evolution

Question 1

1. Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection and its conditions

Answer 1

1. Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection and its conditions
   a. Limited natural resources
   b. Excess population
   c. Heritable variations in populations

Question 2

2. Sources of variations

Answer 2

2. Sources of variations
   a. Mutations
   b. Recombination
   c. Conjugation
   d. Random fertilization
   e. Assortment of Chromosomes

Question 3

3. Evidence for evolution
   Examples:

Answer 3

3. Evidence for evolution
   a. Fossils: Imprints of remnants of organisms (ex. transitional whale fossils)
   b. Biogeography: Study of geographical distribution of organisms and species (ex. whale valley)
   c. Comparative Anatomy: Comparing organisms’ bodies and how they use them (ex. homologous structures, such as the similarities of the whale and wolf’s spine and skull)
   d. Comparative Embryology: Comparing organisms’ embryos (ex. humans and other mammals have embryos with gills)
   e. Molecular Biology: Study of genetics and DNA (ex. humans and apes have 98% same DNA)

Question 4

4. Advantages, disadvantages, examples, and information on the various types of selection and reproduction

The First 1

Answer 4

a. Sexual
i. Information: Females/investors get choice while the males have competition
ii. Advantages: Variation, the best defense against rapidly evolving enemies
iii. Disadvantages: Takes time and energy
iv. Examples: Conjugations in bacteria, sexually reproducing animals (humans, menoes, etc.)

Question 5

4. Advantages, disadvantages, examples, and information on the various types of selection and reproduction

The Second 1

Answer 5

b. Asexual
i. Information: Clones are made with the exact set of DNA as the parents (unless a mutation occurs)
ii. Advantages: Needs one organism, takes less time
iii. Disadvantages: No variation
iv. Examples: Yeast budding, lesbian lizards, certain menoes, bacteria

Question 6

4. Advantages, disadvantages, examples, and information on the various types of selection and reproduction

Third 1

Answer 6

c. Artificial
i. Information: Selection not caused by nature, unnatural choice of genotypes and phenotypes
ii. Advantages: Can have more variation, choice
iii. Disadvantages: Can have less variation
iv. Examples: Selective breeding, arranged marriages, designer babies.

Question 7

5. The three outcomes of natural selection

Answer 7

5. The three outcomes of natural selection
   a. Directional: When there is a change in the mean; when only one type of phenotype is favored
   b. Stabilizing: When variation decreases; phenotypes are more similar and uniform
   c. Disruptive: When extreme phenotypes are favored, there is less transitive phenotype

Question 8

6. Mechanisms of microevolution

examples a,b

Answer 8

6. Mechanisms of microevolution
   a. Natural Selection: Environmental pressures force variations with advantages to survive better and reproduce
   b. Gene Flow: Exchange of genotypes as populations move to different areas and reproduce with the local populations

Question 9

6. Mechanisms of microevolution
   the remainder of the examples

Answer 9

d. Genetic Drift: A change in the gene pool of a small population due to chance
i. Bottleneck: Genetic drift due to a drastic reduction in population size
ii. Founder Effect: Genetic drift in a new colony

Question 10

Allopatric

Answer 10

a. Allopatric: Geographic speciation caused by an isolated population and the Founder Effect. Physical separation that may begin with gene flow and/or genetic drift and continues by natural selection. The variation causes speciation as the species becomes different and are unable to mate with the original species (ex. flies in Hawaii)

Question 11

b. Sympatric:

Answer 11

b. Sympatric: Not physically separated, but conditional reproduction. Species are in the same location, but habits force the breeding choice and so species don’t intermix, which causes speciation (ex. big fish swim to the bottom of a lake to eat the plants, the small fish prefer to eat the seeds at the top of the lake)

Question 12

8. The differences in the ideas of Darwin and Lamarck on evolution

Answer 12

8. The differences in the ideas of Darwin and Lamarck on evolution
   a. Darwin: Believed in natural selection, random mutations, and a change over generations and time.
   b. Lamarck: Believed that by using or not using body parts, an individual develops characteristics that it can pass to its offspring; inheritance of acquired characteristics.

