coumadin be altered?

Answer 18

Yes. Its called polymorphism

Question 19

If a drug is inactivated faster, a small dose will not be an effective anticoagulant. What do you need to do, to have an effective treament?

Answer 19

Increase the dosage

Question 20

If a drug takes too long to be inactivated, excess dose will cause bleeding. What needs to be corrected?

Answer 20

Decrease the dosage

Question 21

If warfarin is given to patients carrying CYP2C92 or CYP2C93 will cause what complications?

Answer 21

Increased bleeding. Hence why lower doses are given to these type of patients.

Question 22

What does Coumadin inhibit?

Answer 22

VKORC1 (Vitamin K epoxide reductase)

Question 23

What is the end product when VKORC1 converts vitamin K epoxide?

Answer 23

Reduced form of vitamin K

Question 24

What factors are vitamin K dependent proteins?

Answer 24

2, 7, 9 and 10

Question 25

What kind of polymer structure is DNA?

Answer 25

Polynucleotide

Question 26

Name the 4 bases associated with DNA.

Answer 26

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine

Question 27

What is the base for RNA?

Answer 27

Uracil

Question 28

What is the unit of a nucleotide?

Answer 28

Nucleotide monophosphate

Question 29

What are nucleotides joined by?

Answer 29

Phophodiester

Question 30

What are the 2 strands of DNA held together by?

Answer 30

Hydrogen bonds

Question 31

What are the bases for Pyrimidines?

Answer 31

Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil

Question 32

What are the bases for Purines?

Answer 32

Adenine and Guanine

Question 33

How is a Nucleoside made?

Answer 33

Nitrogenous base + Sugar

Question 34

What two components are needed to create a nucleotide?

Answer 34

Nucleosides + One or More Phosphat

Question 35

When setting up a new nucleotide, which ends tend to attach to one another?

Answer 35

5' phosphate of one nucleotide forms phosphodiester bond with the 3' OH of the next nucleotide

Question 36

Name 4 functions of a nucleotide.

Answer 36

1. Constituents of DNA and RNA 2. Cofactors in enzymatic reactions 3. Energy currency (ATP) 4. Cell signaling (GTP in G protein coupled receptor)

Question 37

What are the function of nucleotides FAD and NAD?

Answer 37

Electron carriers

Question 38

What are the functions of nucleotides Cyclic AMP and cGMP?

Answer 38

Secondary messengers

Question 39

What are the functions of nucleotide Coenzyme A(CoA)

Answer 39

Carbon carrier in fatty acid metabolism

Question 40

Griffith's Experiment was aimed to find out whether DNA or Protein was genetic material. What type of health issue did he use to get his findings?

Answer 40

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 41

What are the 2 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae?

Answer 41

Virulent strain S (smooth) and Avirulent strain (Rough)

Question 42

During griffith's experiment, avirulent bacteria was given to the mouse, what happened to the mouse?

Answer 42

Nothing, it survived

Question 43

During griffith's experiment, heated virulent bacteria was given to the mouse, what happened to the mouse?

Answer 43

Nothing, it survived

Question 44

During griffith's experiment, virulent bacteria was given to the mouse, what happened to the mouse?

Answer 44

It died

Question 45

During griffith's experiment, avirulent bacteria and a heated killed virulent bacteria was given to the mouse, what happened to the mouse?

Answer 45

It died but this was a critical point as Griffith was able to extract the virulent bacteria

Question 46

What rule postulates that A = T and C = G in double stranded DNA and not in a single stranded DNA?

Answer 46

Chargaff's rule

Question 47

During zero order kinetics, denaturation of what bond causes the DNA to become single stranded?

Answer 47

Hydrogen bonds

Question 48

What order of kinetics does renaturing occur when there are special conditions?

Answer 48

Second order. There is no first order

Question 49

Which type of DNA absorbs more UV light?

Answer 49

Single stranded

Question 50

What part of the DNA absorb UV light?

Answer 50

bases while the strand melts

Question 51

What happens during UV absorbs for single stranded DNA?

Answer 51

20 to 30% linear increase

Question 52

What happens during UV absorbstion for a double stranded DNA?

Answer 52

2 fold increase around Tm

Question 53

What does heat do to the Hydrogen bonds?

Answer 53

Disrupts the bonding

Question 54

Name 2 factors that are stabilizing agents?

Answer 54

Na+, K+ and GC/AT ratio

Question 55

Name 2 chemicals which destabilize the DNA helix.

Answer 55

Urea and formamide