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MCBM Part 1 > Kandpal- The Genome, Gene and Molecular Medicine > Flashcards

Kandpal- The Genome, Gene and Molecular Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

What is integral in designing treatment options?

A

DNA sequence

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2
Q

What major enzyme is missing in Humans and is within chimps?

A

CMAH (CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase)

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3
Q

What does the enzyme CMAH do?

A

Converts CMP-Neu5Ac
to
CMP-Neu5Gc

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4
Q

How many basepairs deletions had occurred due to the loss of the CMAH activity?

A

92 basepairs

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5
Q

Due to the lack of CMAH enzyme, what are humans susceptible of?

A

Plasmodium falciparum

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6
Q

Since chimps have CMAH what problem are they susceptible of?

A

Pamosdium reichenowi

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7
Q

Name 2 type of DNA related treatment prescriptions for breast cancer patients.

A

Hormonal and Chemotherapy

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8
Q

Name a blood thinner that is based on genotype.

A

Warfarin (Coumadin)

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9
Q

What major enzyme is missing in Humans and is within chimps?

A

CMAH (CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase)

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10
Q

Name a gene that metabolizes (by hrydoxylating and other rxns) drugs

A

CYP (Cytochrome P450)

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11
Q

T or F, CYP can carry out reactions including hydroxylation?

A

Yes it can. Xenobiotis are hydroxylated and then excreted dur to CYP.

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12
Q

What is an alleles?

A

2 alternative forms of a gene or DNA sequence

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13
Q

What are the 2 copies of gene/chromsome made of?

A

Maternal and Paternal genes

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14
Q

If a geneotype of a cell has identical alleles what is the terminology of the genotype?

A

Homozygous

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15
Q

If a genotype of a cell has two non-identical alleles is termed as?

A

Heterozygous

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16
Q

In homozygote or heterozygote do you find a recessive trait?

A

Homozygote

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17
Q

What is the name of a phenotype manifesting in a heterozygote?

A

Dominant

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18
Q

Can CYP2C9 and Coumadin be altered?

A

Yes. Its called polymorphism

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19
Q

If a drug is inactivated faster, a small dose will not be an effective anticoagulant. What do you need to do, to have an effective treament?

A

Increase the dosage

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20
Q

If a drug takes too long to be inactivated, excess dose will cause bleeding. What needs to be corrected?

A

Decrease the dosage

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21
Q

If warfarin is given to patients carrying CYP2C92 or CYP2C93 will cause what complications?

A

Increased bleeding. Hence why lower doses are given to these type of patients.

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22
Q

What does Coumadin inhibit?

A

VKORC1 (Vitamin K epoxide reductase)

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23
Q

What is the end product when VKORC1 converts vitamin K epoxide?

A

Reduced form of vitamin K

24
Q

What factors are vitamin K dependent proteins?

A

2, 7, 9 and 10

25
Q

What kind of polymer structure is DNA?

A

Polynucleotide

26
Q

Name the 4 bases associated with DNA.

A

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine

27
Q

What is the base for RNA?

A

Uracil

28
Q

What is the unit of a nucleotide?

A

Nucleotide monophosphate

29
Q

What are nucleotides joined by?

A

Phophodiester

30
Q

What are the 2 strands of DNA held together by?

A

Hydrogen bonds

31
Q

What are the bases for Pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil

32
Q

What are the bases for Purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine

33
Q

How is a Nucleoside made?

A

Nitrogenous base + Sugar

34
Q

What two components are needed to create a nucleotide?

A

Nucleosides + One or More Phosphat

35
Q

When setting up a new nucleotide, which ends tend to attach to one another?

A

5’ phosphate of one nucleotide forms phosphodiester bond with the 3’ OH of the next nucleotide

36
Q

Name 4 functions of a nucleotide.

A
  1. Constituents of DNA and RNA
  2. Cofactors in enzymatic reactions
  3. Energy currency (ATP)
  4. Cell signaling (GTP in G protein coupled receptor)
37
Q

What are the function of nucleotides FAD and NAD?

A

Electron carriers

38
Q

What are the functions of nucleotides Cyclic AMP and cGMP?

A

Secondary messengers

39
Q

What are the functions of nucleotide Coenzyme A(CoA)

A

Carbon carrier in fatty acid metabolism

40
Q

Griffith’s Experiment was aimed to find out whether DNA or Protein was genetic material. What type of health issue did he use to get his findings?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

41
Q

What are the 2 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

Virulent strain S (smooth) and Avirulent strain (Rough)

42
Q

During griffith’s experiment, avirulent bacteria was given to the mouse, what happened to the mouse?

A

Nothing, it survived

43
Q

During griffith’s experiment, heated virulent bacteria was given to the mouse, what happened to the mouse?

A

Nothing, it survived

44
Q

During griffith’s experiment, virulent bacteria was given to the mouse, what happened to the mouse?

A

It died

45
Q

During griffith’s experiment, avirulent bacteria and a heated killed virulent bacteria was given to the mouse, what happened to the mouse?

A

It died but this was a critical point as Griffith was able to extract the virulent bacteria

46
Q

What rule postulates that A = T and C = G in double stranded DNA and not in a single stranded DNA?

A

Chargaff’s rule

47
Q

During zero order kinetics, denaturation of what bond causes the DNA to become single stranded?

A

Hydrogen bonds

48
Q

What order of kinetics does renaturing occur when there are special conditions?

A

Second order. There is no first order

49
Q

Which type of DNA absorbs more UV light?

A

Single stranded

50
Q

What part of the DNA absorb UV light?

A

bases while the strand melts

51
Q

What happens during UV absorbs for single stranded DNA?

A

20 to 30% linear increase

52
Q

What happens during UV absorbstion for a double stranded DNA?

A

2 fold increase around Tm

53
Q

What does heat do to the Hydrogen bonds?

A

Disrupts the bonding

54
Q

Name 2 factors that are stabilizing agents?

A

Na+, K+ and GC/AT ratio

55
Q

Name 2 chemicals which destabilize the DNA helix.

A

Urea and formamide

MCBM Part 1 (29 decks)

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