Question 13

Cladogram versus Dichotomous KEyy

Answer 13

a. Cladogram: Chart showing evolutionary relationships between species through synapomorphies and automorphies
d. Dichotomous Keys: A table or flowchart that classifies species through synapomorphies and automorphies

Question 14

Synamoprhies and Automorphies

Answer 14

b. Synapomorphies: Similar features shared among ancestral species and their descendants
c. Automorphies: Unique features that are not shared among similar species, but only found with one species

Question 15

Evolution : And Natural Selection

Answer 15

10. Definitions of essential unit vocabulary.
    a. Evolution: Genetic change in a population or species over generations
    b. Natural Selection: Environmental pressures that select against least adapted organisms, causing competition and variation.

Question 16

Population and Gene Pool

Answer 16

c. Population: A group of interacting individuals belonging to one species and living in the same geographic area at the same time.
d. Gene Pool: All the alleles in all the individuals making up a population

Question 17

Microevolution

Macroevolution

Answer 17

e. Microevolution: A change in a population’s gene pool over a succession of generations; evolutionary changes in a species over relatively brief periods of geologic time.
f. Macroevolution: Evolutionary change on a grand scale encompassing the origin of new taxonomic groups, evolutionary trends, adaptive radiation, and mass extinction

Question 18

adaptation and Cladogram

Answer 18

g. Adaptation: Inherited characteristics that enhances an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment
h. Cladogram: Chart showing the changes in a species over time

Question 19

Variation and Speciation

Answer 19

i. Variation: Different combinations of alleles in populations and individuals
j. Speciation: Creation of new species

Question 20

Hardy-Weingburg

Answer 20

1. Population Genetics and Evolution Lab - learning the Hardy-Weinberg principle of genetic equilibrium and studying the relationship between evolution and changes in allele frequency.

Question 21

conditions for the Hardy-Weinburg

Answer 21

a. Estimating allele frequencies for a specific trait
b. Hardy-Weinberg population conditions

Question 22

the 5 steps needed to meet the H-W standards

Answer 22

• The population is very large, the effects of chance on changes in allele frequency is thereby greatly reduced.
• individulas show no mating preference, entirely random
• no mutations
• no emigration or immigration of individuals
• No selection

Question 23

other H-W problems

Answer 23

The principal that the shuffling of genes, that occurs during sexual reproduction by itself, cannot change the overall genetic make up of a population
• Individuals/Genotypes:
- AA (p^2)
- Aa (2pq)
- aa (q^2)

• Allele’s only:

• q (frequency of the a allele)
• p (frequency of the A allele)

Question 24

The Variation LAb

Answer 24

• **To show the variation between the individuals in a species**
• Yes, there is variation within the species but usually there are no extreme differences
• Each variation has its own positives and negatives

Question 25

Population Genetics and Evolution Lab

Answer 25

- \*\*To show the relationships and changes in allele frequency\*\* - Each 5 Hardy-Weinberg assumption must be met - When there is no selection against a species, the individuals and alleles stay about the same

Question 26

CHange through Natural Selection LAb

Answer 26

- \*\*To show how predation may cause an adaptive change in the prey/predation population\*\* - (Bean Lab) - Predators and Prey best adapted to the surrounding environment are more likely to survive. Example: the spoon and lentil bean were the best adapted to the lighter carpet’s environment. - GRAPHS shown below

Question 27

cladogram

Answer 27

- \*\*Constructing a cladogram\*\* - Cladogram: A dichotomous phylogenic tree that branches repeatedly, suggesting a classification of organisms based on the time sequence in which evolutionary branches arise. - Purpose of a cladogram: to show the shared and unique features of organisms over time.  Automorphie: None of the organisms before this species have a certain feature, but the ones after it do.  Synamorphie: Unique to the species.

Question 28

Dichotomous key

Answer 28

- Dichotomous Key: Tools used in classification; starts off being organized so that there are 2 choices presented, and eventually a specific organism is identified. - 2 ways of organizing a dichotomous key: • Branching Dichotomous Key • Numbered Dichotomous Key - (School Field Trip – Finding Plants)