Mitosis, Meiosis, DNA Replication, DNA Structure Flashcards
Very Easy
Describe the events where chromosomes exchange segments
First synapsis must occur so the homologous chromosomes can get close to each other. Then crossing over occurs where chromosomes exchange segments. We can see this at the chiasmata, where crossing over hasoccurred. This finally results in recombinants.
First synapsis must occur so the homologous chromosomes can get close to each other. Then crossing over occurs where chromosomes exchange segments. We can see this at the chiasmata, where crossing over hasoccurred. This finally results in recombinants.
Describe the events where chromosomes exchange segments
What is a Haplo
Haploid Sperm o
Haploid Sperm o
What is a Haplo
When does cell divide into approximately 2 equal halves during Mitosis
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis
When does cell divide into approximately 2 equal halves during Mitosis
During which phase of interphase does DNA replicate
Synthesis= S phase
Synthesis= S phase
During which phase of interphase does DNA replicate
During which phase does the cell prepare for division by rapidly producing proteins, and repair damages
G2
G2
During which phase does the cell prepare for division by rapidly producing proteins, and repair damages
G stands for…
Gap
Gap
G stands for…
what are chromosomes?
what are double chromosomes
sister chromatids
1 set of genetic info=1 chromosome
1 double chromosome= 2 identical chromatids held together by centromere
chromatids in the double chromosome
1 set of genetic info=1 chromosome
1 double chromosome= 2 identical chromatids held together by centromere
chromatids in the double chromosome
what are chromosomes?
what are double chromosomes
sister chromatids
In the following picture, point out interphase, telophase, anaphase, metaphase, and prophase cells:
Interphase: 1
Prophase: 2, 3, 4, 5,
Metaphase: 6, 7
Anaphase; 8, 9
Telophase/ cytokinesis: 10
Interphase: 1
Prophase: 2, 3, 4, 5,
Metaphase: 6, 7
Anaphase; 8, 9
Telophase/ cytokinesis: 10
In the following picture, point out interphase, telophase, anaphase, metaphase, and prophase cells:
A:
T:
G:
C:
ATGCGTACGC
T
A
C
G
Chose 1
TACGCATGCG
TTACGGCATC
TTAAAGCCTCT
ATCGATCGAAGG
T
A
C
G
Chose 1
TACGCATGCG
TTACGGCATC
TTAAAGCCTCT
ATCGATCGAAGG
A:
T:
G:
C:
ATGCGTACGC
Define Cell division
When 1 cell divides into 2 identical daughter cells
When 1 cell divides into 2 identical daughter cells
Define Cell division
Histones
Protein around which DNA is wrapped around, so that it is organized and neat
Protein around which DNA is wrapped around, so that it is organized and neat
Histones
Chromatin
DNA + histones
DNA + histones
Chromatin
Define Mitosis
Centromere
cell Cycle
cytokinesis
division of genetic material of a parent cell into 2 daughter cells
part of a chromosome where spindle fibers attach
an orderly sequence of events that extends from the time a cell first arises until it divides itself
division of rest of cell and cytoplasm into 2 daughter cells along with organelles, cleavage and cell plate
division of genetic material of a parent cell into 2 daughter cells
part of a chromosome where spindle fibers attach
an orderly sequence of events that extends from the time a cell first arises until it divides itself
division of rest of cell and cytoplasm into 2 daughter cells along with organelles, cleavage and cell plate
Define Mitosis
Centromere
cell Cycle
cytokinesis
Describe Interphase
cell growth
production of molecules and new organelles
by G2, two centrosomes exist and DNA has replicated
cell growth
production of molecules and new organelles
by G2, two centrosomes exist and DNA has replicated
Describe Interphase
Describe Prophase
chromosomes form
nuclear envelope disappears
centromeres exist
centrosomes move away from each other, mitotic spindle appears as microtubules projecting from centrosomes.
spindle microtubules can now reach centromeres
some attach to chromosomes
others attach to opposite microtubules
spindle moves chromosomes to center of cell
chromosomes form
nuclear envelope disappears
centromeres exist
centrosomes move away from each other, mitotic spindle appears as microtubules projecting from centrosomes.
spindle microtubules can now reach centromeres
some attach to chromosomes
others attach to opposite microtubules
spindle moves chromosomes to center of cell
Describe Prophase
Describe Metaphase
mitotic spindle is fully formed
chromosomes are equator of cell
mitotic spindle is fully formed
chromosomes are equator of cell
Describe Metaphase
Describe Anaphase
Anaphase begins suddenly
sisters seperate
Each chromatid becomes a daughter chromosome
kinetocores walk chromatids to end of cell
these microtubules shorten
microtobules not attached to kinetocores lengthen, elongating cell
Anaphase begins suddenly
sisters seperate
Each chromatid becomes a daughter chromosome
kinetocores walk chromatids to end of cell
these microtubules shorten
microtobules not attached to kinetocores lengthen, elongating cell
Describe Anaphase
Describe telophase
Telophase begins when chromosomes reach end of cell
nucleus forms
chromosomes uncoil
spindle vansishes
mitosis is done, after 2 nuclei born
cytokinesis occurs
Telophase begins when chromosomes reach end of cell
nucleus forms
chromosomes uncoil
spindle vansishes
mitosis is done, after 2 nuclei born
cytokinesis occurs
Describe telophase
describe the basis
the replication is semiconservative because the parent DNA strand is the template for the new DNA strand and the daughter strand is half new half old.
