Genetics Test Flashcards
What is wild type
traits found most commonly in nature
what is self-fertilize
when pollen from a flower lands and fertlizes the eggs of the same flower
what is cross fertlization
when pollen of penis plant fertilizes the vagina of another penis plant
what is true breeding
varieties for which self fertilization creates offspring that are identical to parent
what is hybrid
the offspring of parents of 2 different species or of 2 different vareities of same species, the offspring of two parents that differ in one or more inherited traits and an individual that is heterozygous for one or more pair of genes
what is a cross
the cross fertilization creating hybrids. it is also called hybridization
what is the P generation
P for parental
parental humans or plants
what is F1 generation
P generation’s hybrid offspring
F=filial
what is F2 generation
when F1 plants cross-fertilize and the resulting offspring
what is a mono hybrid cross
cross between two plants that only shows one difference between them.
what is an allele?
they are alternative forms of genes
what is dominant allele
recessive
the allele that has noticable effect on the organism
the allele that has no noticeable effect when dominant allele is present
what is a punnett square
a tool for predicting the offspring’s genotype after a cross
what is phenotype
expressed traits of an organism
what is genotype
genetic makeup of an organism
What is Mendel’s principle of segregation?
Pairs of alleles seperate during meiosis and fusion of gametes creates allele pairs once again
what are gene loci
specific locations of genes on homologous chromosomes
What is the Mendel principal of independent assortement?
Each pair of alleles seperates independendtly of other pairs during meiosis
what is a testcross
mating with an individual of unknown genotype and homozygous recessive individual
what is the rule of multiplication
a rule stating that the probability of a compound event is the product of seperate probabilties of individual events.
what is pedigree
afamilytree representing the occurence of inheritable traits in parents and offspring across a number of generations.
what are carriers
People who do have A copy of an allele of a recessive disorder but show no symptoms are carriers
what is inbreeding
a mating of close relatives and produces offspring homozygous for recessive trait
what is dominant disorder
disease caused by dominant allele
what is achondroplasia
a dwarfism
head and torso=normal
limbs=short
what is huntington disease
degeneration of nervous system at old age
what is incomplete dominance
a plend of alleles causing another phenotype
red x white= pink
what is hypercholestrolemia
a disease with high cholestrol levels in blood and cells cant absorb it
hetero=some disease
homo domi= no disease
homo rece= bad disease
what is codominance
a gene where both alleles are presented no blend
what is pleio tropy
the single gene’s effect on more than characteristic
sickle cell
what is polygenic inheritance
two or more genes on one trait
chromosome theory of inheritance
that genes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes in meiosis and fertilization accounts for inheritance patterns.
what are linked genes
genes located close together on a chromosome often inherited together.
no independednt assortement involved
recombination frequency
with respect to 2 given genes, the number of recombinant progency from a mating divided by the total number of progency. Recombinant progeny carry combinations of alleles different from those in either of the parents as a result of independent assortement of chromosomses and crossing over
what is a linkage map
a map of chromossomes showing the relative positions of genes
name some sex linked diseases
red green color blindness
normal 150 colors
sick <25 colors
what is hemophilia
prolonged bleeding
what is Duchenne muscular dyrostropy
muscles weaken
difficult standing early
in childhood
hotmen
breathing
wheel chair 12
death 20
Epistasis
when when allele controls another allele
when when gene controls another
how to do trihybrid cross
lots of fractions
what is recombinants
varities that dont occur in parents
point mutation
change in one nucleotide
cystic fibrosis genotype
CF+ CF+
CF CF