the replication is semiconservative because the parent DNA strand is the template for the new DNA strand and the daughter strand is half new half old.
describe the basis
how polymerase makes it all happen
first the cell must make enough nucleoside tripsophates before the S phase.
when DNA polymerase does its job, it breaks the 2 phosphates off of the triphosphate and then it canautomaticallymake the phosphodiester bond.
the remaining group of 2 phosphate falls off is called Pyrophosphate.
first the cell must make enough nucleoside tripsophates before the S phase.
when DNA polymerase does its job, it breaks the 2 phosphates off of the triphosphate and then it canautomaticallymake the phosphodiester bond.
the remaining group of 2 phosphate falls off is called Pyrophosphate.
how polymerase makes it all happen
Desribe Helicase and SSBs
The DNA must be unzipped to expose N bases by breaking H bonds.
The place where helicaseseparates strands is replication origin
Continuim is replication fork
SSB will prevent strands from reannleaing
The DNA must be unzipped to expose N bases by breaking H bonds.
The place where helicaseseparates strands is replication origin
Continuim is replication fork
SSB will prevent strands from reannleaing
Desribe Helicase and SSBs
RNA primase and DNA polymerase all other enzymes
DNA polymerase, enzyme that extends the DNA chain can only add nucleotides to 3 prime end of an existing chain
Thus RNA primase creates a starting block of RNA primers and polymerase starts adding nucleotides
DNA polymerase starts extending a nucleic chain by adding nucleotides to the primer. it uses nuceloside triphophsates, which cell made before S-phase. As soon as DNA is unzipped these triphosphates would come close to their complemantary ones on the parent strand. Polymerase just connects them. Sliding Clamp helps polymerase attach to parent and be more effecient and fast and increase processivity
RnaseH removes RNA primers and polymerase replaces them with real DNA strands
To connect DNA fragments and any gaps, ligase does it between Okazakis and at end points of DNA strand and uses ATP
Rna
DNA polymerase, enzyme that extends the DNA chain can only add nucleotides to 3 prime end of an existing chain
Thus RNA primase creates a starting block of RNA primers and polymerase starts adding nucleotides
DNA polymerase starts extending a nucleic chain by adding nucleotides to the primer. it uses nuceloside triphophsates, which cell made before S-phase. As soon as DNA is unzipped these triphosphates would come close to their complemantary ones on the parent strand. Polymerase just connects them. Sliding Clamp helps polymerase attach to parent and be more effecient and fast and increase processivity
RnaseH removes RNA primers and polymerase replaces them with real DNA strands
To connect DNA fragments and any gaps, ligase does it between Okazakis and at end points of DNA strand and uses ATP
Rna
RNA primase and DNA polymerase all other enzymes
Somatic Cell
A typical body cell
A typical body cell
Somatic Cell
Homologous Chromosomes
The two chromosomes in a matching pair of same size, same sequence of genes, and staining pattern.
One comes from DAD other from Mom
The two chromosomes in a matching pair of same size, same sequence of genes, and staining pattern.
One comes from DAD other from Mom
Homologous Chromosomes
Autosomes
The remaining chromosomes,
The non sex ones
The remaining chromosomes,
The non sex ones
Autosomes
The Life cycle of an organism
The Life cycle of an organism is the sequence of stages leading from adults of generation to next
The Life cycle of an organism is the sequence of stages leading from adults of generation to next
The Life cycle of an organism
List phases
Prophase 1
Homologous chromosomes form synapsis and cross over and increases variation by exchanging segments
Metaphase 1 tetrads align
one homologous is towards one pole, other one is to the other pole.
Anaphase I: chromosomes migrate towards the poles but as sister chromoatids as a pair not seperated from each other.
Telophase I: same as is the mitosis
By the end it creates 2 haploids
Meiosis 2: Essentially the same as mitosios but starts with haploids and in the end chromatids seperated away from each other
Prophase 1
Homologous chromosomes form synapsis and cross over and increases variation by exchanging segments
Metaphase 1 tetrads align
one homologous is towards one pole, other one is to the other pole.
Anaphase I: chromosomes migrate towards the poles but as sister chromoatids as a pair not seperated from each other.
Telophase I: same as is the mitosis
By the end it creates 2 haploids
Meiosis 2: Essentially the same as mitosios but starts with haploids and in the end chromatids seperated away from each other
List phases
LIST WAYS HOW MEIOSIS CREATES VARIATION
IN metaphase 1 and 2 chromosomes align up variety of possible ways:
Equation to determine the number of possible ways: 2=homologous
^x=haploid #
2^x= # of possible ways
2^3=8 ways
IN metaphase 1 and 2 chromosomes align up variety of possible ways:
Equation to determine the number of possible ways: 2=homologous
^x=haploid #
2^x= # of possible ways
2^3=8 ways
LIST WAYS HOW MEIOSIS CREATES VARIATION
how crossing over creates variation
homologous chromosomes cross over at chiasma (plural chiasma ) which results in genetic recombination which makes recombinant chromosmomes.
homologous chromosomes cross over at chiasma (plural chiasma ) which results in genetic recombination which makes recombinant chromosmomes.
how crossing over creates variation
